New Zealand veterinary journal最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of a small-bore needle arthroscope for diagnosis and treatment of medial coronoid disease in dogs: a pilot study with short-term assessment.","authors":"P Garnier,&nbsp;B Dekerle,&nbsp;J Vial,&nbsp;E Maurice,&nbsp;M Manassero,&nbsp;V Viateau","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2181239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2181239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Case history: </strong>Dogs (n = 15) that were presented to a single veterinary teaching hospital with elbow dysplasia-associated lameness between September 2021 and May 2022, and were determined to require arthroscopy based on imaging results, were prospectively recruited into the study. The median duration of lameness was 4 (min 1, max 24) months.</p><p><strong>Clinical findings: </strong>Various breeds were represented with a median body weight of 31.6 (min 15, max 46.4) kg and median age at presentation of 14 (min 8, max 83) months. Results of imaging modalities (CT) were consistent with medial coronoid disease with fissured or fragmented medial coronoid process in all dogs.</p><p><strong>Arthroscopic findings: </strong>Feasibility of the needle arthroscopy (NA) procedure was firstly assessed in a preliminary cadaveric study in forelimbs (n = 10) collected from 10 adult dogs euthanised for reasons unrelated to the study. Elbow exploration was performed through a medial approach beginning with NA (1.9 mm 0° angle scope) followed by standard arthroscopy (SA; 2.4 mm 30° angle scope). The quality and extent of visualisation (scored through the number of anatomical structures visualised) were recorded and statistically compared. As the cadaver study indicated that NA allowed safe inspection of all structures in medial/caudal compartments, this procedure was then used in the dogs requiring treatment. In the clinical setting, elbow exploration was successful in all dogs and the treatment (removal of osteochondral fragments) was performed without requiring conversion into SA. One month after surgery, all dogs had an improvement in their lameness score (0-5) and 12/15 dogs were no longer lame. There was a reduction in Canine Orthopaedic Index scores measured a median of 99 (min 47, max 180) days after surgery (24 (IQR 19.5-31.5)) compared to the pre-operative period (49 (IQR 46.5-57); p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Needle arthroscopy-assisted removal of osteochondral fragments was performed in all dogs with satisfactory short-term clinical outcome. NA is a feasible technique for diagnosis and lesion assessment in dogs with a fissured or fragmented coronoid process. Larger clinical studies with longer follow-up are necessary to validate the NanoScope operative arthroscopy system as an alternative strategy to SA for video-assisted treatment of medial coronoid disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 3","pages":"152-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9210156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moral distress in rural veterinarians as an outcome of the <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> incursion in southern New Zealand.","authors":"F Doolan-Noble,&nbsp;G Noller,&nbsp;C Jaye,&nbsp;M Bryan","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2174202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2174202","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;To gain insight into the world of rural veterinarians during the &lt;i&gt;Mycoplasma bovis&lt;/i&gt; incursion within southern Aotearoa New Zealand by exploring their experiences during the incursion, and to understand the consequences, positive and negative, of these experiences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A qualitative social science research methodology, guided by the philosophical paradigm of pragmatism, was used to collect data from an information-rich sample (n = 6) of rural veterinarians from Otago and Southland. Interview and focus group techniques were used, both guided by a semi-structured interview guide. Veterinarians were asked a range of questions, including their role within the incursion; whether their involvement had any positive or negative impact for them; and their experience of conflicting demands. Analysis of the narrative data collected was guided by Braun and Clarke's approach to reflexive thematic analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results and findings: &lt;/strong&gt;All six participants approached agreed to participate. Analysis of the data provided an understanding of the trauma they experienced during the incursion. An overarching theme of psychological distress was underpinned by four sub-themes, with epistemic injustice and bearing witness the two sub-themes reported to be associated with the greatest experience of psychological distress. These, along with the other two identified stressors, led to the experience of moral distress, with moral residue and moral injury also experienced by some participants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Eradication programmes for exotic diseases in production animals inevitably have an impact on rural veterinarians, in their role working closely with farmers. Potentially, these impacts could be positive, recognising and utilising veterinarians' experience, skills and knowledge base. This study, however, illustrates the significant negative impacts for some rural veterinarians exposed to the recent &lt;i&gt;M. bovis&lt;/i&gt; eradication programme in New Zealand, including experiences of moral distress and moral injury. Consequently, this eradication programme resulted in increased stress for study participants. There is a need to consider how the system addresses future exotic disease incursions to better incorporate and utilise the knowledge and skills of the expert workforce of rural veterinarians and to minimise the negative impacts on them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical relevance: &lt;/strong&gt;To date, the experience of moral distress by rural veterinarians during exotic disease incursions has been under-reported globally and unexplored in New Zealand. The findings from this study contribute further insights to the existing limited literature and provide guidance on how to reduce the adverse experiences on rural veterinarians during future incursions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abbreviations: &lt;/strong&gt;MPI: Ministry for Primary Industries; PITS: Perpetration-induced traumatic stress; PTSD: Post-traumatic stre","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 3","pages":"116-127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9215550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of equine chorionic gonadotropin in lactating dairy cattle: a rapid review.","authors":"L H Beasley,&nbsp;N Cogger,&nbsp;Cwr Compton","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2022.2139306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2139306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To use an evidence-based approach to evaluate the available research data on the efficacy of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) to improve reproductive performance of dairy cows when added to oestrus synchronisation programmes for the treatment of cows not detected in oestrus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A rapid literature review was conducted to summarise the existing trial data, primarily the effect of eCG on conception rate (CR) to fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) from oestrus synchronisation programmes in lactating dairy cows. Relevant papers were identified via databases and auxiliary search strategies, then information was collected using a standardised data collection form. Similar studies were grouped together to create a descriptive summary of CR to FTAI and secondary outcome measures, with the creation of forest plots to visualise results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 15 studies were identified for review: nine examined the administration of 400-500 IU eCG as part of an oestrus synchronisation programme based on intra-vaginal progesterone-releasing devices, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin (P4-GPG programme). The variable methodologies in the trials evaluated posed difficulties in grouping studies for further analysis and meant that there was insufficient data for a full meta-analysis. A single study reported a statistically significant increase in CR to FTAI from the addition to eCG to a P4-GPG programme in cows with anovulatory anoestrous. Four studies evaluated the addition of eCG to P4-GPG programmes in cows without visible oestrous signs; risk differences for CR to FTAI were between -1.7% and 28.8%, with three out of four studies reporting a positive effect of eCG on CR to FTAI, but all 95% CI values crossed the line of no effect. Two studies reported on the effect of eCG on 42-day pregnancy rate following a P4-GPG programme; one reported a risk difference of -4.9% (95% CI = -10.6-0.8%), while the other reported a risk difference of 7.9% (95% CI = 0.8-15%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of published studies describing the effect of eCG in P4-GPG programmes on CR to FTAI are inconsistent and further well-designed, adequately powered studies with standardised outcome measures are required to investigate its effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"53-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10666663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective study of native wild birds and reptiles admitted to three New Zealand wildlife hospitals due to predation by cats.","authors":"B D Gartrell,&nbsp;M Jolly,&nbsp;K Tissink,&nbsp;L S Argilla,&nbsp;F Esam","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2022.2152889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2152889","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To investigate the types of wildlife affected and outcomes of hospitalisation for native wild birds and reptiles admitted to three wildlife hospitals in New Zealand following predation by cats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed hospital records of three wildlife hospitals (Wildbase Hospital (WBH) in Palmerston North; The Wildlife Hospital - Dunedin (DWH); and The Nest Te Kōhanga (TNTK) in Wellington) for cases of native species with a submission history or diagnosis of predation by cats over the period 2006-2022. Frequency analysis and cross-tabulation of the data were carried out using the factors wildlife hospital, animal order, species, and case outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Native wildlife (n = 639) presented following predation by cats to the three wildlife hospitals comprised 598 (93.6%) birds from 31 species and 41 (6.4%) reptiles from eight species. The mortality rate of these patients combined was 61.8% (395/639), with the other 38.2% (244/639) being released from hospital to rehabilitation facilities, released to the wild, or, for a small number, put into permanent captive placements. The most common species of birds admitted due to predation by cats were tūī (<i>Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae</i>; n = 173), silvereyes (<i>Zosterops lateralis</i>; n = 142), sacred kingfishers (<i>Todiramphus sanctus</i>; n = 100) and kererū (<i>Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae</i>; n = 70). There was an overall trend to increasing numbers of wildlife admitted for predation by cats over the period of this review, but the different operating periods of the three hospitals should be considered. Each of the three hospitals saw a different mix of species, with Wellington's TNTK seeing the widest diversity of species affected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Predation by cats was a common cause of native birds and reptiles being admitted to all three wildlife hospitals and a diversity of urban and rural wildlife were affected.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Predation by cats causes significant mortality in wildlife patients admitted to wildlife hospitals despite best current treatment. Cat management strategies in Aotearoa New Zealand should consider the welfare and health of wildlife.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"86-91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10722512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of an odontogenic cyst in a Kunekune (<i>Sus scrofa domestica</i>) pig: clinical and pathological findings and attempted treatment.","authors":"J A Spearpoint,&nbsp;K E Dittmer","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2022.2131649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2131649","url":null,"abstract":"The Kunekune ( Sus scrofa domestica ) is a breed of domestic grass-grazing pig from New Zealand. Anecdotally, the occurrence of mandibular abnormalities within Kunekune pigs is not uncommon, although literature on the aetiology, clinical management and prognosis is scarce with only one peer-reviewed publication by Archer et al. (2012). This case report describes the clinical, radiographic, dental","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"106-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10818439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feline ureteral rupture with para-ureteral urinomas following blunt trauma: clinical presentation and long-term outcome after treatment by urinary diversion for five cases from 2012 to 2019.","authors":"B Dekerle,&nbsp;A Fournet,&nbsp;E Maurice,&nbsp;V Viateau,&nbsp;C Maurey,&nbsp;M Manassero","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2022.2138605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2138605","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Case history Medical records were reviewed for cats that underwent surgical treatment of traumatic ureteral rupture (TUR) using urinary diversion procedures between 2012 and 2019. Clinical findings and treatment Five cats had presented with injuries associated with road traffic accidents. These included three cats with abdominal hernias that required surgical management. At a median of 15 days after the accident, cats represented with lethargy, the presence of an abdominal mass or with lower urinary tract symptoms and in all cats contrast diagnostic imaging showed proximal unilateral TUR with associated para-ureteral urinoma. Four cats received subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device placement and one had ureteral anastomosis over a stent. Unilateral cyst-like retroperitoneal fluid consistent with para-ureteral urinoma was observed in all cats and a diffuse retroperitoneal haematoma was noticed in four cats. No immediate major complications occurred, and all cats had post-operative serum creatinine concentration within the reference interval. The cat that had received a ureteral stent subsequently required placement of a SUB following stent encrustation 15 months after surgery. Median follow-up time was 34 (min 28, max 58) months and renal function was normal in all cats at the last follow-up. Clinical relevance Urinary diversion procedures provided long-term stable renal function following proximal TUR in these five cats. Delayed, subtle non-specific clinical signs subsequent to high-energy blunt trauma causing abdominal hernia and associated diffuse retroperitoneal haematoma, should raise suspicion of TUR. Abbreviations AFAST: Abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma; SUB: Subcutaneous ureteral bypass; TUR: Traumatic ureteral rupture","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"92-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10657558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous plaques associated with a putative novel papillomavirus type in a horse.","authors":"J S Munday,&nbsp;K Grant,&nbsp;G Orbell,&nbsp;B L Vaatstra","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2022.2157347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2157347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Case history and clinical findings: </strong>A 6-year-old Thoroughbred mare developed multiple flat plaques, < 1 cm in diameter, on the left front fetlock. These were treated topically using 5-fluorouracil and resolved after 4 weeks. However, additional similar plaques developed on the left front pastern 5 months later. These lesions resolved within 3 months without treatment.</p><p><strong>Pathological and molecular findings: </strong>One plaque that developed initially and one plaque that developed later were examined histologically. Both consisted of well-demarcated foci of moderate epidermal hyperplasia. Scattered throughout both plaques were cells showing evidence of papillomavirus-induced cell changes and the same papillomaviral DNA sequence was amplified from both lesions using PCR. As the novel sequence had 79.1% similarity to a partial sequence previously amplified from an equine cutaneous wart and 67.9% similarity to Equus caballus papillomavirus type 1, these results indicate detection of a putative novel papillomavirus type.</p><p><strong>Diagnosis: </strong>Multiple cutaneous plaques due to infection by a novel papillomavirus type.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Unlike more typical equine cutaneous warts which generally appear as pedunculated and filiform masses, the lesions in this horse appeared as raised plaques. With the exception of aural plaques that are confined to the ears, localised clusters of papillomaviral plaques have not been previously described in horses. The lesions contained subtle histological evidence of papillomavirus infection and careful examination is required to differentiate these plaques from pre-neoplastic lesions. The plaques contained a putative novel papillomavirus type. These results increase the spectrum of papillomavirus-induced skin disease in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"100-105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9219794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewer List 2022.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2023.2167504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2023.2167504","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"iii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10759358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downer cows: a reanalysis of an old data set.","authors":"K E Lawrence,&nbsp;R G Clark,&nbsp;H V Henderson,&nbsp;K Govindaraju,&nbsp;C Balcomb","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2022.2155262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2155262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To compare the performance of two predictive models for the survival of downer cows.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The first model had been developed in 1987 using a dataset containing missing values, while the second, new model was developed on the same dataset but using modern data imputation and analytical methods. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation by chained equations and a logistic regression model fitted to the imputed data, with survival or not as the outcome variable. The predictive ability of the model built on the imputed data was contrasted with the original prognostic model by testing them both on a second smaller but complete data set, collected contemporaneously with the development of the original model but from a different region of New Zealand. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and cut point for the two models were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The original 1987 model had a slightly higher accuracy than that of the new one with a sensitivity of 0.85 (95% CI = 0.72-0.94) and a specificity of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.7-0.91), using a cut point for the probability of survival = 0.313.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The original prognostic formula published by Clark <i>et al</i>. in 1987 performed as well as a modern model built on an imputed data set.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The use of a prognostic test based on the Clark model should remain an important part of the clinical examination of downer cows by New Zealand veterinarians.<b>Abbreviations:</b> AUC: Area under the curve; AST: Aspartate transaminase activity; CK: Creatine phosphokinase activity; GAM: Generalised additive model; NSAID: Non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs; PCV: Packed cell volume.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"65-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of mortality of kiwi (<i>Apteryx</i> spp.) in New Zealand: a retrospective analysis of post-mortem records, 2010-2020.","authors":"E L Gulliver,&nbsp;S A Hunter,&nbsp;F Castillo-Alcala,&nbsp;E Vallee","doi":"10.1080/00480169.2022.2154716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2154716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To examine and assess causes of mortality of kiwi (<i>Apteryx</i> spp.) submitted to Massey University between 2010 and 2020 across the five recognised species according to location, age group and captivity status in New Zealand.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Post-mortem reports were obtained from the Massey University/Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa School of Veterinary Science/Wildbase Pathology Register. Inclusion criteria were all species of kiwi with a date of post-mortem examination between August 2010 and August 2020. Data from each report was exported, categorised and compared using Microsoft Excel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of a total of 1,005 post-mortem reports, there were 766 North Island brown kiwi (NIBK; <i>A. mantelli</i>), 83 tokoeka (<i>A. australis</i>), 73 rowi (<i>A. rowi</i>), 49 great spotted kiwi (<i>A. haastii</i>), and 34 little spotted kiwi (<i>A. owenii</i>). This comprised 19 eggs/embryos, 125 neonatal, 473 juvenile, 153 subadult, and 235 adult kiwi. There were 615 kiwi from wild populations, 148 from sanctuary populations, 238 from captivity, and four from unspecified locations. The leading cause of death was trauma, affecting 322 (32.0 (95% CI = 29.2-35.0)%) kiwi including 289 (37.3 (95% CI = 26.0-31.7)%) NIBK. Nearly half of these died from predation by mustelids, with losses recorded from neonates to adults and clustered in the central to southern North Island. Predation by dogs was the second most common cause of death, killing 84 (8.4 (95% CI = 6.7-10.2)%) kiwi, of which 65.5% came from the northern districts of the North Island. Non-infectious disease killed 214 (21 (95% CI = 18.8-24.0)%) kiwi, and included developmental deformities, gastrointestinal foreign bodies and predator trap injuries. Infectious disease killed 181 (18.0 (95% CI = 15.7-20.5)%) kiwi and the proportion decreased with age, with common diagnoses including coccidiosis, bacterial septicaemia, avian malaria, and fungal respiratory disease. Starvation affected 42 (4.2 (95% CI = 3.0-5.6)%) kiwi, comprised of mainly neonatal or juvenile individuals from wild or sanctuary populations, with a higher percentage seen in tokoeka (11/83; 13.3%) compared to other species (min 0%, max 5.9%). The cause of death was undetermined in 246 (24.5 (95% CI = 21.8-27.3)%) cases, which was most often due to poor preservation of remains. This included 33/73 (46%) rowi and 32/83 (39%) tokoeka, and affected mainly birds from sanctuary and wild populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study enhances our understanding of causes of mortality in captive, wild and sanctuary populations of all kiwi species and age groups within contemporary New Zealand.</p>","PeriodicalId":19322,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand veterinary journal","volume":"71 2","pages":"75-85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9219776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}