Ophthalmic Research最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy of Faricimab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Single-Arm Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mohammad Karam, Moath Baeshen, Rashed Alfuzaie, Mohammad Mohammad, Asmaa Alshatti, Adam Samet, Manuel Paez-Escamilla, Vincent Sun","doi":"10.1159/000550348","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of vision loss and requires long-term anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of faricimab in patients with nAMD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the PRISMA guidelines to identify studies assessing faricimab in nAMD. Primary outcomes included visual acuity, central macular thickness (CMT), and dry macula rate. Secondary outcomes included macular status, central choroidal thickness (CCT), and complications. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled mean with 95% confidence intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 365 studies identified, 21 studies were included, comprising a total sample size of 1,864 eyes of 1,791 patients. Post-operatively, there was a statistically significant improvement in corrected distance visual acuity (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.122, 95% p = 0.039) and CMT (SMD: -3.672, p = 0.010). Similarly, there was a significant improvement in the rate of dry macula at the final follow-up visit (event rate: 0.529; p < 0.05). For the secondary outcomes, there was a statistically significant improvement in CCT (SMD: -0.199, p = 0.026) and in the rate of macular exudates (0.452, p < 0.05), specifically intraretinal fluid (0.140, p < 0.05) and subretinal fluid (0.271, p < 0.05). Complications secondary to faricimab injections included hemorrhagic pigment epithelial detachment with a rate of 0.120 (p < 0.05) and retinal pigment epithelium tear with a rate of 0.025 (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of faricimab injection in patients with nAMD is safe and effective, resulting in significant improvements in a myriad of visual measures and OCT parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"43-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12893746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Memoriam: Professor José Cunha-Vaz (1938-2026).","authors":"Hendrik P N Scholl","doi":"10.1159/000551176","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"83-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13068378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye-Tracking Reading Patterns as Correlates of Clinical Measures in Glaucoma.","authors":"Mariana C Ikeda, André H Bando, Vinícius P L Nakamura, Koiti U Hamada, André Messias, Sérgio H Teixeira, Tiago S Prata, Andrew Tatham, Augusto Paranhos, Carolina P B Gracitelli","doi":"10.1159/000552562","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The purpose of this study was to make correlations between reading performance patterns - saccades, fixation and reading speed - and functional and structural exams of patients with glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study collected ophthalmologic information of primary glaucoma patients. All patients had at least 0.5 logMAR best corrected visual acuity on the evaluated eye. Aloud reading of five MNREAD slides displayed on computer screen was recorded using ISCAN Eye-Tracker software. Reading speed, number and amplitude of saccades, and number and duration of fixations were collected. Humphrey 24-2 Standard Automated Perimetry (SAP) and Cirrus Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) data were collected to make correlations with all reading patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this exploratory analysis, a total of 57 patients with glaucoma were enrolled. Best-corrected visual acuity in the left eye was 0.18 (±0.16) logMAR. Central superior defect in the SAP had the slowest reading speed in all five slides (p < 0.05) and a greater number of saccades (p < 0.05 in three of 5 slides), and thinning of the inferior quadrant in OCT was the most associated with slower reading (p < 0.05 in 2 of five slides) and greater number of fixations (p < 0.05 in one of 5 slides). Peripheral SAP defects had correlation with shorter saccades.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SAP data had a stronger correlation to reading abnormalities compared to the OCT data. Central superior SAP damage is the most associated with abnormal reading patterns in a computer screen environment. Peripheral SAP injuries correlated with shorter saccades size.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"220-235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13384446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148056022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes of Schlemm's Canal and Trabecular Meshwork Dimensions from Digital Ocular Massage in High Myopia: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Andrew K C Lam, Ruby W L Wong, Tiffany H Y Wu, Henry K C Lau, Carmelo H T Lai, Antonia K W Wong","doi":"10.1159/000550144","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study evaluated changes of Schlemm's canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) dimensions from digital ocular massage in high myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy participants with either high myopes (≤-6.00 D) or with refractive errors ≥ -3.00D were recruited. Right eyes underwent digital ocular massage. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored using rebound tonometry. Anterior chamber angle was imaged using swept-source optical coherence tomography. IOP, SC, and TM were compared before and immediately after digital ocular massage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen eyes from 16 high myopes (-6.00 D to -8.125 D) and 18 eyes from 18 control participants (+0.50 D to -2.875 D) were included. There was no difference in age and gender distribution between the two groups. The two groups shared similar IOP, SC area, SC length, TM length, and TM thickness at baseline. Both groups had significant IOP drop from a baseline of around 15 mm Hg to 9 mm Hg after ocular massage. High myopia demonstrated a mild enlargement of the SC area (from 10,655.60 ± 4,362.02 µm2 to 12,632.40 ± 4,393.19 µm2, p = 0.098), not reaching statistical significance. The TM thickness was reduced from 160.21 ± 26.29 µm to 151.77 ± 26.91 µm, p = 0.018). Control eyes showed significant enlargement of SC area (from 8,540.71 ± 3,905.98 µm2 to 11,686.53 ± 4,586.37 µm2, p = 0.001) and SC length (from 240.47 ± 69.96 µm to 280.40 ± 59.37 µm, p = 0.041).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Control eyes showed significant enlargement of SC in responding to IOP drop while high myopia did not.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12829996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145774770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Trends in the Global Burden of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Sex Differences, Aging Effects, and Future Projections in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.","authors":"Yuanyuan Li, Bo Mou, Xiusheng Song","doi":"10.1159/000550175","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible vision loss in middle-aged and older populations worldwide. Understanding its long-term epidemiological trends is essential for anticipating future healthcare needs and guiding preventive strategies. This study characterizes the global, regional, and national burden of AMD in adults aged ≥45 years, with a focus on sex disparities, aging effects, and projected trends.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we analyzed the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of AMD across age, sex, region, country, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) groups. We applied an age-period-cohort model to disentangle the effects of aging, temporal changes, and birth cohort on AMD risk. Frontier analysis was conducted to identify best-practice benchmarks in disease burden reduction. The association between SDI and AMD burden was assessed to evaluate health inequities. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to project age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) and prevalence rate from 2022 to 2036.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 1990 and 2021, the absolute number of AMD cases and DALYs nearly doubled. In 2021, both prevalence and DALY rates increased exponentially with age, with females exhibiting consistently higher rates across all age groups. The age-period-cohort model indicated a declining trend in AMD risk over successive birth cohorts, suggesting potential improvements in early-life or cumulative risk factors. Notably, the highest age-standardized rates were observed in low-SDI regions, highlighting significant global inequities in disease burden. ARIMA projections suggest a modest but concerning increase in the global ASDR, rising to 6.80 (95% CI: 5.82-7.78) by 2036, with female ASDR reaching 7.46 (95% CI: 6.29-8.63).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The burden of AMD remains substantial and is projected to grow, particularly among aging populations and in low-resource settings. The persistent sex disparity, especially the elevated burden in elderly women, calls for targeted screening and intervention programs. These findings emphasize the need for equitable, age- and sex-sensitive public health strategies to mitigate the rising impact of AMD in the coming decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"8-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12863732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145820572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Matching-Adjusted Comparison of Faricimab and Aflibercept 8 mg in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Macular Edema.","authors":"Jennifer I Lim, Theodore Leng, Jakob Siedlecki, Marco Lupidi, John A Wells, Pearse A Keane, Eric Nudleman, Florie Mar, Kara Gibson, Philippe Margaron, David Tabano, Christian Bührer, Nancy Holekamp","doi":"10.1159/000552388","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Matching-adjusted network meta-analyses (NMAs) provide an established method to indirectly compare treatments across trials that share a common comparator. In this exploratory analysis, we conducted a matching-adjusted NMA to compare the efficacy of faricimab with aflibercept 8 mg for treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) via the common comparator of aflibercept 2 mg during the first 12 weeks of treatment when all agents are dosed equally.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Weighting was applied to match patient populations from YOSEMITE/RHINE (NCT03622580/NCT03622593) and TENAYA/LUCERNE (NCT03823287/NCT03823300) based on their baseline characteristics to published aggregated baseline characteristics for PHOTON (NCT04429503) and PULSAR (NCT04423718), respectively. The matched populations were used to recalculate outcomes from faricimab trials and an NMA anchored to aflibercept 2 mg was conducted. The analysis focused on change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters and central subfield thickness (CST) in µm during the first 12 weeks of treatment when dosing was every 4 weeks for all three agents. Results are expressed as mean difference in change in BCVA or CST for each aflibercept dose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For nAMD, BCVA change was similar between faricimab and aflibercept 2 mg and 8 mg, whereas CST reduction was greater for faricimab versus aflibercept 8 mg (-17.0 µm; 95% credible interval [CrI], -25.0, -8.4) and 2 mg (-19.0 µm; 95% CrI, -24.0, -13.0). For DME, BCVA change from baseline at 12 weeks was similar between faricimab and aflibercept 2 mg and 8 mg, while CST reduction was greater for faricimab versus aflibercept 8 mg (-19.0 µm; 95% CrI, -35.0, -3.2) and 2 mg (-19.0 µm; 95% CrI, -27.0, -12.0).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This matching-adjusted NMA indicated that dual angiopoietin-2/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A inhibition with faricimab was associated with greater retinal drying during the matched-dosing phase in patients with nAMD and DME. Early dual pathway inhibition may therefore improve outcomes beyond anti-VEGF monotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"213-219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147949159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stem Cell-Based Interventions for Retinal Ganglion Cell Protection and Regeneration in Glaucoma: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions.","authors":"Tony Yihao Chen, Martin Meng, Na Wu, Daqian Rong, Xinghuai Sun","doi":"10.1159/000552109","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness due to the ongoing loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and degeneration of the axons that form a major part of the retino-cortical pathway. Although there are some therapies available that primarily ameliorate the intraocular pressure, loss of sight often continues, and thus illustrates the need for therapies that address the degeneration of the nervous system.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Stem cell interventions have the unique potential to assist with the preservation and restoration of dysfunctional RGCs via direct cellular replacement, differential neuroprotection, and stimulation of endogenous repair mechanisms. The focus of this review is on the most contemporary innovations which utilize stem cells to preserve and regenerate RGCs, which are vitally important for sight. The review addresses some of the newer cell source and cell prep technologies, particularly those using disorganized retinal microenvironment cell preps. Retinal microenvironment cell preps have resulted in some novel microenvironment cells designed to sequester stem cell grafts, to improve stem cell microenvironment cell preps, and to augment microenvironment cell preps. Some of the major challenges are reconstructing and integrating the lost retino-tectal and retino-collateral synapses in the visual pathway and the axonal outgrowth to and targeting appropriate central visual synaptic areas.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Some major challenges are safety, RGC immunochemistry and cell type diversity, and scalable cell prep technologies. This review encapsulates how stem cell biology, along with other technologies like gene editing and tissue engineering, is forming the basis for developing first-of-its-kind regenerative therapies to restore vision in glaucoma patients, based on recent preclinical studies and ongoing early-phase clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"237-251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148150725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Link between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Dry Eye Disease: Pathophysiology and Current Updates.","authors":"Hung-Liang Pai, Ting-Chi Pan, Chien-Han Tsao","doi":"10.1159/000553443","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and dry eye disease (DED) are increasingly recognized as interrelated conditions with significant clinical implications. Tear film stability is disrupted by inflammation and lacrimal and meibomian gland dysfunction, which are caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia and associated oxidative stress in OSA. These disruptions result in both aqueous-deficient and evaporative forms of DED.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the standard treatment for OSA patients with both beneficial and detrimental effects. It alleviates inflammation and hypoxia while potentially exacerbating DED due to airflow leakage or retrograde air movement. Mechanical factors such as face-down sleeping positions and habitual eye rubbing enhance the risk of meibomian gland dysfunction in OSA patients. This review highlights the multifactorial etiology of OSA-related DED, highlighting the roles of systemic and ocular inflammation, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and mechanical stress.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>We also emphasize the need for interdisciplinary management, combining sleep medicine and ophthalmology, to optimize outcomes for OSA patients with ocular surface disorders. Future research into targeted therapies, such as modulation of the Hif/NF-κB pathways and innovative CPAP device designs, holds promise for mitigating OSA-induced ocular complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"252-262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13472598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148405279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and Applications of Knowledge Graphs in Ophthalmology.","authors":"Siyani Chen, Haoyu Chen","doi":"10.1159/000553612","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Knowledge graph (KG) is an artificial intelligence technique that provides a structured representation of medical entities and their relationships, thereby facilitating integration of heterogeneous information, knowledge discovery, and intelligent reasoning. The process of KG construction includes knowledge acquisition, knowledge extraction, knowledge fusion, knowledge inference, KG visualization, and KG evaluation. In ophthalmology, KGs have demonstrated significant potential in advancing disease understanding, supporting clinical decision-making, assisting in ophthalmic image analysis, and facilitating clinical intelligent question-answering.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This paper reviews the methodologies for constructing medical KGs and highlights their applications in ophthalmology, with particular emphasis on the integration of ophthalmic KGs with medical imaging and large language models. Furthermore, it discusses existing challenges - ranging from privacy and regulatory constraints to high construction and maintenance costs, limited fusion of imaging and multimodal data, insufficient coverage of rare eye diseases and insufficient application in education and basic research - aiming to provide insights that promote deeper research and clinical translation of ophthalmology KGs.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>The integration of KGs with multimodal technologies represents a research frontier in the transformation of ophthalmic clinical practice, enabling more structured and precise diagnostic reasoning. Future research should focus on the construction of domain-specific KGs for rare ocular diseases and spearhead the development of multimodal knowledge frameworks to fill existing knowledge gaps, thereby ultimately enhancing both patient clinical outcomes and medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"263-275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13489603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148472011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Performance of Deep Learning Using Retinal Images for Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mehrdad Farrokhi, Behnam Hoorshad, Reza Fahimi, Atousa Moghadam Fard, Behnaz Dalvandi, Reza Dalvandi, Mahshid Esmaielzade Rostami, Reza Judi Chelan, Oveis Ahmadzadeh, Sareh Salarinejad, Ramtin Shemshadigolafzani, Morteza Alipour, Parham Rahmani, Marjan Lashgari, Mahya Asadalizadeh","doi":"10.1159/ore/aedag003","DOIUrl":"10.1159/ore/aedag003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Multiple investigations have been conducted to diagnose chronic kidney disease (CKD) from photographs of retina using deep learning models, with a wide range of diagnostic performance, which necessitates the importance of a comprehensive review. Therefore, in this meta-analysis, we estimated the detection performance of deep learning models for the diagnosis of CKD using retinal photographs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until 25 December 2025. Pooled estimation of heterogeneity, diagnostic parameters, and meta-regressions was performed using MetaDisc and STATA Software packages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.80-0.82), 0.64 (95% CI, 0.64-0.65), and 9.15 (95% CI, 5.72-14.62), respectively. The pooled estimates of the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 2.18 (95% CI, 1.66-2.87) and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.20-0.39), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve showed a discriminative performance of 0.77.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Deep learning based on retinal images had moderate diagnostic performance for detection of CKD. Relatively high sensitivity and modest specificity suggest that deep learning is more effective for ruling out CKD than for confirming the diagnosis that deep learning is more effective for ruling out CKD than for confirming the diagnosis. Deep learning-based retinal analysis may therefore serve as a supportive, noninvasive screening or triage tool but should not replace established diagnostic methods for CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19662,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Research","volume":" ","pages":"286-300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148831285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}