Ophthalmic epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Racial and Gender-Based Disparities in Opioid Administration for Ocular Trauma.","authors":"Hassaam S Choudhry, David Mothy, Aneesh Reddy, Aman M Patel, Skyler Peterson, Mohammad H Dastjerdi","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2681016","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2681016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate how race and other social determinants of health (SDOH) influence prehospital opioid administration for open globe injuries (OGIs) in the United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed emergency medical service activations for OGIs in the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) database from 2017-2021, excluding cancellations and cases without patient contact. Demographics, maximum reported pain scores, and administered medications were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for pain score was used to identify factors associated with increased likelihood of opioid administration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 53,589 OGI cases, females were less likely than males to receive opioids (OR 0.71). Non-White patients were less likely than White patients to receive opioids (African Americans OR 0.37; Hispanics OR 0.83). Urban patients were less likely than suburban patients (OR 0.63), and patients in the Midwest (OR 0.75), Northeast (OR 0.24), and South (OR 0.77) were less likely than those in the West. Cases between 11 pm-7 am were less likely to involve opioid use (OR 0.62). Emergent cases (OR 1.85) and patients aged 66-75 (OR 1.41) were more likely to receive opioids.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Significant racial, regional, and gender disparities exist in prehospital opioid use for OGIs. Addressing bias, diversifying the workforce, and implementing clearer guidelines may promote equitable pain management in ocular trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"732-734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148471767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to the Letter to the Editor, \"Online Survey on Myopia Progression Among Chinese Adult Undergraduates: A Pilot Study\".","authors":"Haotian Wu, Xiangui He","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2718349","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2718349","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"738-739"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148796163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sun Exposure and Myopia in Adult Australian Participants of the 45 and Up Study.","authors":"Gareth Lingham, Pauline Kang, Angelica Ly, David A Mackey","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2703254","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2703254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Sun exposure has important effects on human health, including risk of myopia (short-sightedness). We examined the association between outdoor time in the sun and myopia in 16,543 Australian-born adult participants of the 45 and Up study (aged 58-99 years).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>At the baseline survey (2005-2009), participants of the 45 and Up study self-reported history of skin cancer and outdoor, sun exposure and sedentary behaviours. At the Health Compass Survey follow-up (2022), participants additionally self-reported their history of myopia. Associations were analysed using multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of self-reported myopia was 53.1%, likely representing an over-estimate. Higher prevalence of self-reported myopia was associated with self-identifying as female (odds ratio [OR]=1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17, 1.35, <i>p</i> < 0.001), being younger (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.79, <i>p</i> < 0.001 for age 55-64 years vs age 85+ years), exercising less (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.09, <i>p</i> = 0.04), spending less time outdoors in the sun (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.08, <i>p</i> < 0.001) spending more time sitting (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and having lower propensity to tan (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.35, <i>p</i> = 0.005 for Never tan vs Get very tanned after sun exposure).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In adulthood, higher time spent outdoors was associated with lower prevalence of self-reported myopia. This may indicate that outdoor behaviours in adulthood reflect those in childhood, when myopia develops. However, caution interpreting these findings is warranted due to the cross-sectional design, potential misclassification of myopia and temporal gap (13-17 years) between self-reporting of outdoor time and myopia status.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"735-737"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148471836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Investigate the Effect of Combined Use of 0.01% Atropine and 2% Carteolol Hydrochloride Eye Drops on Early-Onset Myopic Control in Western Chinese Children.","authors":"Qiwen Chen, Xinyu Peng, Jing Fang, Qin Xiang, Ying Chen, Xinghan Wen","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2706249","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2706249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the inhibitory role of 0.01% atropine combined with 2% carteolol hydrochloride on myopia progression in children aged 3-8 years in western China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 78 myopic children (spherical equivalent refraction from -2.00D to -8.00D) were initially assigned based on parental willingness to a control group (artificial tears (Hialid®) once nightly) or a treatment group. The treatment group was then randomly divided into an atropine group (0.01% atropine + artificial tears) and a combination group (0.01% atropine +2% carteolol hydrochloride). Spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured at baseline and 3, 6 months. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests, adjusted by multivariate regression and standardized mean differences (SMD), were applied. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) addressed minor baseline variations. Repeated-measures analysis of variance evaluated ocular parameters across the three groups to assess the effect of IOP-lowering drugs on delaying myopia progression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both treatment groups showed significantly reduced SE and AL progression at 3 and 6 months (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). At 6 months, the combination group exhibited significantly smaller AL increase (0.09 ± 0.10 mm) and SE progression (-0.09 ± 0.12 D) than the atropine group (AL: 0.47 ± 0.18 mm; SE: -0.51 ± 0.18 D) and control group (AL: 0.99 ± 0.16 mm; SE: -1.03 ± 0.15 D; all <i>p</i> < 0.001). IOP decreased in the combination group (-1.75 ± 4.24 mmHg) but increased in the other groups. Adverse reaction rates were comparable between groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>0.01% atropine combined with 2% carteolol hydrochloride safely and effectively inhibits myopia progression in children with early-onset myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"691-699"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Insights from Ultrawide Field Imaging Referrals in Diabetic Patients: A Three-Year Analysis at a Tertiary Center.","authors":"Mohamed Ashraf, Amira Mostafa, Mostafa El Manhaly, Mohamed Ghoneim, Bassma Al-Bayoumy, Enas Khamis, Mazen El Dardeery, Merna Mostafa, Heba Abdel Aziz, Nadine Khaled, Ahmed Souka, Paolo Silva, Lloyd Paul Aiello","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2723083","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2723083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To characterize diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity and predominantly peripheral lesion (PPL) status among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) imaged using ultrawide-field (UWF) photography at a tertiary center in Egypt following introduction of the first national UWF camera and certified reading center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, cross-sectional study included all patients imaged from Feb2022 to Jan2025. UWF images were graded using the ETDRS severity scale, and PPLs were evaluated on non-steered color images. Demographic and clinical variables, including DM duration, treatment, HbA1c, age, and age of onset, were collected. Temporal trends in DR severity, PPL prevalence, and patient characteristics were assessed using linear regression and generalized estimating equation models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 61,095 eyes from 26,170 patients were imaged; 47.5% had DM. Among 29,828 diabetic eyes, 34.9% had no DR; 17.2%, 10.8%, and 6.5% had mild, moderate, and severe NPDR; and 25.0% had PDR. The proportion of eyes with no DR increased significantly over time, while moderate NPDR and PDR declined (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Vision-threatening DR decreased from 53.8% to 39.2%, and more-than-mild retinopathy declined from 61.0% to 42.0% (both <i>p</i> < 0.001). Mean HbA1c and diabetes duration decreased, while age and age of onset increased. Mean HbA1c decreased, while age, DM duration, and age of onset increased. PPL prevalence increased during the initial year, followed by stabilization in mild NPDR and decreases in moderate and severe NPDR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementation of UWF imaging and certified grading was followed by a shift toward imaging patients with earlier DR and reduced fluorescein angiography use. UWF deployment may facilitate earlier DR detection and triage in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"643-651"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual Deficits in Diabetic Retinal Disease.","authors":"Brian L VanderBeek, Yinxi Yu, Joshua D Stein","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2664555","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2664555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To demonstrate the current level of visual deficits due to DRD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study used the Sight Outcomes Research Collaborative (SOURCE) repository to identify all patients with DRD, diabetic macular edema (DME), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Cohorts for each disease state were created using ICD10 codes based on the first date of diagnosis. Patients had their vision assessed at the index date, then, when available, at years 1,2,3, and 5. The primary outcome was the percentage of eyes with vision deficits to the level of 20/70 and 20/200 or worse.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 33,888, 7609, and 11,923 eyes were included for analysis in the DRD (18426 patients), DME (4345), and PDR (6507) cohorts, respectively. At the first presentation, 16.7% and 8.3% of DRD eyes had vision ≤20/70 and ≤20/200, respectively. These percentages decreased over the next 5 years (5-year ≤20/70 VA = 9.8%, 5-year ≤20/200 VA = 3.8%). The percent of eyes with DME and ≤20/70 vision decreased from 16.2% to 11.5% at 1 year but increased to 12.9% at year 2 before ending at 12.1% in year 5. DME eyes with ≤20/200 vision also decreased from 4.8% to 3.6% before increasing again through year 5 (5.0%). PDR eyes with ≤20/70 vision started at 34.5% but decreased each observation to a low of 18.4% at year 5. Similar improvement was seen in PDR with ≤20/200 vision starting at 19.7% and decreased at each observation until year 5 (8.0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Visual deficits due to DRD remain a significant concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"627-633"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Patient Selection for Panel-Based Molecular Diagnosis in Inherited Retinal Disease: A Health Economics-Oriented Taiwanese Cohort Study.","authors":"Ting-Yi Lin, Ching-Yun Wang, Lawrence Chen, Hsin-Yu Ho, Shun-Ping Huang","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2700029","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2700029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine whether the clinical characteristics of IRD patients are associated with the positive molecular diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multi-center cross-sectional study analyzed 492 IRD patients in Taiwan enrolled between January 2018 and May 2022. Patients with clinical IRD suspicion aged between 0 and 96 years with no previous genetic diagnosis were enrolled.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 492 patients recruited, 274 (55.7%) received a molecular diagnosis. The mean age at first visit was 49.5 years, and 245 patients (49.8%) were male. Positive genetic results were observed in 67 of 72 patients (93.1%) with onset age < 10 years, compared with 18 of 28 (64.3%) in those with onset age ≥ 50 years. Positive results were also more common in patients with a positive IRD family history, 136 of 162 (84.0%), compared with those without a family history, 138 of 179 (77.1%). In addition, patients with a previous genetic diagnosis in one family member had a higher diagnostic yield. In univariate analysis, male sex (OR 1.83; <i>p</i> < .01), age of onset 0-9 years (OR 3.00; <i>p</i> < .01), a positive IRD family history (OR 4.18; <i>p</i> < .05), and a previous genetic diagnosis in one family member (OR 4.24; <i>p</i> < .001) were associated with higher odds of a positive result. For worse-seeing-eye BCVA, diagnostic yield ranged from 68.6% in patients with normal vision to 87.5% in those with moderate visual impairment and 85.1% in those with no light perception. In the multivariate model, only worse-seeing-eye logMAR BCVA > 2.0 remained independently associated with positive testing (OR 4.80; <i>p</i> < .001). No negative predictors of panel-based molecular diagnosis were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We discovered key patient-level demographic and clinical factors associated with increased odds of obtaining a molecular diagnosis. This study supports further evaluations of clinical characteristics that can improve the cost-benefit of panel-based genetic testing for IRD, paving the way for efficient genetic diagnostics and identifying high-risk panel-undiagnosable patients to pursue more advanced sequencing platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"660-667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Asthma with Dry Eye Disease Signs and Symptoms in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.","authors":"Andrew Garfield, Patrick Augello, Penny A Asbell, Gui-Shuang Ying","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2723089","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2723089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Recent literature has connected asthma with an increased risk of dry eye disease (DED). This study aimed to investigate the association of asthma and asthma medication with the severity of DED symptoms and signs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a secondary analysis of data from the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study. At baseline and follow-up at 6 and 12 months, DED symptoms were measured using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Brief Ocular Discomfort Index (BODI), and DED signs were measured using tear film breakup time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival staining, Shirmer's test, meibomian gland dysfunction testing, and tear osmolarity. DED symptoms and signs were compared between participants with self-reported ongoing asthma (<i>n</i> = 50) vs. those without a history of asthma (<i>n</i> = 470), and between participants taking (<i>n</i> = 88) vs. not taking (<i>n</i> = 432) asthma medications using multivariate analysis adjusted by factors previously reported to be associated with DED severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In multivariate analysis, participants with ongoing asthma exhibited significantly shorter TBUT than those without asthma history (2.98 vs. 3.51 seconds, <i>p</i> = 0.01), but there were no significant differences in symptom scores (OSDI, BODI) and other DED signs. Asthma medication use was associated with more severe DED signs including TBUT (2.79 vs. 3.20 seconds, <i>p</i> = 0.03) and corneal staining score (4.40 vs. 3.68, <i>p</i> = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the potential impact of asthma and asthma medication on DED severity. Further research is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and entertain personalized management strategies for DED in asthmatic populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"708-713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Inequity of Eye Care Resources Allocation from 2013 to 2019 in Shanghai, China.","authors":"Jun Chen, Jiangnan He, Haidong Zou, Jiannan Huang","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2714977","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2714977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>As the eye disease burden is increasing, the allocation of eye care resources plays an important role in the sustainable development of eye care services. This study is to investigate the allocation and trend of eye care resources from 2013 to 2019 in Shanghai, China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was composed of multiple cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019, in Shanghai, China. Institutions, doctors, technicians, and nurses were selected for describing eye care resources. The Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, and Theil index were applied to assess the equity of eye care resource allocation. Trend analyses were applied to assess the temporal change.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2013 to 2019, the total of eye care institutions increased a few, from 319 to 333, and the number of doctors and technicians almost doubled, but the number of nurses remained around 900. Institutions, doctors, technicians, and nurses were all concentrated heavily in the urban regions of Shanghai and the suburban regions have the lower density of institutions (ranging from 0.25 to 0.73 per 10,000 persons) and doctors (ranging from 1.35 to 2.01 per 10,000 persons). The contributions of total inequity for each indicator are different. For institutions and doctors, the major variations were from the differences between urban and suburban regions (more than 50%). For technicians, the inter-variation between urban and suburban regions contributed nearly 40% of the total inequity. But for nurses, the intra-variations in urban and suburban districts contributed to the major inequity (almost 80%). Given the temporal change of the Theil index, the inter-variations between urban and suburban regions among doctors decreased from 67.4% to 50.0% (<i>P</i> for trend 0.023), and the intra-variations in suburban districts among technicians also decreased from 35.0% to 27.3% (<i>P</i> for trend 0.022). GDP per capita and subway density were both associated with the allocation of eye care resoureces in Shanghai.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The eye care resources were continuously more concentrated in the urban regions in Shanghai. The number of ophthalmologists in Shanghai is sufficient, but there is a shortage of auxiliary technicians and nurses. Future health policies should pay more attention to balancing the allocation of eye care resources and increasing the number of auxiliary technicians and nurses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"723-731"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148721566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Pediatric Keratoconus - A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study.","authors":"Or Ben-Shaul, Sharon Schwartz, Adi Segal, Nili Stein, Michael Hyams, Michael Mimouni","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2711666","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2711666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess factors associated with pediatric keratoconus in a large, population-based cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective population-based nested case-control study utilized data from \"Clalit\" healthcare provider, Israel's largest. The records of patients diagnosed with keratoconus before age 18 between 2005 and 2020 were reviewed. Demographic data, socioeconomic status, smoking habits, and the presence of systemic conditions that may be linked with keratoconus were collected and analyzed. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression were employed to identify the factors associated with the development of keratoconus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 1953 pediatric keratoconus patients with a mean age of 14.2 years of which 60.8% were male were included. There were 19,530 age-matched healthy subjects in the control group. In multivariable analysis, male gender (OR = 1.54, <i>p</i> < 0.001), asthma (OR = 1.41, <i>p</i> < 0.001), intellectual disability (OR = 2.39, <i>p</i> < 0.001), atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.39, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and allergy (OR = 1.28, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were significantly associated with pediatric keratoconus. Smoking (OR = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.007), middle socioeconomic status (SES) (OR = 0.71, <i>p</i> = 0.001), and high SES (OR = 0.57, <i>p</i> = 0.001) were inversely associated with pediatric keratoconus. Diabetes mellitus showed no significant association with keratoconus risk (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.40-2.58, <i>p</i> = 0.982).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Male gender, asthma, intellectual disability, allergy, and atopic dermatitis were linked with increased risk, while smoking, middle SES, and high SES were inversely associated with pediatric keratoconus. These findings provide valuable insights into possible areas of focus for early detection and preventative interventions in high-risk populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"700-707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}