New Zealand veterinary journal最新文献

{"title":"Disseminated <i>Rasamsonia argillacea</i> infection in a dog.","authors":"S Polak,&nbsp;W Karalus,&nbsp;A J Worth,&nbsp;N J Cave","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2214511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2214511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Case history: </strong>A 4-year-old, male neutered Borzoi presented for unlocalised pain and frequent episodes of vocalisation.</p><p><strong>Clinical findings: </strong>Pain was localised to the lumbar spine and radiographs revealed a L3-L4 lesion consistent with discospondylitis. The dog was treated for presumptive bacterial discospondylitis with surgical debridement, spinal stabilisation, and cephalexin. Samples collected from the affected intervertebral disc at the time of surgery revealed lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with no causative agent identified on histopathology or bacterial culture. After an initial period of improvement, signs recurred despite an 8-week antibiotic course, with the development of inappetence, weight loss, polydipsia, and polyuria. Repeat radiographs revealed a new cervical intervertebral lesion, and concurrent pyelonephritis was diagnosed based on blood and urine results. Fungal culture of urine resulted in growth of <i>Rasamsonia argillacea</i> species complex and disseminated fungal disease was clinically diagnosed. Antifungal treatment was commenced, however the dog deteriorated, and euthanasia was performed.</p><p><strong>Pathological findings: </strong>Multifocal white plaques were grossly visualised in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, cervical vertebrae, and kidneys. Periodic acid-Schiff-positive, fine, parallel-walled, occasionally branching, septate hyphae 5-10 μm in diameter, and conidia 5-7 μm in diameter were found on sectioning all organs. <i>R. argillacea</i> species complex was identified by fungal culture of urine and was considered the species of fungal organism seen histologically. The isolate was subsequently confirmed as <i>R. argillacea</i> by DNA sequencing.</p><p><strong>Diagnosis: </strong>Disseminated <i>Rasamsonia argillacea</i> infection.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong><i>Rasamsonia argillacea</i> species complex is a recognised invasive mycosis in veterinary medicine, with disseminated disease causing significant clinical complications and death. This is believed to be the first report of infection caused by <i>R. argillacea</i> in a dog in Australasia and highlights the importance of awareness of a potential fungal aetiology in dogs with discospondylitis.<b>Abbreviations:</b> CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; CRI: Constant rate infusion; MEC: Minimum effective concentration; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 5","pages":"267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9969924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatic lobectomy in dogs using a stapling device with a vascular cartridge: a retrospective study of 13 cases.","authors":"D Szwec,&nbsp;A Singh,&nbsp;M Gatineau","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2212613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2212613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Case history: </strong>Medical records of two veterinary hospitals in Canada were reviewed to identify cases of dogs that underwent liver lobectomy via open laparotomy using the Endo GIA surgical stapling device with a vascular cartridge (height of open and closed staples: 2.5 and 1.0 mm, respectively) between January 2016 and June 2018. Mean age at the time of surgery of the dogs (n = 13) included in the study was 10.4 (SD 1.5; min 7.9, max 12.8) years and mean body weight was 14 (min 3.9, max 37.8) kg.</p><p><strong>Clinical findings: </strong>Liver masses requiring hepatic lobectomy were identified in 12 dogs by abdominal ultrasound examination. The remaining dog required a lobectomy of the right medial liver lobe to address leakage from the right medial lobe hepatic duct that occurred as a complication of cholecystectomy to treat a ruptured gallbladder mucocoele.</p><p><strong>Treatment and outcome: </strong>Complete liver lobectomy of 14 lobes (11 from the left hepatic division) in 12 dogs and partial lobectomy of one lobe in one dog was performed via open laparotomy using the Endo GIA device. The mean surgical time, including concurrent procedures, was 50 (SD 17; median 45, min 28, max 91) minutes. The most common intra-operative complication was oozing from the transected liver parenchyma in 6/13 dogs, which was mild in all cases. Five dogs experienced minor post-operative complications. No major peri- or post-operative complications occurred, and no patients required surgical re-exploration. All patients survived until discharge and were alive at the 2-week follow-up for suture removal.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Use of the Endo GIA stapling device with a vascular cartridge is feasible for liver lobectomy of the left hepatic division and in this study had low rates of intra-operative and post-operative complications. The Endo GIA stapling device is a viable option for this type of liver lobectomy in dogs. Though successful, the small number of central (two lobes) and right (one lobe) hepatic division lobectomies in this study precludes us from drawing definitive conclusions about the feasibility of this technique on these divisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 5","pages":"259-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9970399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle at its distal musculotendinous junction: conservative treatment and outcomes in 11 dogs.","authors":"N L Boyd,&nbsp;D von Pfeil,&nbsp;D R James,&nbsp;M Kent,&nbsp;S Fearnside,&nbsp;J D White","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2224753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2224753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Case history: </strong>Medical records from three veterinary referral centres and a university veterinary teaching hospital in Australia and the USA were reviewed to identify dogs with a diagnosis of distal gastrocnemius musculotendinous junction rupture (DGMJR) that were treated without surgery between 2007 and 2020.</p><p><strong>Clinical and imaging findings: </strong>All dogs (n = 11) presented with unilateral, pelvic limb lameness and bruising, swelling or pain on palpation at the distal musculotendinous junction. The diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasound or MRI in six dogs; radiographs were used to excluded stifle and tarsus pathology in four dogs; and five dogs were diagnosed on physical examination findings.</p><p><strong>Treatment and outcome: </strong>All dogs were managed conservatively, either with complete confinement alone (n = 10; median 9 weeks), external coaptation alone (n = 1), or a combination of both (n = 4). Sporting dogs (n = 7) were completely confined (median 22 weeks) for longer periods than companion dogs (n = 3; median 5 weeks).A good to excellent outcome was achieved for all cases in this cohort. The seven sporting dogs achieved an excellent outcome; returning to their previous level of sport, with complete resolution of lameness and recovery of a normal tibiotarsal stance. The four companion dogs achieved a good outcome; returning to their previous level of activity but with persistently increased tibiotarsal standing angle compared to the contralateral limb.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Conservative treatment represents a viable treatment option for dogs with a rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle at its distal musculotendinous junction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 5","pages":"275-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10323329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lameness recovery rates following treatment of dairy cattle with claw horn lameness in the Waikato region of New Zealand.","authors":"W Mason,&nbsp;L J Laven,&nbsp;M Cooper,&nbsp;R A Laven","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2219227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2219227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To describe the time in days for lame dairy cows to recover after diagnosis and treatment of claw horn lameness, and to investigate whether cure rates differed between farms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five dairy farms in the Waikato region were conveniently enrolled into a descriptive epidemiological study. Three of these farms had dairy cattle enrolled over two consecutive seasons, while two farms enrolled for one year. Lame cattle diagnosed by the farmers were enrolled into the study if they had a lameness score (LS ≥ 2 on a 0-3 scale) and claw horn lesions. All enrolled animals were treated by a single veterinarian following a consistent methodology, and subsequently assessed for LS at a median frequency of 4 days from enrolment until they were sound (LS = 0). The times (days) taken for animals to become sound and non-lame (LS < 2) were reported for all animals, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves used to present the results. A Cox-proportional hazard model was used to assess if the hazard of soundness was associated with farm, age, breed, lesion, number of limbs involved, and LS at enrolment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 241 lame cattle with claw horn lesions were enrolled across the five farms. White line disease was the predominant pain-causing lesion in 225 (93%) animals, and blocks were applied to 205 (85%) of enrolled animals. The overall median days from enrolment to becoming sound was 18 (95% CI = 14-21) days, and 7 (95% CI = 7-8) days to become non-lame. A difference in the hazards of lameness cure between farms was identified (p = 0.007), with median days to lameness cure between farms ranging from 11 to 21 days<i>.</i> No associations were identified between age, breed, limb, or LS at enrolment on the lameness cure rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Treatment of claw horn lameness following industry-standard guidelines in dairy cattle on five New Zealand dairy farms resulted in rapid cure, although cure rates differed between farms.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Following industry best-practice lameness treatment guidelines, including frequent use of blocks, can result in rapid lameness cure rates in New Zealand dairy cows. This study also suggests that management of lame cattle on pasture can positively benefit their welfare and recovery times. The reported cure rates provide veterinarians with benchmarks on the length of time after which a lame animal should be re-examined, and in the investigation of poor treatment response rates at the herd level.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 5","pages":"226-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9972483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Euthanasia of dogs and cats by veterinarians in New Zealand: protocols, procedures and experiences.","authors":"M C Gates,&nbsp;N J Kells,&nbsp;K K Kongara,&nbsp;K E Littlewood","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2194687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2194687","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;To collect data on protocols used by New Zealand veterinarians to perform euthanasia of dogs and cats, and to explore opinions towards the training they received in euthanasia during veterinary school.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A cross-sectional survey was administered to all veterinarians registered with the Veterinary Council of New Zealand. The survey asked respondents about their practices' policies for euthanasia; protocols for performing euthanasia of dogs and cats; opinions towards euthanasia training received in veterinary school; and subsequent experiences with euthanasia in practice. Descriptive statistics were provided for all quantitative study variables and thematic analysis was performed on the free-text comments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The survey was completed by 361/1,448 (24.9%) veterinarians in companion or mixed animal practice. The mean numbers of dogs and cats euthanised each month were 7.2 (median 5; min 0; max 60) and 7.9 (median 5; min 0; max 60), respectively. Fewer than half of respondents reported that their clinic had a standard protocol for euthanising dogs (147/361; 40.7%) or cats (157/361; 43.5%). For euthanasia of dogs, 119/361 (32.9%) always used sedation while 71/361 (19.7%) indicated that they would not use sedation. For euthanasia of cats, 170/361 (47.1%) always used sedation while 53/361 (14.7%) indicated that they would not use sedation. Placement of IV catheters, methods for patient restraint, preferences towards the presence of owners during euthanasia, services provided with euthanasia, and discussions with owners were also highly variable and handled case-by-case depending on the client, patient, and clinical scenario. When asked about the euthanasia training received at veterinary school, it was generally ranked as below satisfactory, with approximately one-third of respondents indicating that they received no training in dealing with emotional clients (113/361; 31.3%), sedation protocols for euthanasia (107/361; 29.6%), or managing compassion fatigue (132/361; 36.6%). Most respondents (268/361; 74.2%) received no formal training in euthanasia after graduation and learned from experience or discussions with colleagues. Providing animals and owners with a good experience during the euthanasia process was highlighted as important for managing compassion fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Euthanasia is a common procedure in companion animal practice and there is considerable variation in how veterinarians approach both the technical and non-technical elements. Training provided during veterinary school was generally considered below satisfactory, particularly regarding managing compassion fatigue and clients' emotional needs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical relevance: &lt;/strong&gt;Providing veterinarians with additional training on adapting their euthanasia protocols to different clinical scenarios may improve the experience for patients, owners and veterinary staff.&lt;/p","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 4","pages":"172-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9570670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lower motor neuron disease in takahē (<i>Porphyrio hochstetteri</i>) is an endoplasmic reticulum storage disease.","authors":"R D Jolly,&nbsp;M R Perrott,&nbsp;M R Alley,&nbsp;S A Hunter,&nbsp;A Pas,&nbsp;H Beard,&nbsp;K M Hemsley,&nbsp;G Greaves","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2190549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2190549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To investigate the pathogenesis of a disease in takahē <i>(Porphyrio hochstetteri)</i> with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lower motor neurons.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four birds aged between 5 and 12 years, from three different wildlife sanctuaries in New Zealand were examined. Of these, only one had signs of spinal dysfunction in the form of paresis. Stained paraffin sections of tissues were examined by light microscopy and immunostained sections of the ventral horn of the spinal cord by confocal microscopy. Epoxy resin sections of the spinal cord from the bird with spinal dysfunction were examined by electron microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two types of inclusion bodies were noted, but only in motor neurons of the ventral spinal cord and brain stem. These were large globoid eosinophilic bodies up to 5 µm in diameter, and yellow/brown granular inclusions mostly at the pole of the cell. The globoid bodies stained with Luxol fast blue but not with periodic acid Schiff (PAS), or Sudan black. The granular inclusions stained with Luxol fast blue, PAS and Sudan black. Both bodies were slightly autofluorescent. On electron microscopy the globoid bodies had an even electron-dense texture and were bound by a membrane. Beneath the membrane were large numbers of small intraluminal vesicles. The smaller granular bodies were more heterogeneous, irregularly rounded and membrane-bound accumulations of granular electron-dense material, often with electron-lucent vacuoles. Others were more vesicular but contained varying amounts of electron-dense material. The large globoid bodies did not immunostain for lysosomal markers lysosomal associated protein 1 (LAMP1) or cathepsin D, so were not lysosomal. The small granular bodies stained for cathepsin D by a chromogenic method.A kindred matrix analysis showed two cases to be as closely related as first cousins, and another case was almost as closely related to one of them, but the fourth bird was unrelated to any other.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It was concluded that this was an endoplasmic reticulum storage disease due to a specific protein misfolding within endoplasmic reticulum. It was rationalised that the two types of inclusions reflected the same aetiology, but that misfolded protein in the smaller granular bodies had entered the lysosomal system via endoplasmic reticulum autophagy. Although the cause was unclear, it most likely had a genetic aetiology or predisposition and, as such, has clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 4","pages":"186-193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9623880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smooth muscle hamartoma in a castrated male red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) in New Zealand.","authors":"S G Johnson,&nbsp;L M Fermin,&nbsp;D Aberdein,&nbsp;K E Lawrence","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2204827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2204827","url":null,"abstract":"Reports of neoplasia in deer remain rare (Hill and Staples 1999), despite the conviction that as deer farming became more common, a greater number of pathological processes, including tumours, would be recognised in deer (Pérez et al. 1998). Skin tumours are among the most common neoplasms reported in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and are usually papillomavirus-associated dermal fibropapillomas and papillomas (Erdélyi et al. 2009; Vaatstra et al. 2014; Garcês et al. 2020). Additional reports of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours in red deer include malignant schwannoma and dermal malignant melanoma (Pérez et al. 1998; Scandrett and Wobeser 2004). In related deer species, subcutaneous dermoid cysts have been described in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) (Wobeser et al. 2009) and cutaneous fibromas in predominantly male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Berry 1925; Friend 1967; Sundberg and Nielsen 1982). A 17-year-old, 187-kg, castrated, male red deer was examined at the Massey University (Palmerston North, NZ) deer unit on 27 January 2022, with a spherical, deep dermal mass about 3 cm in diameter, raised above the surrounding skin level. The mass was identified on the upper left neck about 7 cm below the base of the left ear, at the angle of the mandible (Figure 1a). At re-examination 1 week later, the mass had almost doubled in size. The mass appeared discrete from the underlying tissue, so a decision was made to remove it that day, while the size of the mass was still manageable. The deer had been abandoned by its mother after dystocia and was hand reared. It had been castrated at a very young age and has resided at the deer unit ever since and been in good health. The deer had been paddocked alone most of its life, excluding short periods when it was paddocked with other deer that had undergone surgical or medical procedures and needed to be separated from the main herd. The animal was placed in a Heenan hydraulic crush (Farmquip Ltd., Napier, NZ) and lightly restrained during the surgery. The sides of the crush were manipulated to give good access to the surgery site. The deer was sedated with 0.2 mg/kg of 5% xylazine (Phoenix Pharm Distributors Ltd., Auckland, NZ) given IM into the neck, and a local anaesthetic block using SC 2% lignocaine (Nopaine 2%; Phoenix Pharm Distributors Ltd.) was placed around the mass. The site was surgically scrubbed and prepared while the local anaesthetic block took effect. An elliptical skin incision was made, and the mass was removed via blunt dissection, with a 1-cm margin (Figure 1b). The wound was closed using simple interrupted suture pattern with 4 metric PDS absorbable suture (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA). Bleeding was minimal and there were no complications during the procedure, although the deer lay down once the crush was opened. The sedation was reversed using 0.2 mg/kg yohimbine IV (Reversal Injection; Phoenix Pharm Distributors Ltd.). Post-operative analgesia was administered using 0.5 mg/kg SC m","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 4","pages":"209-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10061215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> testing for the screening of semen imported into New Zealand.","authors":"D Jaramillo,&nbsp;J Foxwell,&nbsp;L Burrows,&nbsp;A Snell","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2186506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2186506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To evaluate the fitness of three PCR assays for the detection of <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> in dilute (extended) bovine semen, and a reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) adaptation as a proxy for viability.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Four commercial kit-based methods for nucleic acid extraction were compared to test for the presence of PCR inhibitors in nucleic acid extracted from undiluted and diluted semen. Then, analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity, and diagnostic specificity of two real-time PCR and one conventional PCR were evaluated for the detection of <i>M. bovis</i> DNA in semen and compared against microbial culture. Furthermore, an RT-PCR was adapted to detect RNA only and tested on viable and non-viable <i>M. bovis</i> to establish its ability to discriminate between the two.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant PCR inhibition was detected from the dilute semen. All DNA extraction methods except one were equivalent, regardless of semen dilution. The analytical sensitivity of the real-time PCR assays was estimated as 45.6 cfu per 200 µL semen straw (2.2 × 10² cfu/mL). The conventional PCR was 10 times less sensitive. No cross-reactivity was observed for the real-time PCR for any of the bacteria tested and the diagnostic specificity was estimated as 100 (95% CI = 94.04-100) %. The RT-PCR was poor in distinguishing between viable and non-viable <i>M. bovis</i>. The mean quantification cycle (Cq) values for RNA extracted from different treatments to kill <i>M. bovis</i> remained unchanged 0-48 hours after inactivation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and clinical relevance: </strong>The real-time PCR were fit for the purpose of screening dilute semen for the detection of <i>M. bovis</i> to prevent incursion via importation of infected semen. The real-time PCR assays can be used interchangeably. The RT-PCR could not reliably indicate the viability of <i>M. bovis.</i> Based on the results from this study, a protocol and guidelines have been produced for laboratories elsewhere that wish to test bovine semen for <i>M. bovis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 4","pages":"200-208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9942694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference interval for the C-ACT activated clotting time test in healthy dogs using a water bath and manual assessment of clot formation.","authors":"K J Nash,&nbsp;S K Day,&nbsp;W A Goodwin","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2201222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2201222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To establish a reference range for the canine C-ACT activated clotting time (ACT) test using a water bath and visual clot assessment technique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy, privately owned dogs (n = 48) were prospectively recruited to the study. Blood samples were collected via direct jugular venipuncture for complete blood count, serum biochemistry analysis and measurement of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Five animals with major abnormalities or who became agitated during phlebotomy were excluded. For the 43 remaining animals, 2 mL of blood was collected via the cephalic vein and added directly to a C-ACT tube that was shaken vigorously before being placed in a water bath at 37°C. Tubes were visually assessed for clot formation and C-ACT was recorded in seconds when the magnet within the tube lodged in the clot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The nonparametric reference interval (capturing the central 95% of the data) was 50-80 seconds, with a 90% CI for the lower limit of 50-55 seconds and a 90% CI for the upper limit of 75-80 seconds. The C-ACT ACT test had a positive correlation with aPTT (0.42; 95% CI = 0.13-0.64). There was no evidence of a correlation between C-ACT ACT and age, weight, PT, haematocrit, white blood cell count, platelet count or total protein.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>The results of this study suggest that the normal reference interval for ACT in dogs using C-ACT tubes in a 37°C water bath is 50-80 seconds. Care should be taken extrapolating the results of this study to the general population, as the smaller study design had less control for confounders than a larger study. However, when using the described analytical methods, C-ACT tube ACT test results >80 seconds should be considered prolonged in dogs and should prompt further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 4","pages":"194-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-species transmission of coronaviruses with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in animals: a review for the veterinary practitioner.","authors":"M Dunowska","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2191349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2191349","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 2019 a novel coronavirus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from an unidentified source and spread rapidly among humans worldwide. While many human infections are mild, some result in severe clinical disease that in a small proportion of infected people is fatal. The pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been facilitated by efficient human-to-human transmission of the virus, with no data to indicate that animals contributed to this global health crisis. However, a range of domesticated and wild animals are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection under both experimental and natural conditions. Humans are presumed to be the source of most animal infections thus far, although natural transmission between mink and between free-ranging deer has occurred, and occasional natural transmission between cats cannot be fully excluded. Considering the ongoing circulation of the virus among people, together with its capacity to evolve through mutation and recombination, the risk of the emergence of animal-adapted variants is not negligible. If such variants remain infectious to humans, this could lead to the establishment of an animal reservoir for the virus, which would complicate control efforts. As such, minimising human-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 should be considered as part of infection control efforts. The aim of this review is to summarise what is currently known about the species specificity of animal coronaviruses, with an emphasis on SARS-CoV-2, in the broader context of factors that facilitate cross-species transmission of viruses.","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 4","pages":"159-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9562251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}