Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"An Update on Noninfectious Retinal Vasculitis.","authors":"Nitin Kumar Menia, Yasmine Alcibahy, Francesco Pichi, Piergiorgio Neri, Aniruddha Agarwal","doi":"10.1159/000539608","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Retinal vasculitis (RV) signifies the inflammation of various retinal vessels. Noninfectious RV differs from infectious RV with regard to its pathogenesis and treatment. It can have varied clinical presentations and may be associated with systemic vasculitic diseases.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Noninfectious RV can be caused due to type-III hypersensitivity reactions, increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecules, and genetic susceptibility. Noninfectious RV is primarily classified on the basis of the type of retinal vessels involved. It can be further classified as an occlusive or nonocclusive. RV can be a major association of systemic diseases like Behcet's disease, sarcoidosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Newer modalities, like ultra-widefield fundus fluorescein angiography, can help in the management of RV. Effective treatment of noninfectious RV requires anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy. The patients may require treatment with high-dose corticosteroids and biological agents. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections and laser photocoagulation may be indicated to treat the occlusive disease. Prompt treatment may prevent complications like vitreous hemorrhage, neovascular glaucoma, and tractional retinal detachment. The treatment more often requires a multidisciplinary approach.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This review provides a comprehensive update on the various causes of noninfectious RV, including both systemic and isolated ocular conditions. It also details various complications and management strategies for this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epiretinal Membrane Formation following Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Marko M Popovic, Jenna M Berinstein, Jovany Franco, Henry W Zhou, Sohat Sharma, Frances Wu, Rajeev Muni, Leo Kim","doi":"10.1159/000537814","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000537814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation following primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This comparative, retrospective, single-center cohort study included eyes with primary RRD treated between 2011 and 2023 at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckle (SB), PPV+SB, or pneumatic retinopexy (PnR). Demographic, clinical, and surgical parameters were collected from medical records. The primary outcome was the risk of ERM formation, while the secondary outcome was the risk of ERM requiring surgery. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression were performed, and a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 394 eyes were included. The mean age was 58.49 ± 12.8 years, and most patients were male. There was a significantly lower risk of ERM formation following SB compared to PPV in the univariable analysis (HR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.08-0.60, p = 0.003); however, there was no significant association between treatment modality and ERM formation on multivariable Cox regression controlling for confounding factors (p = 0.24). ERM formation was found more commonly in patients who were older (HR = 1.0 per 1 year increase in age, 95% CI = 1.01-1.04, p = 0.001), those with worse baseline visual acuity (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.09-1.71, p = 0.008), and those with macula-off RRDs (HR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.41-3.32, p &lt; 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Surgical modality does not have a significant impact on the risk of ERM following retinal detachment repair. However, age, baseline visual acuity, and macular status are important predictors of ERM formation after RRD repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140896925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Autofluorescence at AMD's Beginnings Highlights Retinal Topography and Grading System Differences: ALSTAR2 Baseline.","authors":"Andreas Berlin, Nathan A Fischer, Mark E Clark, Deepayan Kar, Thomas A Swain, Richard M Martindale, Gerald McGwin, Jason N Crosson, Kenneth R Sloan, Cynthia Owsley, Christine A Curcio","doi":"10.1159/000538696","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aims of the study were to describe baseline quantitative (short-wavelength) autofluorescence (qAF) findings in a large pseudophakic cohort at age-related macular degeneration (AMD)'s beginnings and to assess qAF8 as an outcome measure and evaluate Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and Beckman grading systems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the ALSTAR2 baseline cohort (NCT04112667), 346 pseudophakic eyes of 188 persons (74.0 ± 5.5 years) were classified as normal (N = 160 by AREDS, 158 by Beckman), early AMD (eAMD) (N = 104, 66), and intermediate AMD (iAMD) (N = 82, 122). Groups were compared via mean qAF intensities in a 6°-8° annulus (qAF8) and maps of differences between observations and the overall mean, divided by standard deviation (Z-score).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>qAF8 did not differ significantly among diagnostic groups by either stratification (p = 0.0869 AREDS; p = 0.0569 by Beckman). Notably, 45 eyes considered eAMD by AREDS became iAMD by Beckman. For AREDS-stratified eyes, Z-score maps showed higher centrally located qAF for normal, near the mean in eAMD, and lower values for iAMD. Maps deviated from this pattern for Beckman-stratified eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a large sample of pseudophakic eyes, qAF8 does not differ overall from normal aging to iAMD but also does not capture the earliest AMD activity in the macula lutea. AREDS classification gives results more consistent with a slow decline in histologic autofluorescence than Beckman classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11499297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140849708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy through combined manual annotation and AI-assisted volume measurement of flat irregular pigment epithelium.","authors":"Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Davide Scandella, Lieselotte Berger, Raphael Sznitman, Martin Zinkernagel, Rodrigo Anguita","doi":"10.1159/000538543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000538543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study is to investigate the role of an artificial intelligence (AI)-developed OCT program to predict the clinical course of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC ) based on baseline pigment epithelium detachment (PED) features.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Single-center, observational study with a retrospective design. Treatment-naïve patients with acute CSC and chronic CSC were recruited and OCTs were analyzed by an AI-developed platform (Discovery OCT Fluid and Biomarker Detector, RetinAI AG, Switzerland), providing automatic detection and volumetric quantification of PEDs. Flat irregular PED presence was annotated manually and afterwards measured by the AI program automatically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>115 eyes of 101 patients with CSC were included, of which 70 were diagnosed with chronic CSC and 45 with acute CSC. It was found that patients with baseline presence of foveal flat PEDs and multiple flat foveal and extrafoveal PEDs had a higher chance of developing chronic form. AI-based volumetric analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While more evidence is needed to confirm the effectiveness of AI-based PED quantitative analysis, this study highlights the significance of identifying flat irregular PEDs at the earliest stage possible in patients with CSC, to optimize patient management and long-term visual outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140331949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Submacular hemorrhage during neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis and meta-regression on the use of tPA and anti-VEGFs.","authors":"Daniele Veritti, Valentina Sarao, Deborah Martinuzzi, Sara Menzio, Paolo Lanzetta","doi":"10.1159/000537939","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000537939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Submacular hemorrhage (SMH) associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) precipitates rapid visual decline and impacts quality of life. Treatments vary, but combined recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has gained prominence as a viable treatment option.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of tPA and anti-VEGF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on studies examining tPA and anti-VEGF therapy in SMH secondary to nAMD. Outcomes measured were change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and success rate of SMH displacement. Meta-regression assessed the relative efficacy of intravitreal and subretinal delivery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 257 initial reports, 22 studies involving 29 patient populations met inclusion criteria. Our analysis showed significant improvement in BCVA and a high rate of successful SMH displacement with combined tPA and anti-VEGF therapy. No significant differences were found between subretinal and intravitreal tPA administration. Furthermore, when evaluating the effects of subretinal versus intravitreal anti-VEGF administration in patients treated with subretinal tPA, the results indicated similar efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combined tPA and anti-VEGF therapy is effective in managing SMH in nAMD patients, significantly improving visual acuity and SMH displacement. The location of tPA and anti-VEGF delivery did not significantly impact outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11326526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140331950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choroidal Thickness in healthy eyes measured by Widefield Optical Coherence Tomography.","authors":"Blanca Eslava, Sofia Bryan, Mariluz Puertas, Jorge Ruiz Medrano, José M Ruiz-Moreno","doi":"10.1159/000538129","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The choroid and its role in posterior segment pathology has become an increasing subject of study. The objective of the present study was to analyze choroidal thickness (CT) in healthy eyes by widefield (WF) optical coherence tomography (OCT) up to the periphery and to compare the reliability of manual versus automatic measurement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional and non-interventional study conducted on 191 healthy eyes of 101 patients. All patients were scanned by using WF-OCT (Xephilio WF-OCT S1; Canon Corp, Tokyo, Japan). CT was measured in 2000 µm intervals automatically using the built-in software and manually by two masked observers. All analyses were performed using the IBM-PSSS statistical software program (IBM-SPSS, v. 28.0.0.0, Chicago, IL, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CT was measured in 100% of the sample. The mean age of the study cohort was 39.05±19.06 years old. Mean subfoveal (SF)CT measured automatically was 343.67±84.18 μm and manually was 336.55±75.57 μm. The thickest point was located 2000 μm from the fovea in the superior sector in 62.83% of the subjects. According to age distribution, mean CT became significantly thinner from 40 years of age. When comparing automatic and manually measuring, the intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (p<0.01) in all quadrants. Moreover, manual measurement interobserver agreement was excellent in all quadrants (p<0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The automatic system is valid and serves as the basis of choroid measurement. In more than 50% of the healthy subjects, superior CT is thicker than subfoveolar CT and mean CT became significantly thinner from 40 years of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11326523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140143925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Experience of Two Sutureless Intrascleral Fixation Techniques for Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation.","authors":"Kai Januschowski, Annekatrin Rickmann, Karl T Boden, Gregor V Ehrlich-Treuenstätt, Philip Wakili, Lukas Bisorca-Gassendorf","doi":"10.1159/000532065","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000532065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of the modified Carlevale intraocular lens (IOL) fixation technique, using two different vitrectomy ports (23- vs. 27-gauge) as anchor fixation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective, consecutive study of 282 eyes (282 patients) who underwent a secondary IOL implantation using the Carlevale IOL (Soleko IOL Division, Italy) with two anchor haptics for intrascleral implantation with either 23- or 27-gauge (G) port.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transient post-operative ocular hypotonia (intraocular pressure ≤5 mm Hg) was observed less in the 27-G group (13 vs. 4 patients, p = 0.057) three requiring additional tunnel sutures (2 cases for 23-G; 1 case 27-G). Post-operative vitreous haemorrhage was recorded more often in the 23-G group (8 vs. 1 patient, p = 0.034), but all cases in both groups resolved without intervention. Visual acuity did improve post-operatively in the two groups. No post-operative complications such as retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, and IOL-dislocation tilt were observed in the follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 27-G modified technique for sutureless intrascleral implantation is simple and effective and causes less post-operative hypotony.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10121611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Workup of Retinal Vasculitis: An Algorithmic Approach.","authors":"Atul Arora, Manisha Agarwal, Nicholas Chieh Loh, Hind Amin, Nitin Kumar Menia, Rupesh Agrawal, Vishali Gupta","doi":"10.1159/000541149","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Retinal vasculitis has heterogeneous etiologies encompassing infections, autoimmune diseases, masquerades, and idiopathic causes. The heterogeneity in the underlying clinical features and etiologies of retinal vasculitis makes its diagnosis challenging for clinicians, the workup thus becomes quite extensive, and many a times several unwarranted investigations are done to look for a possible etiology.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and vision preservation. The algorithmic approach needs understanding of the phenotype, clinical features, as well as imaging biomarkers so that only customized investigations are done in order to make the timely diagnosis and initiate specific therapy wherever required.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>In this review article, we shall present an algorithmic approach that combines clinical assessment, ophthalmic imaging, laboratory investigations, and targeted ancillary tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"280-292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pars Plana Vitrectomy with or without Internal Limiting Membrane Peel for Epiretinal Membrane: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Andrew Mihalache, Ryan S Huang, Haleema Ahmed, Nikhil S Patil, Marko M Popovic, Peter J Kertes, Rajeev H Muni","doi":"10.1159/000534851","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The safety and effectiveness of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling remains poorly understood for the treatment of epiretinal membrane (ERM).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our study aims to compare the safety and effectiveness of PPV with and without ILM peeling for ERM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted on Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from January 2000 to January 2023 for comparative studies reporting visual and anatomical outcomes for patients with ERM that received PPV with or without ILM peeling. Primary outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at last study observation and change in BCVA from baseline. Secondary outcomes included retinal thickness (RT) at last study observation, change in RT from baseline, risk of ERM recurrence, and adverse events. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Risk of bias of randomized controlled trials was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool of observational studies using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions-I tool. The certainty of evidence of outcomes was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen studies reporting on 1,291 eyes at baseline were included. PPV with and without ILM peel achieved a similar BCVA at last study observation (p = 0.68) and change in BCVA from baseline (p = 0.79). These findings remained consistent irrespective of whether simultaneous phacoemulsification was performed. PPV with ILM peel achieved a significantly lower incidence of ERM recurrence (risk ratio [RR] = 0.26, 95% CI = [0.13, 0.51], p &lt; 0.0001) and additional surgery (RR = 0.17, 95% CI = [0.04, 0.74], p = 0.02) compared to PPV without ILM peel.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PPV with and without ILM peel achieved a similar BCVA at last study observation in ERM patients. Patients treated with PPV and ILM peel also had a reduced risk of ERM recurrence and lower reoperation risk. These conclusions are associated with a moderate certainty of evidence and potential for bias from multiple non-randomized studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"30-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71413289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Landscape of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in Germany: Retina.net CSC Registry Report Number 1.","authors":"Clemens A Lange, Charlotte Ohlmeier, Anna Kiskämper, Christoph von Schwarzkopf, Hinrich Hufnagel, Markus Gruber, Benedikt Schworm, Ulrike Brocks, Franziska Reinking, Lisa Schreiner, Yoko Miura, Milena Grundel, Tibor Lohmann, Christoph R Clemens, Maria-Andreea Gamulescu, Nicole Eter, Salvatore Grisanti, Siegfried Priglinger, Martin S Spitzer, Peter Walter, Hansjürgen A Agostini, Andreas Stahl, Laurenz J B Pauleikhoff","doi":"10.1159/000535930","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The German Registry of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) collects data on CSC patients in a nationwide multicenter approach to analyze epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, as well as diagnosis and treatment patterns.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this multicenter cohort study, patients with CSC were enrolled in nine tertiary referral centers in Germany between January 2022 and June 2023. After consenting to the study, demographic data, risk factors, reported symptoms, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), funduscopic findings, disease severity, and diagnostic and treatment decisions were recorded and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 539 eyes of 411 CSC patients were enrolled in this study including 308 males (75%) and 103 females (25%). Patients were predominantly of Caucasian origin and had a mean age of 55.5 years (IQR 41.0-70.0). 28% of eyes were classified as acute (&lt;4 months duration) CSC, 28% as chronic (&gt;4 months duration) CSC, 21% as inactive CSC, 11% as chronic atrophic CSC, and 12% as CSC with secondary CNV. 128 patients (31%) demonstrated bilateral CSC. The most common risk factors reported were psychological stress (52%), smoking (38%), arterial hypertension (38%), and a history of or current use of steroids (30%). Most frequently encountered symptoms included decreased visual acuity (76%), metamorphopsia (49%), relative scotoma (47%), blurred vision (19%), and dyschromatopsia (9%). The mean logMAR BCVA on initial examination was 0.2 (≈20/30, IQR 0.2-0.4) but showed significant variation with a tendency of lower BCVA in chronic cases. At the baseline visit, 74% of the overall cohort received no treatment, while 19% underwent local treatment and only 2% underwent systemic treatment. Of the local therapies, anti-VEGF injections were the most frequently performed procedure (33%, mainly for secondary CNV), followed by micropulse laser (28%), focal nonpulsed laser (23%), verteporfin photodynamic therapy (14%), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops (2%). Among intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, aflibercept was used most frequently, followed by bevacizumab and ranibizumab.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This registry represents one of the largest cohorts of European patients with CSC to date. Patient age and the proportion of women were higher than expected and bilateral active disease was lower than anticipated, highlighting that neither age nor gender should be overemphasized when diagnosing CSC. Therapeutic interventions are heterogeneous and include verteporfin photodynamic therapy, micropulse laser, and anti-VEGF injections in case of secondary CNV.</p>","PeriodicalId":19595,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11160426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139900298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}