Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics最新文献

{"title":"Key lines of discovery in myopia research.","authors":"Frank Schaeffel, Jeremy A Guggenheim, Richard A Stone, Christine F Wildsoet","doi":"10.1111/opo.13508","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13508","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"899-902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12087807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should animal studies precede human trials for novel myopia control therapies?","authors":"Machelle T Pardue, Mingguang He, Lisa A Ostrin","doi":"10.1111/opo.13509","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"947-950"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do myopia control spectacle lenses with defocus incorporated multiple segments technology alter visual parameters and cortical activity?","authors":"Monika Wojtczak-Kwaśniewska, Mikołaj Domagalski, Maciej Dymczyk, Maria Padurska, Katarzyna Przekoracka, Anna Przekoracka-Krawczyk","doi":"10.1111/opo.13513","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study evaluated visual parameters and cortical activity after wearing myopia control spectacle lenses with defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Myopic adults between 20 and 30 years of age were enrolled. The study consisted of (1) examination of visual parameters and (2) measurement of cortical responses, while wearing single vision lenses (SVL) and MiYOSMART (MS) lenses in counterbalanced order after a two-week adaptation period. Visual parameters tested were: high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) and low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA), contrast sensitivity, heterophoria, near point of convergence (NPC), stereopsis, accommodative facility and the accommodative response. Cortical responses were assessed by visual evoked potentials (VEPs), recorded from 10 electrodes placed over the parieto-occipital area.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MiYOSMART lenses produced slightly better HCVA than SVL (-0.25 vs. -0.21 logMAR, p = 0.02) and a larger accommodative response (MS 1.68 D; SVL 1.53 D, p < 0.001). No significant differences in LCVA, heterophoria, NPC, stereopsis or contrast sensitivity were observed. The latencies and amplitudes of the early and late components of the VEPs (C1, N1, P1, P2) did not differ significantly between lenses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found no clinically significant differences in visual parameters or visual cortex responses between SVL and MS lenses after 2 weeks of adaptation. These results confirm the absence of adverse visual effects from DIMS lenses for myopia control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"982-994"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of macular sensitivity with posterior staphyloma in highly myopic eyes: Aier-SERI high myopia adult cohort study.","authors":"Yanfeng Jiang, Li-Lian Foo, Ziqi Hu, Wei Pan, Kai-Xiong Cheong, Huanhuan Tan, Seang-Mei Saw, Quan V Hoang, Zhikuan Yang, Weizhong Lan","doi":"10.1111/opo.13467","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between macular sensitivity (MS) and posterior staphyloma (PS) in highly myopic eyes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional, observational study included 646 highly myopic eyes (spherical equivalent (SE) ≤-5.00D and the international meta-analysis for pathologic myopia classification grade of <2) from 362 participants. MS was measured using microperimetry and evaluated between eyes with and without PS. Correlations between MS and PS were determined in multivariate regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although there was no significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (p = 0.07), the MS of the PS group was significantly lower than the no PS group at the central 2°, 4°, 6°, 8° and 10° (all p < 0.001). After controlling age, axial length (AL) and SE, the MS in the PS group was still lower than the no PS group from 2° to 10° (all p < 0.05). In a multivariable analysis adjusting for age, AL, SE and BCVA, the presence of PS was significantly associated with lower MS in the central 2°-10° (all p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lower MS was independently associated with the presence of PS in highly myopic eyes. Even when BCVA was not significantly different, MS still could reveal subtle changes in visual function in highly myopic eyes with PS.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"845-853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing myopia in Scotland at age of 3.5-5.5 years: A retrospective epidemiological study.","authors":"Bruce J W Evans, Lee Pentland, Benjamin E W Evans, David F Edgar, Rakhee Shah, Miriam L Conway","doi":"10.1111/opo.13461","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Scotland has comprehensive child vision screening at age 3.5-5.5 years of age, with ~85% participation (40,000-50,000 screening episodes annually). Orthoptists deliver the screening, including presenting vision, cover test and other tests. Screening failures are referred for eye examinations, including cycloplegic refraction. The study aims to report refractive error data from these examinations (~5000-6000 annually) for 3 years before and 2 years following the COVID-19 pandemic, and to investigate correlations between myopia and socio-economic factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Right eye data from eight Scottish health boards (HB) are reported for spherical equivalent refraction (SER) for the years 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2020-21 and 2021-22. Associations were investigated between the proportion of the sample in each HB with myopia and the proportion of the population in each HB with different levels of deprivation index, classification on a rural/urban continuum and dwelling type.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Refractive error frequency distributions revealed a myopic shift in SER over the 5 years. Median SER (interquartile range) in 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2020-21 and 2021-22 was +1.38 D (+0.50 to +2.75), +1.38 D (+0.25 to +2.63), +1.38 D (+0.50 to +2.75), +1.13 D (+0.25 to +2.25) and +1.25 D (+0.38 to +2.25), respectively. The increase in myopia was statistically significant in each of the last 2 years compared with each of the first 3 years (p < 0.0005). The proportion of myopes (≤-0.50 D) increased from <7.8% annually in 2013-16 to 11.51% in 2020-21 and 10.65% in 2021-22 (linear trend: r² = 0.94, p = 0.006). Associations between the proportion of children in each HB with myopia and: (1) deprivation index was low and not statistically significant; (2) the proportion of the population in the most urban environments was high (r² = 0.79; p = 0.003); (3) the proportion of dwellings that were flats/apartments was also high (r² = 0.83, p = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this predominantly Caucasian population, the proportion of children with myopia has increased post-COVID. A strong association exists between myopia and living in flats/apartments and urbanicity, but not with a deprivation index.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"834-844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11976510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential impact of 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops on visual performance in young adults.","authors":"Yifan Luo, Ziang Yin, Jiali Zhang, Zaifeng Cui, Yingying Huang, Xue Li, Hao Chen, Fan Lu, Jinhua Bao","doi":"10.1111/opo.13471","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The onset and progression of myopia can occur during adulthood, suggesting that myopia should be managed in young adults. Low-concentration atropine eye drops have shown promising efficacy in myopia control. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops on the visual performance of university students.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-six myopic students aged 18-30 years received 0.01% and 0.05% atropine in random order. Atropine eye drops were administered once a night in both eyes for 14 days, with a minimum 14-day washout period between concentrations. Visual assessments, including the modulation transfer function (MTF) cut-off, Strehl ratio (SR), objective scattering index, contrast sensitivity (CS) and glare disability, were conducted 1, 2, 7 and 14 days after atropine administration and corresponding time points after cessation. A questionnaire was used to evaluate ocular and general symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 1 day of treatment with 0.05% atropine, the MTF cut-off (β = -8.75, p < 0.001) and SR (β = -0.05, p < 0.001) decreased significantly to their lowest levels. The area under the log CS function also decreased significantly (all p < 0.05) during administration of the 0.05% eye drops, especially in the mesopic with glare condition, and reached its lowest point 1 day after administration (β = -0.20, p < 0.001). However, all parameters returned to baseline levels 2 weeks after 0.05% atropine was stopped (all p > 0.05). Additionally, 40.91% of the young adults reported experiencing excessive daytime sleepiness and nocturnal glare during 0.05% atropine use. Treatment with 0.01% atropine had minimal effects on both visual performance and subjective symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Administration of 0.05% atropine had a significant but temporary effect on the visual performance of young adult myopic patients, whereas 0.01% atropine had a minimal effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"854-864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the effects of age on foveal surround suppression of contrast.","authors":"Martin T W Scott, Alex R Wade, Heidi A Baseler","doi":"10.1111/opo.13488","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The apparent contrast of a visible central grating can be reduced by the presence of a surrounding grating-an effect known as surround suppression of contrast. Surround suppression is strong when the orientation of the surround matches that of the central probe and is strongest in the periphery. There is evidence that surround suppression at the fovea increases in strength with age, and that the orientation dependence of surround suppression is weakened. However, the range of visual stimuli that can produce this effect (and the implicated underlying mechanisms) requires further examination. This study aimed to characterise surround suppression at the fovea and its dependence on age. Visual stimuli with previously unexplored spatiotemporal parameters were used, designed to minimise contributions from spatially short-range overlay masking and temporally transient masking mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 20 younger (<30 years) and 17 older (>60 years) observers, psychophysical contrast-matching thresholds were measured using stimuli centred on the fovea. Grating stimuli were presented with either no surround, a collinearly oriented surround or an orthogonally oriented surround. Using a staircase procedure, observers matched the contrast of these central target stimuli to the contrast of a separate reference stimulus. The points of subjective equality between target and reference stimuli were compared between the two surround orientations and between younger and older age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all observers, weak foveal surround suppression was found that had little orientation tuning. No evidence for the strength of surround suppression increasing with age is reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that the age-related effects of surround suppression may be dependent on the spatiotemporal parameters of the stimulus used and encourage further exploration of the contrast masking mechanisms affected by age. The mild and weakly orientation-tuned suppression may have been produced by a weak and temporally sustained suppression mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"644-655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying natural higher order aberration(s) in emmetropic human eyes and objectively evaluating retinal image quality.","authors":"Vinay Gupta, Aafreen Bari, Shahnaz Anjum, Ankit Yadav, Rohit Saxena, Rajesh Sinha","doi":"10.1111/opo.13456","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to quantify the internal, corneal and total higher order aberrations (HOAs) in the healthy human eye using ray tracing technology in bright and dim light conditions. The study also aimed to evaluate the retinal image quality and contrast modulation at different spatial frequencies, objectively using image-quality metrics derived from wavefront aberrations.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional prospective observational study was conducted on 521 emmetropic young adults. HOAs including coma, trefoil, spherical aberration and secondary astigmatism were measured separately for the cornea, internal and total eye using a ray-tracing wavefront aberrometer at mesopic and photopic pupil sizes. The Strehl ratio, derived from the point spread function (PSF), was used to evaluate the retinal image quality of the eye. Contrast modulation at spatial frequencies of 5, 10 and 15 cycles per degree was assessed through the modulation transfer function (MTF).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age of participants was 25.4 ± 4.8 years (54.5% male). The total HOAs of internal, corneal and total eye were 0.186 ± 0.075, 0.191 ± 0.112 and 0.222 ± 0.075 μ, respectively for a 5-mm pupil (dim light condition), and 0.069 ± 0.031, 0.061 ± 0.094 and 0.076 ± 0.031 μ, respectively, for a 3-mm pupil (bright light condition). The Strehl ratio was 0.16 ± 0.124 (5 mm pupil) and 0.601 ± 0.19 (3 mm pupil). A normative database was created and correlations drawn for the HOAs, PSF and MTF (using image quality metrics) for the cornea, internal and total eye at mesopic and photopic pupil sizes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide normal population (young healthy adults) reference ranges for HOAs, retinal image quality and contrast modulation at higher spatial frequencies using ray tracing technology. The presence of these natural wavefront aberrations enhances the visual performance and may not need to be corrected. The separate assessment of aberrations and derived image quality metrics for the cornea, internal and total eye can serve as a benchmark for diagnosing and monitoring ocular conditions and allows targeted treatment planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"769-778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying tear exchange during rigid contact lens wear using corneoscleral profilometry: A proof of concept study.","authors":"Asif Iqbal, Damien Fisher, David Alonso-Caneiro, Michael J Collins, Stephen J Vincent","doi":"10.1111/opo.13450","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tear exchange during contact lens wear is essential for ocular surface integrity, facilitating debris removal, and maintaining corneal metabolism. Fluorophotometry and fluorogram methods are typically used to measure tear exchange, which require hardware modifications to a slit lamp biomicroscope. This manuscript introduces an alternative method using a corneoscleral profilometer, the Eye Surface Profiler (ESP), to quantify tear exchange during corneal and scleral rigid lens wear by assessing fluorescence intensity changes over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As a proof of concept, a healthy participant wore a corneal and a scleral rigid lens on separate days. After lens application, 2% sodium fluorescein was instilled, and ESP images were captured at intervals over a 30-min period for corneal and a 90-min period for the scleral lens. Fluorescence intensity data were extracted and analysed using MATLAB, restricted to a region of interest centred on the contact lens. The fluorescence intensity was fitted with an exponential decay curve to quantify tear exchange.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fluorescence intensity decreased over time for both lenses, with a faster decay rate being observed for the corneal lens. The scleral lens showed an initial ingress of fluorescein into the fluid reservoir, then a slow decay in fluorescence intensity due to limited tear exchange. The decay rate for the corneal lens was approximately four times faster than the scleral lens, with the time to reach 50% decay of ~42 min for the corneal lens compared to ~157 min for the scleral lens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A new method was developed to quantify tear exchange using a commercially available corneoscleral profilometer, offering a wider field of view than existing techniques. This approach has clinical potential in scleral lens practice for identifying landing zone misalignment and improving the understanding of post-lens tear dynamics, particularly in cases involving scleral lens modifications or patients experiencing midday fogging.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"598-606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11976501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional variations in corneal oedema during open-eye fenestrated scleral lens wear.","authors":"Asif Iqbal, Damien Fisher, David Alonso-Caneiro, Michael J Collins, Stephen J Vincent","doi":"10.1111/opo.13489","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the magnitude of central, mid-peripheral and peripheral stromal corneal oedema induced during short-term fenestrated and non-fenestrated scleral lens wear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine healthy participants wore a non-fenestrated and a fenestrated (0.3-mm diameter limbal fenestration) scleral lens (KATT™, Capricornia Contact Lenses), hexafocon B material (Dk 141 × 10^-11 cm³ O₂(cm)/[(s) (cm²) (mmHg)]) in one eye under open-eye conditions for 90 min on two separate days. Scleral lens thickness, fluid reservoir thickness and stromal corneal oedema were measured using high-resolution optical coherence tomography. Stromal oedema was quantified across the central (0-2.5 mm from the corneal apex), mid-peripheral (-3.0 to -1.0 mm from the scleral spur) and peripheral (-1.0 to 0 mm from the scleral spur) cornea with the lens in situ. The magnitude of oedema was corrected based on variations in fluid reservoir thickness between the lens conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant effect of lens type (p = 0.04) on stromal oedema, with less oedema observed with the fenestrated (0.36 ± 0.45%) compared to the non-fenestrated lenses (1.24 ± 0.27%), averaged across all corneal locations. A significant lens type by corneal location interaction was also observed (p = 0.05), with less oedema observed in the peripheral region for the fenestrated (-0.15 ± 0.98%) compared to the non-fenestrated lenses (1.81 ± 0.57%) (p = 0.048). A fenestration location by corneal location interaction was also observed (p = 0.02), indicating a greater reduction in oedema closer to the fenestration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Central and mid-peripheral stromal oedema was similar during fenestrated and non-fenestrated lens wear; however, fenestrated lenses displayed significantly less oedema in the peripheral cornea. This is most likely due to increased oxygen delivery in proximity to the fenestration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"618-626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11976499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}