Optics and Laser Technology最新文献

{"title":"Single-Shot high Bandwidth-Utilization Jones matrix measurement based on Kramers–Kronig holographic multiplexing","authors":"Guoqing Li ,&nbsp;Xiang Chen ,&nbsp;Xinlong Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Wei Zhuang ,&nbsp;Jun Ma ,&nbsp;Zhenpeng Song ,&nbsp;Bingxiang Li ,&nbsp;Caojin Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polarization imaging plays a crucial role in optical measurements by providing enhanced contrast and anisotropic information. Polarization imaging methods based on the Jones formalism can simultaneously capture light intensity, phase, and polarization information, thereby providing comprehensive representations of polarization states. However, existing Jones matrix measurements predominantly utilize off-axis holography, leading to ineffective bandwidth utilization. Although alternative methods can enlarge system bandwidth, they often require multiple measurements and iterative computations, which limit real-time applications. In this work, by enhancing the conventional Mach-Zehnder interferometer, we propose a slightly off-axis wavelength-division multiplexed digital holographic (SWDH) system that leverages the Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations for Jones matrix measurement. Compared with the off-axis holography-based method, our method not only doubles the bandwidth utilization from 39.27% to 78.54%, but also enables real-time measurement without iterative calculations. To verify the effectiveness of this method, we conducted simulations and experiments on various kinds of samples, and even a dynamic biological birefringence sample. The results demonstrated that the proposed system represents a significant advancement in polarization imaging, offering both high accuracy and real-time performance in the polarization measurement of samples exhibiting anisotropic characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113915"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A “Zero Noise” photon counting algorithm for enhancing ICMOS detection sensitivity under extremely low-light conditions","authors":"Hongli Tuo ,&nbsp;Bingli Zhu ,&nbsp;Yonglin Bai ,&nbsp;Ziyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Shuai Long ,&nbsp;Weiwei Cao ,&nbsp;Yonghong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>ICMOS detectors typically rely on analog integration methods for signal processing in low-light imaging scenarios. However, under extremely low-light conditions at the single-photon level, their performance is still constrained by low photoelectric conversion efficiency and interference from system noise. Existing studies often adopt the centroid method to achieve photon counting imaging, which can effectively suppress readout noise from the system backend but offers limited suppression of non-Gaussian noise at the frontend, such as dark noise and shot noise, resulting in a clear bottleneck in overall detection performance. To address this issue, this paper proposes a “Zero Noise” photon counting algorithm specifically designed to effectively suppress non-Gaussian noise from the system frontend. The method first reduces readout noise through Gaussian fitting and an 8-connected seed-filling algorithm, then constructs a photon confidence interval <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span> by combining photon counting statistical modeling with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test, which is used for noise suppression and image reconstruction. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, comparative experiments were conducted under two scenarios: active laser detection and passive imaging of a target board, using the traditional analog integration method and the centroid method as baselines. The transverse photon counting (TPC) statistical curve was used to calculate image contrast and evaluate the improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Experimental results show that, compared with existing traditional methods, the proposed algorithm significantly improves detection sensitivity under extremely low-light conditions and demonstrates superior overall performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113958"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D shape reconstruction based on high-accuracy DPP-BOTDA","authors":"Pengbai Xu,&nbsp;Le He,&nbsp;Xiaolong Wang,&nbsp;Kunhua Wen,&nbsp;Xinyong Dong,&nbsp;Jun Yang,&nbsp;Yuwen Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D shape sensing is an increasingly important topic due to its significant applications in medical catheter position tracking. Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) is a fully distributed measurement technology, but it suffers from degraded spatial resolution and sensing accuracy for shape reconstruction. To address this issue, this paper proposes using a high-accuracy BOTDA and an anti-torsion multi-fiber shape sensor (AMSS) for precise 3D shape reconstruction. Firstly, a dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) with high Brillouin gain is employed to achieve distributed strain sensing with 2 cm spatial resolution and ±16 με strain measurement accuracy. Next, the DCF is combined with anti-torsion Ni-Ti alloy wire to construct an AMSS, which features a large core distance to enhance curvature sensitivity. Finally, the Bishop algorithm is utilized for high-precision shape reconstruction by pre-calibrating the curvature sensitivity coefficient of the AMSS. The maximum errors for 2D and 3D shape reconstructions are 0.7 % and 1.2 % at a fiber length of 25 cm, respectively. This study demonstrates that a high-accuracy distributed Brillouin sensor paired with an anti-torsion AMSS can achieve precise 3D shape reconstruction, making it potentially valuable for various shape sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113968"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermomechanical behavior at the interface of additive manufactured superalloy/titanium alloy multi-material structures with a copper interlayer","authors":"Yanlu Huang ,&nbsp;Tianyu Wang ,&nbsp;Linqing Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Changjun Han ,&nbsp;Hua Tan ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Yang ,&nbsp;Di Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interfacial defects (such as cracking and delamination) caused by thermal stress mismatches due to distinct thermophysical properties (such as melting point, thermal expansivity) of dissimilar materials are critical issues in multi-material structures fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). A comprehensive understanding of the complex interfacial thermal behavior caused by distinct thermophysical properties of dissimilar materials is important for reducing stress concentrations, inhibiting interfacial defects and improving the interfacial bond strength. In this work, the thermal–mechanical behaviors at the interface of IN718-Ti6Al4V multi-material structures were investigated using a thermally coupled finite element model. The effects of laser power, scanning speed, and the addition of a CuCrZr interlayer between IN718 and Ti6Al4V on the interfacial temperature distribution, thermal cycling behavior and temperature gradient were investigated. The thermal and residual stress distribution at the interface of the IN718/Ti6Al4V and IN718/CuCrZr/Ti6Al4V multi-material structures during LPBF were further revealed. The results showed that the addition of the CuCrZr interlayer increased the temperature gradient at the interface, and the maximum temperature gradient value appeared at the CuCrZr/Ti6Al4V interface. Residual stress concentrations occurred at the interface during LPBF, and the maximum residual stress exceeded 400 MPa at the interface of the IN718/Ti6Al4V multi-material structure, while that was about 250 MPa at the interface of the IN718/CuCrZr/Ti6Al4V multi-material structure, indicating that the addition of the CuCrZr interlayer was conducive to reducing the concentration of residual stress at the interface. The interface morphology analysis showed that adding the CuCrZr interlayer can avoid cracking at the interface, promoting metallurgical bonding between IN718 and Ti6Al4V. This work may enhance the basic understanding of improving the bonding strength of multi-material interfaces fabricated by LPBF, and provide a solution for manufacturing difficult-to-bond materials by LPBF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113959"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-damage precision slicing of SiC by simultaneous dual-beam laser-driven crack expansion of silicon carbide","authors":"Xiaozhu Xie ,&nbsp;Hao Xiong ,&nbsp;Kaijun Lv ,&nbsp;Ziyu He ,&nbsp;Hao Zeng ,&nbsp;Yajun Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon carbide (SiC) is a pivotal substrate material for high-power electronics due to its superior thermal and mechanical properties, yet achieving low-damage, high-efficiency processing remains challenging. Here, we propose a synchronous dual-beam laser strategy to optimize internal modification in SiC. A numerical model to simulate the transient temperature field and stress distribution during dual-beam laser interaction within SiC, elucidating the mechanisms of crack propagation and material modification. Experimental results demonstrate that synchronous dual-beam processing significantly enhances crack propagation efficiency compared to conventional single-beam asynchronous processing. Specifically, compared to prior studies, the average lateral crack length increases by 88 %, from 162.66 μm to 306.65 μm, and the maximum peel stress is markedly reduced to just 2.738 MPa. This reduction in mechanical stress minimizes subsurface damage, thereby improving the integrity of processed SiC substrates. Our findings offer valuable insights into the interplay between laser parameters and material response, suggesting a potentially scalable strategy for precision laser slicing of SiC wafers with potentially reduced thermal and mechanical defects. Our approach advances the understanding of laser-induced material restructuring in wide-bandgap semiconductors and offers a scalable pathway for industrial applications requiring precision and cost-efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113960"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling mechanisms of multiple defects and corrosion behaviors in SS 316L/IN718 graded materials under different laser powers","authors":"Zongyu Ma ,&nbsp;Weiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Jianrong Song ,&nbsp;Wanyang Li ,&nbsp;Huanqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Shitong Peng ,&nbsp;Fengtao Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongchao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>T</strong>his study used laser directed energy deposition (LDED) technology to fabricate stainless steel 316L (SS 316L)/Inconel 718 (IN718) functionally graded material (FGM) under different laser powers. Through a combination of experimental characterization and numerical simulation, the study systematically investigated the effects of laser power on deposition layer defects (pores, cracks, poor surface formability, and element segregation) and their intrinsic correlation mechanisms. It also investigates the effects of laser power on hardness and corrosion resistance. The results showed that pores in the molten pool originate from disturbances caused by high-speed powder injection and bubble generation induced by defects in the previous layer. The efficiency of porosity elimination is closely related to the melt viscosity, flow velocity, and molten pool residence time controlled by heat input. With increasing laser power, the melt viscosity decreases and the melt pool retention time increases, which facilitates bubble escape and reduces lack-of-fusion porosity. However, excessive power can result in excessively deep and wide melt pools, increasing the susceptibility to hot cracking. Under medium to low power, the melt pool flow is relatively gentle, and surface diffusion is limited, resulting in a flatter formed surface. In contrast, high power causes accelerated lateral flow and exacerbated surface unevenness. High roughness regions induce stress concentration, promoting crack initiation at the 50 % SS 316L/50 % IN718 and 25 % SS 316L/75 % IN718 gradient layers. Nb and Mo segregation accumulates under low laser power due to limited diffusion, and concentrates under high power due to intense melt convection—both of which hinder uniform distribution. The hardness first increases and then decreases with increasing laser power, reaching a maximum average hardness of 204.43 HV_0.5 at 1000 W and a minimum of 183.44 HV_0.5 at 1400 W. Corrosion resistance at high laser powers (1000 W–1400 W) is superior to that at low laser powers (600 W–800 W) but exhibits a downward trend at 1400 W. This study reveals the coupling mechanisms by which laser power induces multiple defects in FGMs and their impact on performance. It provides theoretical guidance for optimizing DED process parameters and enhancing the forming quality of graded materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113971"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a machine learning-based hyperspectral image classification method for stray light pollution level assessment","authors":"Fanxin Meng ,&nbsp;Xiang’ai Cheng ,&nbsp;Haoqian Wang ,&nbsp;Yongzheng Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaorong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongjie Xu ,&nbsp;Zhongyang Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyperspectral images (HSIs) can suffer essential information loss when the hyperspectral imaging system is affected by stray light interference. This diminishes the advantages of HSIs, which could otherwise distinguish different objects by utilizing both spatial and spectral data. To facilitate further applications, this paper proposes a classification-based model that can evaluate the impact of stray light pollution on HSIs. In this model, an HSI is first classified by a weighted spatial-aware cooperative classifier after super pixel segmentation. By comparing the classification results of a contaminated hyperspectral image (HSI) and its stray light-free counterpart on a pixel-wise basis, the pollution degree can be quantitatively evaluated based on changes in classification confidence. A pollution level distribution map is finally generated, which intuitively illustrates the impact of stray light pollution on hyperspectral data. This assessment scheme offered insights for evaluating the degree of stray light pollution and can be extended to other hyperspectral datasets for different application tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113935"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser ultrasonic probing of microstructural evolution mechanisms and thermal damage states in 6061-T6 aluminum alloy","authors":"Junrong Li ,&nbsp;Yong Hu ,&nbsp;Jiajian Meng ,&nbsp;Jianbo Su ,&nbsp;Jianhai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using non-contact laser ultrasonic testing (LUT), this study systematically investigated the acoustic response characteristics of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy at different heat treatment temperatures (25–400 °C) and their multi-scale correlation mechanisms with microstructure evolution and mechanical property degradation. Non-invasive dynamic monitoring of material thermal damage states was achieved through the coupling of optical microscopy analysis, mechanical property testing, and multi-element acoustic feature modeling. The main findings include: (1) A quantitative mapping model relating Rayleigh wave velocity to grain size, elastic modulus, strength, and hardness was established, overcoming limitations of traditional single-parameter detection and enabling synchronous prediction of multiple mechanical properties; (2) Spearman correlation analysis revealed moderate correlations between normalized amplitude variation rate (NAAT), power, weighted peak frequency (WPF), and the evolution/plasticity of precipitated phases; (3) Critical inflection points in NAAT, power, and WPF were proposed as novel criteria for identifying recrystallization temperature (200 °C); (4) Ultrasonic velocity change rate analysis indicated three distinct evolution stages during heat treatment: dislocation recovery and nano-precipitation dominated at 25-200 °C, while recrystallization competed with precipitate coarsening at 200-300 °C, and dynamic equilibrium between grain coarsening and precipitate distribution formed at 300-400 °C.By establishing multi-dimensional quantitative relationships among acoustic characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties, this research provided an innovative non-destructive monitoring method for optimizing aluminum alloy heat treatment processes and evaluating the service life of critical components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113961"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extremely confined photons within a gap-mode plasmonic nanocavity for multifunctional applications: nanoimaging and refractive index sensing","authors":"Dandan Han ,&nbsp;Sen Deng ,&nbsp;Yihua Zhu ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Yayi Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The light-matter interaction in plasmonic nanocavities at the sub-diffraction limit has become an important research field in nanophotonics. However, an effective nanocavity platform should not only aim at strong field enhancement, but also provide efficient coupling to the incident light and a high density of the hotspot. Here, we propose an attractive alternative three-dimensionally-tapered plasmonic nanocavity, which is a coupled photonic-plasmonic system consisting of a combination of photonic nanocavity and metallic bowtie-shaped nanoaperture (BNA). Due to its favourable conditions for high energy concentration, large wavevector (<em>k</em>), and efficient energy exchange, the plasmonic BNA nanocavity efficiently transforms the propagating gap-surface plasmon polaritons (GSPPs) into a highly localized catenary-shaped optical field characterized by high-<em>k</em> value and stronger field strength. Simulation results show that the plasmonic BNA nanocavity exhibits multifunctional tunability, due to its considerable localizing ability and low-loss characteristics. When used as a lithographic source generator, it can achieve an 8 nm spatial resolution for arbitrary patterns with high fidelity. Additionally, this approach offers a unique method to enhance plasmonic sensing by allowing the originally confined catenary field to efficiently interact with the surrounding medium. We strongly believe that the liquid-tapered plasmonic BNA nanocavity could pave the way for new research avenues in nanophotonic applications, particularly in high-resolution nanoimaging and highly sensitive chip-based plasmonic sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113945"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging modeling and error analysis for a hybrid solid-state LiDAR system for the 3D terrain mapping and navigation of small celestial bodies","authors":"Huan Xie ,&nbsp;Qingfan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiongfeng Yan ,&nbsp;Yanmin Jin ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Yuanting Xi ,&nbsp;Jun Xie ,&nbsp;Yuechao Ma ,&nbsp;Feihu Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate imaging models and error analyses are critical for evaluating and calibrating LiDAR systems, particularly in high-precision 3D terrain mapping and navigation applications. This study focuses on a hybrid solid-state LiDAR system that integrates a 32 × 32 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array, dual fast steering mirrors (FSMs), and a grating-based beam splitter to achieve high-speed, high-resolution imaging under dynamic asteroid conditions. This optical configuration, characterized by multi-stage beam deflection and array-based detection, presents significant challenges for accurate LiDAR modeling and systematic error analysis. To address these optical complexities, an imaging model was developed based on the system’s single-photon detection characteristics, scanning modes and multi-beam splitting. Specifically, a pixel-wise range estimation method was proposed based on histogram peak extraction, significantly enhancing measurement precision for single-photon detection under high frame-rate operation, thus enabling accurate 3D coordinate reconstruction from raw measurements under fast scanning conditions. Additionally, a Monte Carlo-based error analysis framework was established to quantify the impacts of eleven systematic error sources, including range deviations, FSM angular errors, and internal timing uncertainties. A pixel-wise consistency evaluation across all 1024 SPAD pixels was also conducted, providing detailed insights into error propagation and revealing critical pixel-level sensitivities. The simulated results indicate that arcminute-level angular errors lead to mean absolute position deviations exceeding 5  cm in lateral directions, while centimeter-level range errors typically result in position deviations below 2  cm. These findings are consistent with the system’s design specifications and highlight the dominant influence of angular uncertainties on 3D reconstruction accuracy. The proposed modeling and analysis framework provides an initial, model-based baseline for early design trade studies, sensitivity analysis, and calibration planning under static laboratory conditions. Optical simulations illustrate the scanning mode, and ground experiments under static laboratory conditions validate the ranging/TOF processing and static geometry. In addition, a coarse calibration method based on multi-position pixel measurements was implemented and validated, reducing range measurement errors to below 2  cm and further enhancing system accuracy for future deep-space exploration missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 113933"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}