Ophthalmic epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Season, Weather, and Intraocular Pressure: A Monocentric Retrospective Analysis from 2016 to 2021.","authors":"Cornelius Wiedenmann, Daniel Böhringer, Thomas Reinhard, Jan Luebke","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2664545","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2664545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We investigate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and environmental factors, such as daily mean temperature, daily cumulative sunshine duration, and daily mean atmospheric pressure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed all IOP measurements of out-patients using non-contact tonometry that had been recorded between 2016 and 2021 (<i>N</i> = 199,804) in the Eye Center, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany. IOP values below 5 and above 30 mm Hg were excluded. No other exclusion criteria are applied. Analysis of variance was performed to assess seasonal variations in IOP. We fitted a multiple linear regression model to analyse the respective influences of age on the time of measurement, daily mean temperature, daily cumulative sunshine duration, daily mean atmospheric pressure, and time of day at measurement on IOP. We also performed cross-correlations to check for periodicity and time-lag between IOP and the aforementioned environmental factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IOP was highest in January (15.0 ± 3.8 mm Hg) and lowest in July (14.6 ± 3.6 mm Hg). Cross-correlation and Fourier analysis support annual periodicity and a seasonal pattern of IOP. Multiple linear regressions revealed a significant negative correlation between daily mean temperature, age at measurement, and total sunshine duration of the preceding 10 days before measurement with IOP. Atmospheric pressure and time at measurement missed statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We observed an annual periodic IOP variation with an amplitude of ≈0.4 mm Hg. The variation is most likely attributable to a direct effect of environmental temperature and secondly to biological factors triggered by sunshine exposure over the preceding 10 days or secondary behavioral changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"503-511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Coffee and Tea Consumption and Biological Age Acceleration: Evidence from the UK Biobank Study.","authors":"Ruiye Chen, Mayinuer Yusufu, Jiahao Liu, Haoyue Yi, Xianwen Shang, Zongyuan Ge, Wei Wang, Mingguang He, Zhuoting Zhu","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2647970","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2647970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate associations between coffee and tea consumption with accelerated ageing indexed by retinal age gap.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The average daily coffee and tea consumption over the past year was obtained using a touchscreen questionnaire. The retinal age gap, the difference between the predicted retinal age and the chronological age, was used as the indicator of accelerated ageing. Linear regression models were applied to examine the associations of coffee and tea consumption with retinal age gap. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was utilized to explore potential non-linear associations between coffee and tea consumption (cups/day) with retinal age gaps.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 35,740 participants with a mean age of 56.8 ± 8.03 years, including 19,902 (55.7%) males. Among the participants, 7693 (21.5%) were non-coffee drinkers, and 5164 (14.4%) were non-tea drinkers. After adjusting for demographic covariates, multilinear models found that coffee consumption was not associated with retinal age gaps. However, after these adjustments, tea consumption was associated with a smaller retinal age gap (β = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.04~-0.01, <i>p</i> = 0.006), particularly in those who consumed > 4 cups of tea per day (β = -0.22,95% CI = -0.36~-0.08, <i>p</i> = 0.003). No non-linear regressions between coffee or tea with retinal age gaps were observed in RCS models (P non-linear = 0.329 for coffee, P non-linear = 0.273 for tea; respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study identified a significant inverse association between tea consumption and the retinal age gap. This finding suggests that tea intake is a dietary factor linked to biological aging process indexed by retinal age gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"495-502"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147499473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Multidimensional Impact of Myopia on Quality of Life Among Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Kunrong Li, Wen Sun, Liyang Zhang, Guannan Bai, Pei Wang","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2665377","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2665377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To synthesise current evidence on how myopia affects the quality of life (QoL) of Chinese children and adolescents, with a focus on multidimensional health outcomes, contextual determinants, and intervention strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang Data were searched from inception to 1 January 2025. Eligible studies included myopic Chinese children and adolescents (≤18 years), used validated QoL instruments, and were published in peer-reviewed journals. Two reviewers independently extracted and verified data, and methodological characteristics were summarised narratively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-one studies involving 157,441 participants across 14 provinces were included. Myopia was consistently associated with reduced QoL across physical, psychological, and social domains, including limitations in vision-dependent activities, visual symptoms, anxiety, and impaired peer and academic functioning. Key determinants included refractive severity, myopia progression, outdoor activity, screen time, socioeconomic status, and parental education. Interventions including orthokeratology and peripheral defocus lenses, as well as increased outdoor time, show potential to improve functional vision and well-being. However, most evidence comes from cross-sectional studies with heterogeneous QoL measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Myopia, particularly high myopia, is consistently associated with a significant reduction in the multidimensional QoL of Chinese children and adolescents across diverse regions. This impact reflects a complex bio-environmental interaction involving both physiological progression and lifestyle constraints, such as prolonged screen time and reduced outdoor activity. Future myopia management should transition from a purely refractive focus to holistic strategies that incorporate lifestyle interventions, psychological support, and enhanced patient adaptation to advanced optical treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"599-612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic Development, COVID-19, and Visual Health in Chinese Youth: A 30-Year Trend and Frontier Analysis of the Burden of Blindness Due to Refractive Error.","authors":"Yihan Zhang, Qixuan Tang, Shenyu Wang, Jiaying Liu, He Li, Zhaohuai Li, Wenru Su","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2678906","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2678906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate long-term trends of refractive error-related blindness in Chinese children and adolescents (1990-2021) and project future trajectories to 2035, assessing impacts of COVID-19 and socioeconomic development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective and predictive analysis using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data. Primary outcomes were age-specific prevalence and DALY rates in youth (<20 years). Secondary outcomes included age-standardized rates, EAPCs, decomposition components, and projections via BAPC and ARIMA models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Refractive error-related blindness affected 26.97 million individuals in China (1990-2021), including nearly 3 million youth. Primary outcomes showed consistent increases in age-specific prevalence (0-14 years: +15.0%; 15-19 years: +16.8%). Secondary analyses revealed declining age-standardized rates (ASPR EAPC: -0.18%), with population aging as the dominant driver (83.4-93.0%). During COVID-19, adolescent prevalence declined sharply (-10.61%). ARIMA projections suggest a turning point, with youth prevalence expected to decline by 30.5-36.3% by 2036. Global analysis revealed >10-fold variation in adolescent burden across countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite declining age-standardized rates, rising youth prevalence demands targeted interventions. Encouraging projections suggest delayed policy impacts, while COVID-19 disruptions highlight health system vulnerabilities. Prioritizing early screening and adolescent-focused strategies remains critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"565-576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148043349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Biomarkers of Survival in Ocular Melanoma.","authors":"Christina N Bobrek, Swara M Sarvepalli, Beth Bailey, Majda Hadziahmetovic","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2678907","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2678907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database in a longitudinal study to determine the factors associated with the risk of death in ocular melanoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with a primary diagnosis of ocular melanoma from the SEER database between 1975 and 2022 were included. Chi-square analysis and independent samples <i>t</i> test were performed. The Kaplan-Meier estimate was also run to determine survival months' variability by primary site.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 2,917 included patients were categorized as \"died of ocular melanoma\" or \"alive or dead of other causes.\" Age was higher in patients who died from ocular melanoma (60.7 years ±12) compared to those alive or dead of another cause (57.9 years ±13.5; <i>p</i> < 0.001; OR 0.984; 0.977, 0.992; <i>p</i> < 0.001). The primary site of melanoma was also statistically significantly different between groups; conjunctiva (81.7%) and cornea (81.3%) had the highest survival rate, while the lacrimal gland and an overlapping lesion of the eye and adnexa had the highest mortality rates (100% and 73%, respectively; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier estimate showed lacrimal gland and overlapping lesions of eye and adnexa differed in mean months of survival after diagnosis (54 months and 100.8 months, respectively) compared to conjunctiva and ciliary body (264.5 months and 237.5 months, respectively; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Age and primary site were associated with mortality from ocular melanoma. Overlapping lesions of the eye and adnexa, unspecified ocular site, and choroid were associated with the highest mortality risk from this melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"577-581"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148016826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Demyelinating Disease and Dry Eye Syndrome: A Matched Case-Control Study.","authors":"Kevin T Root, Lauren Jeang, Alvaro J Mejía-Vergara","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2695756","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2695756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Demyelinating disease has been associated with dry eye syndrome (DES). Current studies are limited by sample size and confounding autoimmune disorders. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) has not been associated with DES in a large-scale study to date.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective case-control study utilized data from the NIH's All of Us Research Database. Cases were patients with DES. Controls were identified with exact matching by birth year (±2 years), sex, race, and ethnicity. Patients with certain confounding diseases, including Sjögren's disease, were excluded. Patients with NMOSD and MS were identified, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) testing was utilized to reclassify patients as NMOSD. Primary analysis was adjusted for exposure to DES-associated medications. A supplementary cross-sectional analysis was completed to evaluate the association in an unmatched cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cases (<i>n</i> = 25,789) and controls (<i>n</i> = 102,954) were successfully matched. After AQP4-based reclassification and exclusions, 1,065 MS patients (338 cases, 727 controls) and 36 NMOSD patients were analyzed for association with DES. MS was significantly associated with DES adjusted OR 1.61 (95% CI 1.41-1.85). Preliminary analysis also demonstrated NMOSD is associated with DES adjusted OR 3.43 (95% CI 1.74-6.77). Supplementary cross-sectional analysis supported these associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both MS and NMOSD are significantly associated with DES, however the NMOSD effect size should be cautiously interpreted given the modest sample size. These findings represent the first moderate-scale epidemiological evidence linking NMOSD to DES. Our results support increased clinical awareness for DES in demyelinating disease patients. However, effect size validation is necessary in future, prospective studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"559-564"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148353164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Development of Macular Ganglion Cell Layer Thickness in Children: The Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 Eye Study.","authors":"Andreas Worm Bendtsen, Lea Lykkebirk, Christopher Maximilian Behrens, Anne Mette Skovgaard, Michael Larsen, Steffen Hamann","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2693522","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2693522","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine changes in macular ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness over five years in a community-based birth cohort of children without ophthalmic disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study included 660 children without ophthalmic disease from the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 Eye Study. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were analyzed for seven macular GCL thickness and volume measurements. Associations with age, sex, axial length, and OCT signal strength were evaluated. Additionally, GCL thickness was measured in eyes with optic disc drusen (ODD; <i>n</i> = 16) and compared with non-ODD eyes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From around age 11 to 16, macular GCL thickness in boys increased by approximately 1.6%, with statistical significance in six of seven predefined measurements. In girls, GCL thickness was stable or slightly decreased (-0.4%), with significance in four of seven measurements. Baseline axial length (AL) differed significantly between sexes (23.47/22.89 mm in boys/girls, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), as did axial growth between visits (ΔAL, 0.19/0.42 mm in boys/girls, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). No consistent associations were found between AL and GCL thickness or longitudinal changes thereof. After adjusting for potential confounders, four of seven GCL measurements increased significantly with age in boys, while no age-related changes were observed in girls. No significant differences were found in baseline GCL thickness or longitudinal change in GCL between eyes with or without ODD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GCL thickness remained relatively stable between ages 11 and 16, with small but statistically significant differences between sexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"582-590"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148331838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nationwide Analysis of Eye-Related Emergency Department Visits in South Korea: NEDIS-EYE REPORT 1.","authors":"Richul Oh, Seoyoon Choi, Kyu Hyung Park, Sang Jun Park","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2659618","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2659618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze the diagnosis of eye-related emergency department (ED) visits in South Korea and to investigate the national burden of eye-related visits in the ED and their trends over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were obtained from the National Emergency Department Information System in South Korea between 2014 and 2022. A total of 74,714,270 ED visits were analyzed. Eye-related ED visits were identified using diagnosis codes at the time of discharge from ED. Temporal trends in annual ED visits were analyzed. Eye-related ED visits were categorized into three groups based on the emergent categories (emergent, unlikely-emergent, and indeterminate).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the 9-year study period, eye-related ED visits accounted for 1,356,169 (1.82%) visits. Total ED visits significantly decreased in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a partial recovery by 2022 to 85% of 2019 levels. The number of eye-related ED visits similarly decreased in 2020, but it continued to decline until 2022, with its proportion dropping from 2.08% in 2014 to 1.58% in 2022 (rate: -0.0547%/year, 95% confidence interval: [-0.0723, -0.0371], <i>p</i> < 0.001). The SIR of total ED visits declined by 6.12% from 2014 to 2022. Among the eye-related ED visits, there were emergent (19.7%), unlikely-emergent (13.2%), and indeterminate (67.1%) cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Eye-related ED visits in South Korea decreased over the 9-year study period and the proportion of emergent cases increased. The steady decline in eye-related ED visits, along with an increase in emergent cases, may have implications for the allocation of ED resources in the field of ophthalmology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"531-539"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correspondence: Caution May Be Required with mRNA Covid-19 Vaccinations Related to the Corneal Endothelium.","authors":"Lloyd R Kopecny, Hannah Kamgarpour, Ian C Francis, Minas T Coroneo","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2665382","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2665382","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"624-625"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative Percentiles and Age-Related Change Points for RNFL and GCIPL Thickness in Healthy Korean Adults Based on Cirrus HD‑OCT.","authors":"Jae Ryong Song, Seong-Joon Kim, Jae Ho Jung","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2699400","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2699400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To generate decade-specific normative percentiles for Korean adults and identify age-related change points in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness using Cirrus HD optical coherence tomography (OCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional, population-based study of 8,558 healthy Korean adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2017-2021. Cirrus HD-OCT imaging used Optic Disc Cube 200 × 200 protocol for RNFL and Macular Cube 512 × 128 protocol for GCIPL measurements. Simple linear regression change-point (SLRCP) analysis identified age-related change points. Decade-specific percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 95th) were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cohort included 4,654 women (54.4%) and 3,904 men (45.6%) aged 47.4 ± 13.5 years. Mean RNFL thickness was 95.7 ± 9.1 μm, and GCIPL thickness was 82.7 ± 5.8 μm. Linear regression showed significant age-related decline: RNFL at -0.116 μm/year (95% CI, -0.133 to -0.100; <i>p</i> < .001) and GCIPL at -0.044 μm/year (95% CI, -0.055 to -0.034; <i>p</i> < .001). Women showed thicker RNFL (96.6 vs. 94.9 μm; <i>p</i> < .001), while men had thicker GCIPL (83.0 vs. 82.4 μm; <i>p</i> < .001). SLRCP analysis identified change points with accelerated thinning: GCIPL 51 years (slopes: +0.056 to -0.248 μm/year) and RNFL at 52 years (slopes: -0.079 to -0.240 μm/year). Median RNFL declined from 97 μm (20-29 years) to 87 μm (80-89 years) and GCIPL from 82 μm to 76 μm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RNFL and GCIPL demonstrate nonlinear age-related thinning with accelerated decline beginning in the fifth to sixth decades. These decade-specific normative values and change points provide population- and device-specific references which improve diagnostic accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"591-598"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}