Ophthalmic epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"The Gambia Trachomatous Trichiasis Surveys: Results from Five Evaluation Units Confirm Attainment of Trachoma Elimination Thresholds.","authors":"Sarjo Kanyi, Abba Hydara, Ansumana Sillah, Caleb Mpyet, Anna Harte, Ana Bakhtiari, Rebecca Willis, Cristina Jimenez, Agatha Aboe, Robin Bailey, Emma M Harding-Esch, Anthony W Solomon, Balla Musa Joof","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2213320","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2213320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Trichiasis is present when in-turned eyelashes touch the eyeball. It may result in permanent vision loss. Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is caused by multiple rounds of inflammation associated with conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Surveys have been designed to estimate the prevalence of TT in evaluation units (EUs) of trachoma-endemic countries in order to help develop appropriate programme-level plans. In this study, TT-only surveys were conducted in five EUs of The Gambia to determine whether further intensive programmatic action was required.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two-stage cluster sampling was used to select 27 villages per EU and ~25 households per village. Graders assessed the TT status of individuals aged ≥15 years in each selected household, including the presence or absence of conjunctival scarring in those with TT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From February to March 2019, 11595 people aged ≥15 years were examined. A total of 34 cases of TT were identified. All five EUs had an age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system <0.2%. Three of five EUs had a prevalence of 0.0%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using these and other previously collected data, in 2021, The Gambia was validated as having achieved national elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. Trachoma is still present in the population, but as its prevalence is low, it is unlikely that today's youth will experience the exposure to C. trachomatis required to precipitate TT. The Gambia demonstrates that with political will and consistent application of human and financial resources, trachoma can be eliminated as a public health problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"534-542"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10142456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress Towards Elimination of Trachoma in Kenya 2017-2020.","authors":"D Ilako, S Mwatha, Barasa E Wanyama, M Gichangi, J Bore, R Butcher, A Bakhtiari, S Boyd, R Willis, A W Solomon, T Watitu, D Chelanga, P Nyakundi, E M Harding-Esch, S H Matendechero","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2280987","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2280987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Trachoma is endemic in Kenya. Since baseline trachoma surveys in 2004, a concerted programme has been undertaken to reduce the prevalence of disease. Here, we report on trachoma prevalence surveys carried out between 2017 and 2020 after interventions were implemented in some areas for trachoma elimination purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 48 cross-sectional population-based trachoma prevalence surveys were conducted in 39 evaluation units (EUs; covering 45 subcounties) of Kenya between 2017 and 2020. Thirty EUs were surveyed once and nine EUs were surveyed twice over this period. Individuals ≥ 1 year old were assessed for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) and trichiasis. Data were collected on household access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 147,573 people were examined. At the end of 2020, in the 39 EUs surveyed, the prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was ≥5% in 11 EUs and the prevalence of trichiasis unknown to the health system in individuals aged ≥15 years was ≥0.2% in 25 EUs. A small minority of households (median <50% for all indicators) had access to improved WASH facilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Kenya has made excellent progress towards elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. However, there is more work to do. Between one and three rounds of antibiotic mass drug administration are required in 11 EUs. Sustained investment in surgical provision, continued TT case-finding, promotion of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are required throughout the surveyed area.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"577-587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139697974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Trachoma in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia, after Implementation of the SAFE Strategy: Results of Four Population-Based Surveys.","authors":"Belete Mengistu, Fikru Wirtu, Addisu Alemayehu, Shigute Alene, Aemiro Asmare, Sharone Backers, Ana Bakhtiari, Molly Brady, Robert M R Butcher, Mihiret Dayessa, Hannah Frawley, Genet Gebru, Cristina Jimenez, Fikreab Kebede, Asfaw Kejela, Scott McPherson, Addisalem Mihret, Nebiyu Negussu, Jeremiah M Ngondi, Fentahun Taddese, Rebecca Willis, Asfaw Wondimu, Michael Dejene, Anthony W Solomon, Emma M Harding-Esch","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2022.2140439","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2022.2140439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We aimed to estimate the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 1-9-year-olds and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds in Benishangul Gumuz (BGZ) region, Ethiopia. This will help to assess progress towards the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem and determine the need for future interventions against trachoma in the region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional population-based trachoma prevalence surveys were conducted in four evaluation units (EUs) of BGZ using World Health Organization-recommended survey methodologies. Individuals were examined for clinical signs of trachoma. Household access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities (WaSH) was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 11,778 people aged ≥1 year were examined. The prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was <5% in three EUs and ≥5% in one EU. The prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in people aged ≥15-years was ≥0.2% in all four EUs. The proportion of households with an improved drinking water source within a 30-minute round-trip ranged from 27-60%. The proportion of households with an improved latrine ranged from <1-6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Surgical interventions for TT are required in all EUs in BGZ. One annual round of mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin is required in one EU before resurvey to reassess progress in lowering TF prevalence below the WHO elimination threshold of 5% in 1-9-year-olds. MDA should be stopped in the other three EUs and trachoma surveillance surveys should be conducted at least 24 months after the surveys described here. Ongoing strengthening of WaSH infrastructure may help sustain the low prevalence of trachoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"588-596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10578310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9373200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The FLuorometholone as Adjunctive MEdical Therapy for Trachomatous Trichiasis Surgery (FLAME) Trial: Study Design.","authors":"Ahlam Awad Mohammed, Aida Abashawl, Sarity Dodson, Wondu Alemayehu, Alemu Gemechu, Aemero Abateneh, Dereje Kumsa, Tony Succar, Yineng Chen, Kathleen McWilliams, Vatinee Y Bunya, Maureen G Maguire, Matthew J Burton, Gui-Shuang Ying, John H Kempen","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2415052","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2415052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the design of FLuorometholone as Adjunctive MEdical therapy for TT surgery (FLAME) trial.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Parallel design, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 1:1 randomization to fluorometholone 0.1% eye drops twice daily or placebo twice daily for 4 weeks in eyes undergoing trachomatous trichiasis (TT) surgery for assessing the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of fluorometholone 0.1% in preventing recurrent postoperative trichiasis (PTT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Up to 2500 eligible persons with trachomatous trichiasis undergoing lid rotation surgery were enrolled in the Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Participants, surgeons, study field staff, and study supervisors leading operational aspects of the trial are masked to treatment assignment. Randomization is stratified by the surgeon and is simultaneously stratified by the district. Study visits (in addition to programmatic follow-ups) are at the baseline/enrollment, at four-week post-enrollment, and after 6 months and 1 year. The primary outcome is cumulative one-year PTT incidence, defined as: ≥1 lashes touching the globe, evidence of epilation, and/or repeat TT surgery. Secondary postoperative outcomes include the number of trichiatic lashes, location (touching the cornea or not), evidence of post-operative epilation, entropion, changes in corneal opacity, IOP elevation, need for cataract surgery, visual acuity change from the baseline, eyelid contour abnormality, granuloma, eyelid closure defect, and the occurrence of adverse events. Health economic analyses center on calculating the incremental cost per case of PTT avoided by fluorometholone treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The FLAME Trial is designed to provide evidence of the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of adjunctive topical peri-/postoperative fluorometholone 0.1% therapy with trichiasis surgery, which is hypothesized to reduce the risk of recurrent trichiasis while being acceptably safe.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04149210.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"611-619"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Analysis of Eye Health Disparities Due to Trachoma Using Country-Level Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","authors":"Koichi Ono, Reiko Umeya","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2188561","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2188561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the change in eye health disparities due to trachoma using longitudinal country-level data (1990-2019) from the global burden of disease study 2019.</p><p><strong>Methods:statement: </strong>We obtained data on the burden of trachoma and population statistics from the Global Health Data Exchange website. We assessed the geographic distribution of trachoma at the global level and World Bank regional level from year to year using Gini coefficients and statistics of inequality that ranged from 0 (total equality) to 1 (total inequality).</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>We found that 60 countries and territories had a burden of trachoma, and these were from all regions except Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. At the global level, the Gini coefficient had increased from 0.546 to 0.637 (p for trend: <0.001) in the last three decades, while the mean disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 people declined from 13.0 to 3.2 (p for trend: <0.001). The inequality statistics had significantly worsened in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (p for trend: <0.001) despite the decrease in the mean DALYs per capita.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed that the burden of trachoma dramatically decreased; however, the eye health inequality due to trachoma increased globally and in two of the most endemic regions in the last three decades. Global eye health experts need to monitor the distribution of eye diseases and ensure appropriate, effective, uniform, and high-quality eye care for all.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"491-497"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10861182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Trachoma in Four Evaluation Units in Yemen after Implementation of Trachoma Elimination Measures.","authors":"Tawfik Al-Khateeb, Sami Al-Haidari, Robert Butcher, Anusha Rajamani, Mohammed Abdu Khalid Mahdy, Cristina Jimenez, Michael Dejene, Sarah Boyd, Ana Bakhtiari, Anthony W Solomon, Adnan Thabit, Emma M Harding-Esch, Rasheed Al-Shami","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2180805","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2180805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In baseline trachoma prevalence surveys, six districts in two governorates of Yemen were identified as requiring interventions. We set out to estimate the prevalence of trachoma 6-12 months after one round of antibiotic mass drug administration (MDA) and implementation of measures to encourage facial cleanliness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population-based prevalence survey was conducted in each of the four evaluation units in October 2019. Contemporary World Health Organization recommendations for trachoma surveys were followed. Participants were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling process. The prevalence of inflammatory and late-stage trachoma was measured through eye examination. Water, sanitation, and hygiene facility access among visited households was estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-,follicular (TF) in 1-9-year-olds per EU was <5.0% in three EUs (Al Mighlaf, Al Munirah, and As Salif; Az Zaydiyah; and Mudhaykhirah districts) and 5.0-9.9% in one EU (Far Al Udayn District). The prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds per EU was <0.2% in all four EUs. Per EU, the proportion of households with an improved drinking water source ranged from 40% to 100%; access to an improved drinking water source within 30-minute return journey of the household ranged from 45% to 100%; and with an improved latrine ranged from 32% to 83%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An additional round of antibiotic MDA should be administered in Far Al Udayn district before it is resurveyed. In the other surveyed districts, pre-validation surveillance surveys should be conducted in 2 years' time to determine if the TF prevalence <5% has been maintained.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"509-517"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9414644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseline, Impact and Surveillance Trachoma Prevalence Surveys in Burundi, 2018-2021.","authors":"Victor Bucumi, Elvis Muhimpundu, Amadou Alfa Bio Issifou, Stephanie Akweyu, Nick Burn, Johan Willems, Junénal Niyongabo, Aba Elvis, Gamael Koizan, Anna Harte, Sarah Boyd, Rebecca Willis, Ana Bakhtiari, Cristina Jimenez, Clara Burgert-Brucker, Khm Martin Kollmann, Anthony W Solomon, Emma M Harding-Esch, Rose Marie Gashikanyi","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2213776","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2213776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Trachoma is an eye disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). It can lead to permanent vision loss. Since 2007, Burundi has included trachoma elimination as part of its fight against neglected tropical diseases and blindness. This study presents the results of trachoma baseline, impact and surveillance surveys conducted in Burundi between 2018 and 2021.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Areas were grouped into evaluation units (EU) with resident populations of between 100,000 and 250,000 people. Baseline surveys were conducted in 15 EUs, impact surveys in 2 EUs and surveillance surveys in 5 EUs; in each survey, 23 clusters of about 30 households were included. Consenting residents of those households were screened for clinical signs of trachoma. Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 63,800 individuals were examined. The prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was above the elimination threshold of 5% in a single EU at baseline, but fell below the threshold in subsequent impact and surveillance surveys. The prevalence of TT was below the 0.2% elimination threshold in ≥15-year-olds in all EUs surveyed. A high proportion (83%) of households had access to safe drinking water, while only a minority (~8%) had access to improved latrines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Burundi has demonstrated the prevalence levels necessary for trachoma elimination status. With continued effort and the maintenance of existing management plans, trachoma elimination in Burundi is within reach.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"543-552"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10581665/pdf/IOPE_0_2213776.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10142455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twenty-Three Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys in the Central and Northern Regions of Benin, 2018-2022.","authors":"Amadou Alfa Bio Issifou, Aboudou Dare, Gracia Adjinacou Badou, Emma M Harding-Esch, Anthony W Solomon, Ana Bakhtiari, Sarah Boyd, Cristina Jimenez, Anna Harte, Clara R Burgert-Brucker, Franck Roland Sintondji, Nissou Inès Dossa, N'Koué Tatchienta Nekoua M'Po, Wilfrid Batcho","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2265796","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2265796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Trachoma is an infectious eye disease caused by <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>. Infection causes conjunctival inflammation, which can be manifested by the sign known as trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF). Repeated inflammation leads to eyelid scarring, which in susceptible individuals can cause in-turning of the eyelashes, referred to as trachomatous trichiasis (TT). This article describes 23 population-based surveys conducted in northern and central Benin to determine TF and/or TT prevalence for trachoma elimination purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 18 surveys estimated the prevalence of both TF and TT: two baseline surveys, eight impact surveys after implementation of interventions against trachoma, and eight surveillance surveys. Five other evaluation units (EUs) were surveyed for TT only. To estimate the TF prevalence, a target sample size of 1701 (baseline) and 1164 1-9-year-olds (impact and surveillance) was required, whereas 2818 ≥ 15-year-olds were required to estimate the less prevalent TT. In each EU, individuals were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and examined by certified graders for TF and/or TT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 68,613 people were examined. TF prevalence estimates were under the 5% elimination threshold in all surveys. TT prevalence estimates were above the 0.2% elimination threshold in all five TT-only surveys and in four impact surveys, ranging from 0.2-0.57.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TF prevalence in Benin is low, but TT was above 0.2% in nine districts. Increased case-finding and continuing efforts to improve surgery accessibility will be needed to reduce the burden of TT in Benin.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"498-508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138461372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Status of Trachoma Among Underserved Population of India: Results from the National Trachoma Rapid Assessment Survey 2014-17.","authors":"Praveen Vashist, Souvik Manna, Suraj Singh Senjam, Vivek Gupta, Noopur Gupta, Meenakshi Wadhwani, Sumit Grover, Amit Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2232036","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2232036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the burden of trachoma and its related risk factors among the underserved population of sixteen states/union territories (UTs) in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Trachoma rapid assessment (TRA) was conducted in seventeen Enumeration Units (EUs) spanning sixteen states/UTs in India according to standard WHO guidelines. A total of ten clusters were selected in each EU and 50 children aged 1-9 years were assessed clinically for signs of active trachoma and facial cleanliness in each cluster. Additionally, all adults aged 15 years and above in the same households were examined for evidence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) and corneal opacity. Environmental risk factors contributing to trachoma were also noted in all households.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 766 districts in India, seventeen EUs were selected for TRA depending on evidence of socio-developmental indicators like poverty and suboptimal access to water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. The total population of the selected clusters was 21,774 in the 17 EUs. Overall, 104 of 8807 children (1.2%; CI: 0.9-1.4) had evidence of follicular or inflammatory stages of trachoma. Nearly 16.6% (CI:15.8-17.4) children were noted to have unclean faces in the 170 clusters. Trichiasis was noted in 19 adults (2.1 per 1000; CI:1.2-3.2 per 1000). Environmental sanitation was found to be unsatisfactory in two-thirds (67.8%) of the surveyed households in the clusters mainly due to improper garbage disposal.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Active trachoma was not a public health problem in any of the EUs surveyed. However, burden of TT among adults was found to be above 0.2% in two EUs; hence, further public health interventions like trichiasis surgery were recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"553-560"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9812069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Trachoma After Three Rounds of Antibiotic Mass Drug Administration in 13 Woredas of Gambella Region, Ethiopia.","authors":"Addisu Alemayehu, Ademe Mekonen, Belete Mengistu, Addisalem Mihret, Aemiro Asmare, Ana Bakhtiari, Bekele Mengistu, Cristina Jimenez, Demis Kebede, Doul Bol, Fentahun Tadesse, Fikreab Kebede, Genet Gebru, Hannah Frawley, Jeremiah Ngondi, Mohammed Jemal, Molly Brady, Nebiyu Negussu, Robert Butcher, Scott McPherson, Sharone Backers, Anthony W Solomon, Michael Dejene Bejiga, Emma M Harding-Esch","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2248624","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2023.2248624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Following baseline surveys in 2013 and 2014, trachoma elimination interventions, including three rounds of azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA), were implemented in 13 woredas (administrative districts) of Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia. We conducted impact surveys to determine if elimination thresholds have been met or if additional interventions are required.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional population-based surveys were conducted in 13 woredas of Gambella Regional State, combined into five evaluation units (EUs), 6─12 months after their last MDA round. A two-stage systematic (first stage) and random (second stage) sampling technique was used. WHO-recommended protocols were implemented with the support of Tropical Data. Household water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) access was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The age-adjusted prevalence of trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) in 1-9-year-olds in the five EUs ranged from 0.3-19.2%, representing a general decline in TF prevalence compared to baseline estimates. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in those aged ≥ 15 years ranged from 0.47-3.08%. Of households surveyed, 44% had access to an improved drinking water source within a 30-minute return journey of the house, but only 3% had access to an improved latrine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In two EUs, no further MDA should be delivered, and a surveillance survey should be conducted after two years without MDA. In one EU, one further round of MDA should be conducted followed by another impact survey. In two EUs, three further MDA rounds are required. Surgery, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement interventions are needed throughout the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"568-576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138461371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}