Ophthalmic Research最新文献

{"title":"Longitudinal Change in Corneal Curvature and Fourier Indices after Corneal Suture Removal in Corneal Lacerations.","authors":"Xiaolin Chen, Xixuan Ke, Huiyu Liang, Meiqing Yang, Xiaoting Mai, Vishal Jhanji, Haoyu Chen","doi":"10.1159/000552364","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal changes in corneal curvature and refractive components after suture removal in full-thickness corneal laceration using swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS AS-OCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty patients were included in this study. The patients were divided into three groups according to the location of the wound on the cornea: central, paracentral, and peripheral. SS AS-OCT was performed before corneal suture removal, 1 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks after corneal suture removal. The corneal curvature parameters and Fourier indices were compared longitudinally in each group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After removing the corneal suture, the changes in average keratometry and spherical component were mostly in the first week and less than 0.25D in the second week except the spherical component in the central group. The cylinder, regular astigmatism, asymmetry, and higher order irregularity decreased after suture removal. The patterns of change in the refractive components differ a little with different locations of the wound. The best-corrected visual acuity improved after suture removal in all groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study demonstrates the changes in corneal curvature and refractive components after corneal suture removal in various locations of corneal laceration. This information provides a reference for deciding the time and strategy of subsequent procedures for visual rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"198-212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlations between Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements and Visual Acuity in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa at Baseline and One-Year Follow-Up.","authors":"Emma Carpenter, Khushi Saigal, Elizabeth Slaney, Jessica Yang Walia, Kyle Fallgatter, Jinghua Chen","doi":"10.1159/000550474","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) structural findings and visual acuity in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), with and without cystoid macular edema (CME), at baseline and 1-year follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective chart review included 30 patients with RP treated at the University of Florida Health Eye Center from 2014 to 2020. Patient records were analyzed for SD-OCT structural features and visual acuity outcomes. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, independent t tests, and Pearson's correlation tests. Main outcome measures were best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), presence of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) in the fovea and macula, central retinal thickness (CRT), total macular volume (TMV), and presence of an epiretinal membrane (ERM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 30 patients (21 female, 9 male) with an average age of 46.83 ± 18.86 years (range, 10-80 years). The average follow-up period between visits was 11.9 ± 1.6 months (range, 9-15 months). Among the 60 eyes analyzed, 50% had CME. Eyes with CME had a greater CRT at the follow-up visit (p = 0.029). No significant differences were found in BCVA or TMV between RP patients with and without CME. Correlation analyses revealed a significant relationship between CRT and BCVA at both visits (p = 0.001, p = 0.004) in RP patients without CME, but not in RP patients with CME. EZ foveal sparing consistently predicted BCVA outcomes (p < 0.001) and CRT (p ≤ 0.001) at both visits in RP patients with and without CME. Greater TMV at both visits (p = 0.009, p = 0.012) and the presence of an ERM at the follow-up visit (p = 0.046) were significantly associated with a decline in BCVA between visits in RP patients without CME.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>EZ foveal sparing is a significant predictor of visual acuity in RP patients regardless of the presence of CME. While CRT correlates with visual acuity in patients without CME, it does not predict outcomes in those with CME. TMV may serve as a marker for preclinical CME, and both increased TMV and ERM presence may predict visual decline in RP patients with undetectable CME on SD-OCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12987663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ab Externo Continuous Pressure Technique for Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Vitrectomized Eyes.","authors":"Yamit Cohen-Tayar, Amir Abd-Alkader, Irit Bahar, Eitan Livny","doi":"10.1159/000552363","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in vitrectomized eyes presents a significant surgical challenge, as the compromised counter-pressure of the iris-lens diaphragm impedes proper shallowing of the chamber, making graft unfolding and centration challenging. To address this challenge, surgeons often pivot to Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty. DMEK superior visual outcomes, fast rehabilitation and low rejection risk, have prompted the exploration of tailored DMEK techniques in vitrectomized eyes. This study describes a novel technique, which consists of continuous external pressure on the corneal surface while unfolding and orienting the graft.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case series of 8 eyes from patients with an average age of 68 ± 13 who underwent DMEK surgery with the novel continuous pressure technique is described. Visual acuity outcomes and complications were assessed preoperatively and at 1-year follow-up. Data were analyzed using a Student t test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All corneas cleared postoperatively and remained clear for the 12-month follow-up duration. Implementation of the continuous pressure technique allowed proper unfolding and centration of DMEK grafts in all of these challenging cases. Best-corrected visual acuity following surgery improved significantly from an average of logMAR 1.05 ± 0.12 to logMAR 0.3 ± 0.16 (p = 0.003) with no intraoperative complications. Three patients underwent re-bubbling (37.5%), and 1 patient had a graft failure 3 years following DMEK.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ab externo continuous pressure technique for DMEK in vitrectomized eyes is effective and relatively easy to adopt. The technique requires no additional instrumentation and minimizes graft handling, offering a valuable option for managing these challenging cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"192-197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Isoform Imbalance Is Associated with Innate Inflammation and Corneal Epitheliopathy in Dry Eye Disease.","authors":"Zeenal Dabre, Hyung-Geun Moon, Tanya Sheth, Bhuvanachandra Pasupuleti, Christine Mun, Kiera Byrne, Jessica Mun, Diana Hernandez, Nancy Ascencio, Jack Shehadi, Michael Flavin, Simon Kaja, Sandeep Jain","doi":"10.1159/000551958","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tear-deficient dry eye disease (DED), including Sjögren's syndrome and ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD), is often refractory to therapy. We tested whether platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoform imbalance, quantified as a PDGF-AB/BB: PDGF-AA ratio (\"PDGF Ratio\"), is associated with innate activation and corneal epitheliopathy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Tear samples from 151 participants were profiled across two independent assay runs: discovery (n = 79) and replication (n = 72). Data were harmonized as within-plate rank percentiles. Plate-adjusted mediation tested whether the PDGF Ratio mediated associations between tear-deficient status and an innate NF-κB composite (IL-18/IL-6/IL-8/TNF-α) and National Eye Institute (NEI) scale graded corneal staining. A parallel model for staining included Schirmer scores to distinguish trophic from aqueous volume deficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PDGF Ratio differed significantly across diagnostic groups (Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.001), driven by concurrent PDGF-AA depletion (median rank 0.69 healthy vs. 0.19 oGVHD) and PDGF-AB/BB enrichment (0.18 vs. 0.62; both p < 0.001). High ratio co-occurred with higher innate cytokine ranks and lower EGF and IFN-γ. In pooled mediation, the ratio accounted for 62.8% of the tear-deficient association with innate inflammation (indirect 0.168; 95% CI 0.118-0.225) and 34.2% of the association with corneal staining (indirect 0.117; 95% CI 0.055-0.190). The staining pathway remained significant after accounting for Schirmer (indirect 0.113; 95% CI 0.050-0.185).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tear-deficient DED exhibits a reproducible PDGF isoform imbalance that statistically accounts for substantial portions of innate activation and corneal staining. These findings support the PDGF Ratio as a coherent candidate biomarker and therapeutic axis for isoform-selective rebalancing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"129-162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13252927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Follow-Up of Faricimab Intravitreal Injections in Naïve Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","authors":"Luca Belloni Baroni, Lisa Toto, Federico Formenti, Marzia Passamonti, Alberto Quarta, Maria Ludovica Ruggeri, Raffaella Aloia, Marta Di Nicola, Rodolfo Mastropasqua","doi":"10.1159/000550307","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate functional and anatomical changes at the 44-week follow-up in patients with naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with faricimab intravitreal injections (IVIs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-four eyes of 54 patients with naïve active macular neovascularization and nAMD were enrolled at the Ophthalmology Clinic of University \"G. d'Annunzio,\" Chieti-Pescara, Italy. All patients were scheduled for faricimab IVI. Each patient underwent complete ophthalmic examination including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts and optical coherence tomography. All measurements were evaluated at baseline, at week 20 and then according to fixed retreatment interval up to week 44. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography were also performed at baseline. Main outcome measures were changes in BCVA, central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), intraretinal fluid presence, subfoveal subretinal fluid presence and thickness, the presence of pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs), and its maximum height (PED-MH).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BCVA improved and CMT reduced significantly from baseline to week 44 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.020, respectively) in the overall sample with a higher significant improvement from baseline to week 20 (p < 0.001 for both parameters) and no additional significant improvement from week 20 to week 44 in the overall sample (p = 0.348 and p = 0.146, respectively). At week 20, 72.3% of patients were in the Q12/Q16 interval. Patients in the Q8 interval showed significant improvement in BCVA (p < 0.001) and significant reduction of CMT (p = 0.008) from baseline to week 44, respectively. PED-MH as well showed a significant reduction from baseline to week 44 (p < 0.001). Patients in the Q12 interval showed significant improvement in BCVA (p = 0.030) and significant reduction of CMT, SFCT, and PED-MH from baseline to week 36 (p < 0.001). Patients in the Q16 interval showed significant reduction of BCVA during follow-up (p = 0.026). CMT, SFCT, and PED-MH were significantly reduced from baseline to week 44 (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Faricimab showed efficacy in the treatment of naïve nAMD patients with an improvement of many anatomical and functional parameters at 44 weeks, allowing the maintenance of a treatment regimen for most patients equal to or greater than 12 weeks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"74-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy on Corneal Sensitivity and Ocular Surface.","authors":"Pau Cid-Bertomeu, Magí Vilaltella, Laura Capilla, Valentín Huerva","doi":"10.1159/000550306","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently associated with microvascular complications, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The cornea, one of the most densely innervated tissues in the body, has been proposed as a surrogate marker for small fiber neuropathy. Patients with DM often present with ocular surface disease (OSD) and corneal sensitivity impairment, but the relationship between DPN, ocular surface alterations, and inflammatory biomarkers remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate ocular surface parameters between patients with type 2 DM with and without DPN and to explore the associations among corneal sensitivity, ocular surface inflammation (matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9]), and dry eye-related parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional observational study, 158 eyes of 79 patients with type 2 DM were categorized based on the presence or absence of DPN, diagnosed via electromyography. Corneal sensitivity was evaluated using the Brill esthesiometer, and tear MMP-9 levels were assessed with the InflammaDry test. Additional assessments included the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear osmolarity, Schirmer test, noninvasive tear break-up time, and meibography. Corneal impairment was defined as esthesiometry levels 4-6 or pressure thresholds ≥8 mbar in either eye.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with DPN exhibited significantly reduced corneal sensitivity (6.98 ± 2.25 mbar vs. 5.62 ± 2.53 mbar; p = 0.014) and higher OSDI scores (median 26 vs. 10; p < 0.001). MMP-9 positivity was more common in patients with corneal sensory impairment (81.8% vs. 54.3%; p = 0.0215). A significant negative correlation was observed between tear osmolarity and corneal sensitivity (r = -0.182, p = 0.022). Multivariable regression showed that both DPN (β = 1.20) and MMP-9 positivity (β = 1.24) were independently associated with reduced sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reduced corneal sensitivity was significantly associated with the presence of DPN and with MMP-9 positivity and showed a negative correlation with tear osmolarity. Corneal sensitivity testing combined with tear MMP-9 assessment may provide complementary information on ocular surface changes in diabetic patients, although current variability and limited reproducibility prevent their use as standalone screening tools for neuropathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"56-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12923250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146011585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Manifestations and Management of Graft-versus-Host Disease: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Sumana Chatterjee, Jaya Gupta, Shweta Agarwal, Jayanta Kuila, Vishal Jhanji, Namrata Sharma","doi":"10.1159/ore/aedag005","DOIUrl":"10.1159/ore/aedag005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD) is a critical complication following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, characterised by a T-cell-mediated immune response that results in inflammation and damage to various ocular structures.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>While the ocular surface is primarily affected, oGVHD can also impact other eye components, leading to debilitating symptoms. The diagnosis of oGVHD poses significant challenges due to its relapsing and remitting nature, complicating effective treatment strategies. Prompt identification of ocular manifestations is essential, as early intervention can prevent vision-threatening complications and improve patient outcomes. As research continues to evolve, understanding the underlying mechanisms and exploring innovative therapeutic options will be crucial in managing this complex condition effectively.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>This review highlights the importance of heightened awareness among healthcare providers regarding the ocular signs of GVHD, advocating for timely diagnosis and personalised treatment approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"301-315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corneal Fluorescein Staining in FDA-Reviewed Dry Eye Registrational Clinical Trials: Evidence of Limited Endpoint Responsiveness.","authors":"Zeenal Dabre, Christine Mun, Tanya Sheth, Christian Kim, Monazzah Sarwar, Natalie Ungaretti, Kiera Byrne, Simon Kaja, Sandeep Jain","doi":"10.1159/000550166","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Corneal fluorescein (FL) staining is the most widely used efficacy endpoint in dry eye disease (DED) registrational trials, yet dye diffusion and variable readout timing can blur punctate staining, reducing the precision and consistency of grading. We assessed the performance of FL staining as an efficacy endpoint by analyzing endpoint success across FDA-reviewed DED trials and evaluated whether a standardized, diffusion-resistant dye could provide an alternative quantitative measure of corneal staining.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a synthesis of FDA-reviewed DED registrational clinical trials through April 2025 to determine the proportion of trials that met the corneal FL staining efficacy endpoint. Clinical relevance was assessed using a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of ≥3 units on the 0-15 National Eye Institute (NEI) scale. In a clinical cohort of 50 DED patients (97 eyes), total corneal staining was compared after sequential instillation of 5 µL of 2% FL (readout ∼2.5 min) and 1% lissamine green (LG) (readout ≤30 s).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 20 FDA-reviewed registrational trials that prespecified corneal FL staining as an efficacy endpoint, 10 (50%) failed to meet this endpoint. Of the seven trials in which FL staining served as a primary or co-primary endpoint, only one achieved MCID for corneal staining. Across all trials meeting the endpoint, treatment-vehicle differences were small (mean additional reduction 0.4-1.2 units; Cohen's d < 0.5), indicating that FL staining yielded uniformly small effect sizes. In the clinical cohort, 1% LG produced corneal staining that was strongly associated with 2% FL for mild (ρ = 0.99), moderate (ρ = 0.93), and severe (ρ = 0.69) disease (p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis showed that while the mean bias was negligible, the width of the 95% limits of agreement (-1.26 to 0.85) suggests the two corneal staining dyes are not fully interchangeable at the individual-measurement level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Corneal FL staining demonstrates limited responsiveness as an efficacy endpoint in DED registrational trials. Because 1% LG provides corneal staining strongly associated with 2% FL while preserving discrete punctate detail and allowing standardized, early readouts, it may represent a suitable alternative vital dye for future DED efficacy and safety assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12875642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145912412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000553199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000553199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the article by Feng et al. entitled \"Postoperative Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of High Myopia-Epiretinal Membrane Associated with Retinoschisis after Vitrectomy\" [Ophthalmic Res. 2025;68:275-284; https://doi.org/10.1159/000544928], there is an error where the funding number was incorrectly listed as 8240040319. The correct National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Grant No. should be 82401269, and the funded investigator is Xiaohan Yang.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms and Safety of Therapeutic Strategies in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Conrad Helau, Shuowen Zhou, Liangyu Zhou, Ying Chen, Kendrick Co Shih, Hua Wang, Yau Kei Chan","doi":"10.1159/000551503","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic and widespread abnormality of the meibomian glands that often results in symptoms such as eye irritation and blurred vision, significantly affecting patients' daily activities. While conventional treatments like warm compresses and meibomian gland expression remain widely used, their limitations have driven the development of novel therapeutic technologies.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review synthesizes evidence from 71 clinical and experimental studies in Medline databases on both established and emerging therapeutic strategies for MGD, including physical interventions (warm compresses, eyelid cleansing, probing and expression, thermal pulsation systems such as LipiFlow®, and intense pulsed light) and pharmacological approaches. Across these modalities, most interventions improve symptoms, tear film stability, and meibum quality primarily by enhancing glandular outflow and modulating ocular surface inflammation. Device-based physical therapies typically offer greater and more long-lasting improvements than conventional methods but are limited by cost, access, and a lack of long-term safety data.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Though the current range of MGD treatments cannot regenerate affected glands, their secreting functions can be greatly improved. Clinicians should therefore individualize treatment options according to disease stage, meibography findings, comorbid ocular surface conditions, and patient-specific factors such as tolerance, adherence, and cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"163-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13309085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147459314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}