Ophthalmic epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Utility of Swept-Source OCT-Based Biometry and Fundus Photographs Compared to Spectral Domain OCT in Center-Involving Diabetic Macular Edema.","authors":"S Sanjana Chouhan, Vidya Neelamegam, Keerthana Raghu, R Janani Surya, Jothi Balaji Janarthanam, Chetan Rao, Ayushi Mohapatra, Rajiv Raman","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2338824","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2338824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between the swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)-based biometry, fundus photographs, and their combination, in comparison to the gold standard spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for the detection of center-involving diabetic macular edema (CI-DME).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 55 subjects (78 eyes) diagnosed with diabetic macular edema (DME) detected clinically and on SD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). Post-mydriatic 45-degree color fundus photograph (Crystal-Vue NFC-700), 1 mm macular scan obtained from SS-OCT-based biometry (IOL-Master 700), and macula cube scan obtained from SD-OCT was used to detect and grade DME into CI-DME and NCI-DME.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed that SS-OCT-based biometry was noted to have a high sensitivity of 1 (0.94-1.00) and a specificity of 0.63 (0.31-0.89) in detecting CI-DME compared to the gold standard (SD-OCT). When combined with data from fundus photographs, specificity decreased to 0.32 (0.15-0.53). Fundus photographs alone exhibited a low sensitivity of 0.52 (0.38-0.64) and a specificity of 0.45 (0.16-0.76) in CI-DME detection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, SS-OCT-based biometry can be used as an effective tool for the detection of CI-DME in diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery and can serve as a screening tool in centers without SD-OCT facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140862163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in South Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.","authors":"Mi Yeon Song, Yeji Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jae Hui Kim","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2321892","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2321892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Korean population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017-2020) data 13,737 participants aged ≥ 40 years with assessable fundus images were included. The prevalence and risk factors of AMD were evaluated. The prevalence of early AMD, geographic atrophy (GA), and neovascular AMD were also assessed. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of AMD was 13.94% (13.15-14.72). The prevalence (95% CI) of early AMD, GA, and neovascular AMD was 13.07% (12.29-13.85), 0.26% (0.17-0.35), and 0.61% (0.47-0.75), respectively. The prevalence increased with age; it was 3.61%, 11.33%, 20.31%, 31.37%, and 33.98% in participants in their 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, and ≥ 80 years, respectively. In multivariate analysis, AMD was positively associated with older age (<i>p</i> < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.07-1.09), male sex (<i>p</i> = 0.014; OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.53), and lower degree of education (<i>p</i> < 0.001; OR, 1.36 (for junior high school graduates); 95% CI, 1.12-1.65).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AMD was detected in approximately one-third of individuals aged ≥ 70 years, thus indicating that AMD is a common disease among older Koreans. Regular fundus examinations in populations with risk factors for AMD as well as education on methods to prevent or delay AMD progression, such as the Mediterranean diet, are necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"34-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140175816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Access to Eye Care Through Community Health Screenings Using Artificial Intelligence.","authors":"Bhakti Panchal, Samuel Asanad, Rana Malek, Kashif Munir, Lisa S Schocket","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2317838","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2317838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, implementation of artificial intelligence (AI)-based vision screening in community health fair settings has not been previously studied. This prospective cohort study explored the incorporation of AI in a community health fair setting to improve access to eyecare.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Vision screening was implemented during a community health fair event using an AI-based non-mydriatic fundus camera. In addition, a questionnaire was provided to survey the various barriers to eyecare and assess eye health literacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 53 individuals were screened at this event. Notably, about 88% of participants had follow-up appointments scheduled accordingly with an approximate 62% attendance rate. The most reported barrier to eyecare was lack of health insurance followed by transportation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The addition of AI-based vision screening in community health fairs may ultimately help improve access to eye care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"121-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139913167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrected Myopia and Its Association with Mental Health Problems Among Rural Primary School Students in Northwest China.","authors":"Yuxiu Ding, Xiangzhe Chen, Lidong Zhang, Jing Xue, Hongyu Guan, Yaojiang Shi","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2457626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2457626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the myopia correction and its association with mental health problems among rural primary school students in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using survey data from 17,950 students in 251 rural primary schools, this study examines the association between corrected myopia and mental health problems, as well as academic performance among rural students in China. Vision exams were offered to sample students, and student mental health status was measured using the Mental Health Test (MHT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that 21.98% of sample students failed the vision screening for myopia. Over 65% of sample students showed some form of anxiety, with 56.86% experiencing learning anxiety and 18.71% experiencing body anxiety. The MHT score of myopic students was higher than that of students with normal vision, indicating that myopic students had worse mental health overall. Correcting myopia with eyeglasses was associated with better mental health, indicated by a lower MHT score (by 0.62 points) when controlling for covariates. Myopic students with high baseline academic performance who wore eyeglasses benefited especially from myopia correction, as they had a lower total MHT score (by 1.77 points) and lower body anxiety score (by 0.49 points, <i>p</i> < 0.05) than their high-performing peers with uncorrected myopia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that future mental health prevention programs in rural China should focus on reducing the prevalence of myopia and providing eyeglasses to myopic students as potential interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atraumatic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: Epidemiology and Association with Refractive Error in U.S. Armed Forces Service Members.","authors":"Ian Lee, Weidong Gu, Marcus Colyer, Matthew Debiec, James Karesh, Grant Justin, Mariia Viswanathan","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2434733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2024.2434733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the incidence, refractive error (RE) association, and distribution of atraumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in U.S. military service members (SMs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used data from the Military Health System (MHS) M2 database to identify active U.S. military and National Guard SMs diagnosed with RRD from 2017 to 2022. The RE in diopters (D) was manually extracted from available medical charts for 518 eyes. The annual incidence rate of RRD was calculated overall and evaluated in terms of age, gender, and RE. A multivariate Poisson regression model was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) for RRD with RE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2017 to 2022, 1,537 SMs were diagnosed with RRD and 1,243,189 were diagnosed with RE. One thousand two hundred seventy-five SMs had both diagnoses: RRD and RE. The overall incidence rate of RRD over the 6-year study was 16.3 per 100,000 people (16.4 and 15.9 for males and females, respectively). In all study groups, the incidence of RRD increased with age. SMs with RE had an overall 25-fold increased risk for RRD compared to SMs without RE. RE was present in 83.0% of cases of RRD. Myopia accounted for 93.3% of cases for eyes with detailed refractive data.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incidence of RRD in U.S. SMs is comparable to other studies and is similar among male and female SMs. RE is present in most cases of RRD in SMs, with the most common type being low to moderate amounts of myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Orbital and Preseptal Cellulitis in the United States: A 13-Year Analysis.","authors":"Shazia Dharssi, Kamil Taneja, Fatemeh Rajaii","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2443541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2024.2443541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the incidence rates, risk factors, and economic burden of orbital and preseptal cellulitis in the United States (US).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective longitudinal study was completed using data from the US Nationwide Emergency Department Sample dataset. An estimated 732,105 emergency department (ED) visits with a primary or secondary diagnosis of orbital and preseptal cellulitis from 2006 to 2018 were included. Incidence rates, descriptive statistics, and risk factors were calculated using linear and multivariate logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence rates of preseptal cellulitis increased from 6.2 in 2006 to 19.2 per 100,000 US population in 2018. In contrast, orbital cellulitis incidence rates have been decreasing from 6.1 to 2.8 per 100,000 US population from 2006 to 2018, respectively. Young adults (ages 21-44) comprise a majority of patients with either preseptal or orbital cellulitis (31.7%; 95% CI, 30.5-33.0%). Hypertension (11.8%, 12.9%), tobacco use (11.2%, 9.6%), and sinusitis (9.2%, 4.3%) were the most commonly associated diagnoses for orbital and preseptal cellulitis, respectively. Only 27.6% of patients with orbital cellulitis were admitted with 64.7% of patients routinely discharged. The inflation-adjusted ED charges for patients with orbital and preseptal cellulitis from 2006 to 2018 totalled over $997 million.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Orbital and preseptal cellulitis are costly infections in the US with increasing incidence rates for preseptal cellulitis. High rates of routine discharge from the ED for orbital cellulitis may represent a knowledge gap amongst providers and an opportunity to improve care. Identifying individuals at risk for infection is key for diagnosis and appropriate triage of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather Patterns, Patient, and Appointment Characteristics Associated with Cancellations and No-Shows in a Glaucoma Clinic.","authors":"Israel Ojalvo, Nikki Mehran, James Sharpe, Qiang Zhang, Jonathan S Myers, Reza Razeghinejad, Daniel Lee, Natasha Nayak Kolomeyer","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2442367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2024.2442367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify factors that are associated with no-shows and cancellations in a glaucoma clinic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective observational study of patients seen at a glaucoma clinic over a two-year period (6/2017-5/2019). Demographics and clinic information were recorded from the electronic medical record. A total of 36,810 visits from 7,383 patients were studied. Weather data was collected from the National Centers for Environmental Information. Distance analysis was calculated utilizing Bing Maps application programming interface (API) on Microsoft Excel. Visits were divided into three groups based on appointment status: kept, cancelled, and no-show.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bivariate analysis found a statistically significant difference in various factors amongst patients based on appointment status. Patients <15 miles from clinic had a higher rate of no-show, but a lower rate of cancellations compared to those farther (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) Using multivariable logistic regression, the following factors were associated with the likelihood of patient cancellation: average snowfall (Odds Ratio = 1.37); presence of storm event (OR = 1.12), new visit (OR = 1.82), follow-up appointments (OR = 1.90), and travel distance > 15 miles (OR = 1.11). The following factors were associated with patient no-show: resident clinic (OR = 1.79), new visit (OR = 2.24), follow-up appointments (OR = 2.18), age (OR = 0.99), average snowfall (OR = 1.27), presence of storm event (OR = 1.41), average windspeed (OR = 0.98), and travel distance > 15 miles (OR = 0.67).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patient age, gender, travel distance, appointment type, and weather were all significantly associated with rates of patient cancellations and no-shows. These risk factors could lead to interventions to improve appointment adherence and patient retention. Weather is an under-analyzed factor in patient follow-up rates that warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binocular Visual Field Loss and Crash Risk: An eFOVID Population-Based Study.","authors":"Siobhan Manners, Lynn B Meuleners, Jonathon Q Ng, Joanne Wood, William Morgan, Nigel Morlet","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2434241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2024.2434241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Visual field loss poses a high personal cost to those affected, significantly impacting activities of daily living, including driving. However, there is conflicting evidence on the association between visual field loss and crash risk. This study examined the association between severity and location of binocular visual field loss and motor vehicle crashes in older adults aged 50+, using linked population data over a 29-year study period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a database of visual field tests obtained from ophthalmologists in Western Australia (WA) between 1990 and 2019, deficits in field sensitivity were identified and classified into three severities across five regions. This was linked to other government administrative databases including crash data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 31,296 people, 4,307 (13.76%) older drivers were involved in 5,537 vehicle crashes. Binocular visual field loss (regardless of severity and location) significantly increased the odds of a crash by 84% (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.71-1.97). Severe visual field loss significantly increased the odds of a crash by 98% in the upper left quadrant (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.70-2.06), 97% in the lower left (OR 1.97; CI 1.80-2.16), 89% in the lower right (OR 1.89; CI 1.72-2.06) and 95% in the upper right quadrant (OR 1.95; CI 1.78-2.14).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The large population-based study provided robust estimates on the degree of severity and specific locations of visual field loss that threaten safe driving and objective evidence on the usefulness of linking large customised ophthalmic databases to crash records for developing 'fitness to drive' guidelines for older drivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and Patient Experience of a Pilot Artificial Intelligence-Based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program in Northern Ontario.","authors":"Vishaal Bhambhwani, Noelle Whitestone, Jennifer L Patnaik, Alonso Ojeda, James Scali, David H Cherwek","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2434738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2024.2434738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the feasibility, implementation, and patient experience of autonomous artificial intelligence-based diabetic retinopathy detection models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective cohort study where consenting adult participants previously diagnosed with diabetes were screened for diabetic retinopathy using retinal imaging with autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) interpretation at their routine primary care appointment from December 2022 through October 2023 in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Demographic (age, sex, race) and clinical (type and duration of diabetes, last reported eye exam) data were collected using a data collection form. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was completed by participants to assess patient experience following the AI exam.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 202 participants (38.6% women) with a mean age of 70.8 ± 11.7 years included in the study and screened by AI, the exam was successfully completed by 93.6% (<i>n</i> = 189), with only 1.5% (<i>n</i> = 3) requiring dilating eyedrops. The most common reason for an unsuccessful exam was small pupils with patient refusal for dilating eyedrops (<i>n</i> = 4). Among the participants with successful eye exams, 22.2% (<i>n</i> = 42) had referable diabetic retinopathy detected and were referred to see an ophthalmologist; 32/42 (76.0%) of these attended their ophthalmologist appointment. A total of 184 participants completed the satisfaction questionnaire; the mean score (out of 5) for satisfaction with the addition of an eye exam to their primary care visit was 4.8 ± 0.6.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Screening for diabetic retinopathy using autonomous artificial intelligence in a primary care setting is feasible and acceptable. This approach has significant advantages for both physicians and patients while achieving very high patient satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Dilated Fundus Examinations by Metropolitan Status from 2017-2021: An Assessment of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.","authors":"Ryan Emmert, Mackenzee Thompson, Dawsyn Smith, Riley Marlar, Kristen McPherson, Simran Demla, Micah Hartwell","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2434247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2024.2434247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diabetic eye disease, namely diabetic retinopathy (DR), remains a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Research has shown that treatment for diabetes and eye care was disrupted during the pandemic - with disparities between urban and rural populations being unknown. Thus, we aimed to assess the prevalence of reported rates of DR and dilated fundus exams from 2017 to 2021.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Among US residents with diabetes, we calculated the rates of DR and annual dilated fundus exams - overall and by metropolitan statistical area (MSA) - measuring differences using <i>X</i>² tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2017, the rate of DR was 19.78% among US residents reporting diabetes, which increased to the highest rate in 2018 at 22.19% before dropping to the lowest rates in 2019 and 2020 (18.44%). These annual changes were statistically significant (<i>p</i> < .001), but we found no significant differences by MSA status. Each year, nearly ⅔ of all individuals reported receiving dilated fundus examinations which peaked in 2019 at 71.5%. These annual deviations, as well as deviations by MSA were statistically significant (<i>p</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although populations outside of an MSA experienced an increase in dilated fundus examinations, the national prevalence of DR continues to rise. Further research into sociodemographic and cultural factors influencing diabetic eye disease and access to ophthalmic care will be crucial for the prevention of DR and improving vision outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}