Ophthalmic epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of COVID-19 Shelter-In-Place Orders on Visual Outcomes of Ophthalmic Surgical Emergencies.","authors":"Rebecca I Chen, Elizabeth A Vanner, Ta Chen Chang","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2384067","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2384067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the outcomes of ophthalmic surgical emergencies during shelter-in-place (SIP) order with the corresponding period in 2019.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study compared patients presenting to the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (BPEI) emergency department (ED) who underwent urgent surgery during the SIP period (March 23-May 17, 2020), compared to the same weeks in 2019 (non-SIP). Main outcome measures included symptom-to-ED time, ED-to-surgical decision time, surgical decision-to-operating room (OR) time, ED-to-OR time, and postoperative follow-up time. Secondary outcome measures included travel distance, visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and number of glaucoma medications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-six and 148 patients presented with ophthalmic surgical emergencies in the SIP and non-SIP study periods, respectively. Retinal detachment (RD), acute glaucoma, and open globe injury were the most common diagnoses in both periods. Symptom-to-ED and surgical decision-to-OR times were shorter during the SIP period. SIP patients had comparable preoperative VA but worse postoperative VA compared to non-SIP patients. During the SIP period, RD patients experienced postoperative VA reduction rather than improvement (+0.09 vs. -0.23 logMAR, <i>p</i> = 0.03); glaucoma patients were less likely to reach surgical decision within 24 h (OR 0.16 [95% CI 0.03-0.95]); and globe injuries had longer ED-to-surgical decision time and ED-to-OR time compared to the non-SIP period. Other outcomes were similar between both study periods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was reduced volume of ophthalmic surgical emergencies and worse postoperative vision during SIP compared to the non-SIP period, despite shorter symptom-to-ED and surgical decision-to-OR times suggesting minimal delays in seeking or receiving care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"318-325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11806073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141907264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Status, Hotspots, and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology: A Bibliometric Analysis (2003-2023).","authors":"Jie Deng, YuHui Qin","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2373956","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2024.2373956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained significant attention in ophthalmology. This paper reviews, classifies, and summarizes the research literature in this field and aims to provide readers with a detailed understanding of the current status and future directions, laying a solid foundation for further research and decision-making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Literature was retrieved from the Web of Science database. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package Bibliometrix.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 3,377 publications from 4,035 institutions in 98 countries. China and the United States had the most publications. Sun Yat-sen University is a leading institution. Translational Vision Science & Technology\"published the most articles, while \"Ophthalmology\" had the most co-citations. Among 13,145 researchers, Ting DSW had the most publications and citations. Keywords included \"Deep learning,\" \"Diabetic retinopathy,\" \"Machine learning,\" and others.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the promising prospects of AI in ophthalmology. Automated eye disease screening, particularly its core technology of retinal image segmentation and recognition, has become a research hotspot. AI is also expanding to complex areas like surgical assistance, predictive models. Multimodal AI, Generative Adversarial Networks, and ChatGPT have driven further technological innovation. However, implementing AI in ophthalmology also faces many challenges, including technical, regulatory, and ethical issues, and others. As these challenges are overcome, we anticipate more innovative applications, paving the way for more effective and safer eye disease treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"245-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141988552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Vision Loss in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2020: Magnitude and Temporal Trends.","authors":"Vision Loss Expert Group Of The Global Burden Of Disease Study, The Gbd Blindness And Vision Impairment Collaborators","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2464168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2464168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To estimate the prevalence of vision loss for 2020 in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and analyse evolving trends since 1990.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A meta-analysis using hierarchical models of 37 sources of 33 cross-sectional, population-representative studies from LAC from 1998 to 2018 was undertaken to determine the prevalence of blindness, moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI), and mild vision impairment (mild VI), with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2020, the age-standardised prevalence rates of blindness, MSVI, moderate vision impairment (VI), severe VI, and mild VI, were 0.51% (95% UI 0.44%-0.57%), 3.73% (95% UI 3.38%-4.08%), 3.35% (95% UI 3.00%-3.69%), 0.38% (95% UI 0.34%-0.43%), and 3.19% (95% UI 2.87%-3.53%), respectively. In 1990, there were 15.81 million people with blindness and MSVI in LAC, contributing to 8.66% of the global caseload. In 2020, there were 30.42 million people, including 3.82 million (95% UI 3.14-4.55 million) with blindness and 26.6 million (95% UI 23.08-30.3 million) with MSVI, who contributed to 8.99% of the global caseload.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The contribution of vision loss to the overall global burden from LAC has increased over the last 3 decades, and the numbers of people affected with blindness and VI reported throughout the region have also steadily increased. There needs to be greater attention to providing universal eye health coverage across the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Month Interim Analyses of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Myopia Control in Schoolchildren: A Pilot Multi-Ethnic Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Nelofar Deen, Zhuoting Zhu, Ziyi Qi, Yuri Yin-Moe Aung, Gabriella Bulloch, Di Miao, Mingguang He","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2500020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2500020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the efficacy and safety of repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy in controlling myopia progression among multi-ethnic school-aged children. This report focuses on interim three-month data analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multi-ethnic, parallel controlled randomized trial. Thirty-four children aged 8-13 years with myopia were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to the RLRL group (<i>n</i> = 17) or the single-vision spectacles (SVS) control group (<i>n</i> = 17). RLRL therapy was administered twice daily on weekdays for three-minute sessions, while the SVS group continued routine activities. Assessments were scheduled at baseline and follow-up visits at one, three, six and 12 months, with compliance monitoring and safety assessments throughout. Respectively the primary outcome and a key secondary outcome are axial length (AL) change and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) change.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 32 (94.1%) participated in the three-month follow-up visit. The RLRL group demonstrated a significant shortening in AL ( - 0.06   ±   0.05 mm) compared to the SVS group (0.02   ±   0.06 mm, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Similarly, the RLRL group demonstrated a reversal in SE (0.23   ±   0.18 D), whereas the SVS group exhibited a smaller increase (0.04   ±   0.43 D). No severe adverse events were reported in either of the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The three-month interim analysis shows that RLRL therapy effectively controls myopia progression among multi-ethnic children without safety concerns, suggesting its potential as a globally applicable solution for myopia control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Vision Loss in High-Income Countries and in Eastern and Central Europe in 2020: Magnitude and Temporal Trends.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2486461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2486461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To estimate the prevalence of vision loss for 2020 in high-income countries (HICs) and Central/Eastern Europe and analyse evolving trends since 1990.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on a systematic review of medical literature, prevalence of blindness, moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI), mild vision impairment (VI), moderate VI and presbyopia were estimated for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 68 population-based studies. In the whole study region, the age-standardized prevalence (all ages) of blindness, MSVI, moderate VI, severe VI, mild VI, and presbyopia-related VI was 0.17% (95% CI:0.15-0.19), 2.27% (2.05-2.49), 2.06% (1.84-2.29), 0.21% (0.18-0.23), 1.79% (1.62-1.99), and 2.61% (1.88-3.48) respectively, with slightly higher rates for women than men. The prevalence rates were higher in Central/Eastern Europe than in the HIC, and lower than the global rates. Stratified between Australasia, high-income Asia Pacific region, high-income North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe, the age-standardized prevalence of blindness changed between 2000 and 2020 for men aged 50+ years by -7.95% (-8.11/-7.78), -14.51% (-14.64/-14.38), +13.18% (+13.00/+13.36), -12.07% (-12.23/-11.91), -14.39% (-14.54/-14.23), and -23.59% (-23.72/-23.46), respectively, without significant sex-related differences. Highest increase was in high-income North America (+13.18% (+13.00/+13.36)) and most marked reduction in Eastern Europe (-23.59% (-23.72/-23.46)). Estimated blind individuals were stratified as follows: Australasia, 68,866 (54,913-84,527), high-income Asia Pacific region, 535,124 (439,912-640,330), high-income North America, 711,990 (575,977-867,402), Western Europe, 1,533,752 (1,218,371-1,898,343), Central Europe, 327,352 (264,513-398,083) and Eastern Europe, 789,618 (663,130-923,121).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Age-standardized prevalence of blindness and MSVI have further decreased in HIC and Eastern/Central Europe (except for high-income North America with an increase).</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Cataract Surgery in the Nationwide All of Us Cohort.","authors":"Karen S Fernandez, Rohith Ravindranath, Sophia Y Wang","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2500017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2500017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness treatable with surgery. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between cataract surgery and race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, healthcare access, and other factors related to social determinants of health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 37,204 participants with at least one cataract diagnosis were included in this study from the All of Us Research Program using electronic health records and self-reported surveys. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models assessed risk factors for cataract surgery, while summary statistics showed surgery rates by age, race, and gender. The primary outcome was cataract surgery, identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the included participants, 19.8% (<i>N</i> = 7,363) underwent cataract surgery. The overall cataract surgery rate for this cohort was 30.6 per 1000 person-years and was significantly higher for persons who were 70-79 years old (58.5 per 100 persons-years), male (31.8 per 1000 person-years), or Hispanic (39.0 per 100 person-years). Non-Hispanic Black participants had the lowest cataract surgery rate (24.4 per 1000 person-years). Cox models demonstrated an increased hazard of undergoing cataract surgery among Hispanic participants (adjusted HR 1.31; 95% CI [1.21, 1.42]) compared to non-Hispanic White participants. A decreased hazard for undergoing cataract surgery was observed for non-Hispanic Black participants (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI [0.81,0.95]) compared to non-Hispanic White participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Age, race/ethnicity, and sex were significantly associated with time from cataract diagnosis to first cataract surgery. These findings highlight barriers and disparities in cataract surgery, emphasizing the need for interventions to promote health equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity, Nutritional Intake, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Nationwide Survey Data from Korea.","authors":"Mingui Kong, Mi Yeon Lee, Wonjin Yang, Jeong Hun Bae, Joon Mo Kim","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2500023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2500023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose</i></b>: Dietary intake of nutrients seems to play a role in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It may be worthwhile to identify certain nutrients that are highly related to AMD when consumed in small amounts. This study aims to evaluate the association between nutritional intake and risk of AMD.<b><i>Methods</i></b>: A population-based cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) between 2010 and 2011, involving 6,471 participants aged 40 years or older. The presence and severity of AMD were graded using fundus photography. Multivariable regression analysis was employed to assess the association between dietary intake and AMD risk.<b><i>Results</i></b>: The prevalence of AMD among 6,471 participants was 8.9% (576 cases), comprising 8.2% (531) with early AMD and 0.7% (45) with late AMD. Multivariable-adjusted analyses revealed that, among obese individuals (body mass index ≥25), men with AMD had significantly lower intakes of fiber, ash, calcium, potassium, thiamin, and vitamin C compared to those without AMD (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). In obese women, AMD showed a significant association with lower intakes of protein, vitamin A, and carotene (all <i>p</i> < 0.05).<b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: An insufficient intake of certain nutrients was associated with an increased likelihood of AMD in obese individuals. Larger prospective cohort studies are needed to investigate the relationship between specific nutrients and the risk of AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Body Mass Index and Myopia: Results from NHANES and Mendelian Randomization.","authors":"Wang-Yang Bai, He-Wei Zhang, Xiao-Fei Ye, Jin-Fang Xu, Xiao-Jing Guo, Jia He","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2483684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2483684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose</i></b>: Previous studies have shown a conflicting association between body mass index and myopia. This study aimed to analyze the possible association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and myopia in the observational design and genetic evidence.<b><i>Methods</i></b>: In the observational investigation, 5,710 participants (12-25 years) from the 2001-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. Weighted logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) and stratified analysis were conducted in the NHANES. A two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) study using Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) summary statistics and GWAS catalog was performed. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main analysis method, and the sensitivity analysis was performed to detect pleiotropy and heterogeneity bias.<b><i>Results</i></b>: In the fully adjusted model, individuals with obesity had a higher risk of myopia [<i>OR</i> = 1.253, 95% <i>CI</i>= (1.049, 1.496), <i>p</i> = 0.014] and mild and moderate myopia [<i>OR</i> = 1.305, 95% <i>CI</i>= (1.094, 1.558), <i>p</i> = 0.004]. BMI was correlated with refractive spherical equivalent and showed a linear relationship (<i>P</i> for nonlinearity = 0.468, <i>p</i> = 0.002,β=-0.016). In males, obesity had an association with myopia, while there was no statistical significance in females. In the subgroup with an education level of < 9th Grade, obesity and myopia exhibited consistent results. Two-sample MR showed that obesity had no statistically significant with myopia and refractive error.<b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: This study suggests that the associations between BMI and the risk of myopia differ based on gender and education levels in an observational study, while there are no associations in genetic evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Individuals with Visual Impairment: A Nationwide Cohort Study.","authors":"Minah Park, Younghan Cha, Seung Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2500019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2500019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although the associations between cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular diseases with visual impairment have been documented, the relationship between cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) and visual impairment remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between visual impairment and the risk of CCVD among older adults in South Korea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 20,398 individuals registered in the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Elderly Cohort between 2005 and 2019. Propensity score matching (1:1) was used to identify pairs of individuals with and without visual impairment from the national disability registry. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the associations between CCVD-related variables and visual impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary outcome was the occurrence of CCVD. Compared to individuals without visual impairment, those with visual impairment had a higher risk of CCVD. The prevalence of CCVD was higher in patients with visual impairment, regardless of the severity of impairment. The risk of CCVD was highest during the first 12 and 24 months following the diagnosis of visual impairment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Older individuals with visual impairment are at an increased risk of CCVD, regardless of the degree of impairment. Hence, novel approaches to CCVD care are required for these individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Readability, Quality, and Visual Accessibility of Patient Education Websites for Laser Refractive Surgery.","authors":"David Mothy, Aneesh P Reddy, Charlene W Cai, Hassaam S Choudhry, Mohammad H Dastjerdi","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2025.2500014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2025.2500014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the usability of patient education websites for refractive surgery through an analysis of readability, accountability, subjective quality, and visual accessibility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>50 patient education websites for five refractive surgery modalities were gathered from an incognito Google search and categorized by authorship category: institutional, medical organization, or private practice. Each website was assessed for readability, accountability using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark, subjective quality using the DISCERN instrument, and visual accessibility was assessed using the Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean reading grade across all websites was 11.02, exceeding the American Medical Association's recommended 6th-grade level (<i>p</i> < .001). Institutional websites were the most readable (10.32, <i>p</i> = 0.005) while private practice sites were the least (11.74, <i>p</i> = 0.015). The average JAMA score was 1.52 with no website meeting all four accountability criteria. Websites from medical organizations had significantly higher JAMA scores (1.94, <i>p</i> = 0.049). The average DISCERN score was 51.97 with no differences between authorship categories. Websites had an average of 87.84 visual accessibility violations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Available patient education websites for refractive surgery may suffer from poor readability, quality, and visual accessibility which may limit their usability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}