NeuroImage最新文献

{"title":"Transcranial photobiomodulation improves functional brain networks and working memory in healthy older adults: An fNIRS study","authors":"Qin Yang ,&nbsp;Xiujuan Qu ,&nbsp;Can Sheng ,&nbsp;Xing Zhao ,&nbsp;Guanqun Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoni Wang ,&nbsp;Yuxia Li ,&nbsp;Wenying Du ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaobo Li ,&nbsp;Haijing Niu ,&nbsp;Ying Han","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM), as a novel non-invasive neurostimulation technique, has shown the compelling potential for improving cognitive function in aging population. However, the potential mechanism remains unclear. Neuroimaging studies have found that tPBM-induced physiological changes exist in both targeted and non-targeted brain areas, suggesting the necessity of understanding the modulation mechanism from the perspective of the whole brain level.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled crossover study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that tPBM improved working memory in healthy older adults through the mechanism of optimizing the properties of the resting-state functional brain networks.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 55 right-handed healthy older adults were randomly assigned to sham tPBM session group or active tPBM session group. After a washout interval, they were assigned to the opposite intervention session. Each session included the following: active or sham tPBM application with a 1064-nm laser to the left forehead; before and after, resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measurements; and the digital n-back task. Differences in accuracy and reaction time of the n-back task, and changes in functional connectivity and graph metrics of the brain networks were investigated and compared between the active and sham tPBM sessions. In addition, correlations between tPBM-induced changes in functional brain networks, and the n-back task were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that compared with the sham tPBM session, the accuracy and reaction time during 3-back task significantly improved in the active tPBM session. In addition, the global efficiency, local efficiency, nodal efficiency, and functional connectivity significantly increased in the active tPBM session, particularly in the frontoparietal areas. Importantly, the altered 3-back accuracy was positively correlated with the changes of functional connectivity and nodal efficiency mainly in left prefrontal cortex in those who had increased 3-back accuracy in the active tPBM session.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study suggests that tPBM may serve as an effective tool to improve working memory in older adults through the modulation of resting-state functional brain network properties. Investigations in large-scale samples are needed to further validate the findings of this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the neurovascular coupling across multiple motor execution and imagery conditions: a whole-brain EEG-informed fMRI analysis","authors":"Elena Bondi ,&nbsp;Yidan Ding ,&nbsp;Yisha Zhang ,&nbsp;Eleonora Maggioni ,&nbsp;Bin He","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complementary strengths of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have driven extensive research into integrating these two noninvasive modalities to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive, sensory, and motor functions. However, the precise neural patterns associated with motor functions, especially imagined movements, remain unclear. Specifically, the correlations between electrophysiological responses and hemodynamic activations during executed and imagined movements have not been fully elucidated at a whole-brain level. In this study, we employed a unified EEG-informed fMRI approach on concurrent EEG-fMRI data to map hemodynamic changes associated with dynamic EEG temporal features during motor-related brain activities. We localized and differentiated the hemodynamic activations corresponding to continuous EEG temporal dynamics across multiple motor execution and imagery tasks. Validation against conventional block fMRI analysis demonstrated high precision in identifying regions specific to motor activities, underscoring the accuracy of the EEG-driven model. Beyond the expected sensorimotor activations, the integrated analysis revealed supplementary coactivated regions showing significant negative covariation between blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activities and sensorimotor EEG alpha power, including the cerebellum, frontal, and temporal regions. These findings confirmed both the colocalization of EEG and fMRI activities in sensorimotor regions and a negative covariation between EEG alpha band power and BOLD changes. Moreover, the results provide novel insights into neurovascular coupling during motor execution and imagery on a brain-wide scale, advancing our understanding of the neural dynamics underlying motor functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 121311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling working memory impairment from grey matter volume changes in female patients with fibromyalgia: Moderating effect of depression","authors":"Ana Belén del Pino ,&nbsp;Irene Peláez ,&nbsp;Alejandro García-Romero ,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Fernández-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Paloma Barjola ,&nbsp;Vanesa Soto-León ,&nbsp;Antonio Oliviero ,&nbsp;Francisco Mercado","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patients with fibromyalgia are characterised by having, along with persistent chronic pain, cognitive impairments, mainly in working memory capacity. It has been suggested that abnormalities in fronto-parietal neural circuits might account for this dysfunction. However, limited body of neuroimaging research and mixed or inconsistent results have led to inconclusive evidence. Our investigation aimed to explore the neural links between working memory dysfunction and brain grey matter volume in fibromyalgia using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), considering the influence of pain and affective symptoms. Thirty female patients with fibromyalgia and twenty-seven healthy female individuals participated in the present investigation. Working memory functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) and the Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III). VBM data (global and regional grey matter volume) were also analysed. As expected, fibromyalgia patients scored lower on Arithmetic, Letter-Number Sequencing and Working Memory Index than healthy individuals. Nonetheless, we found no differences in grey matter volume between groups. Moderation analyses highlighted the importance of considering affective symptoms of fibromyalgia, such as depression, to characterize associations between local grey matter volumes in the insula and prefrontal cortices (orbitofrontal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) with working memory functioning. These results suggest that moderate to severe symptoms of depression appear to be critical for understanding the emergence of associations between grey matter volume and working memory, offering valuable new insights into this complex relationship. Further research based on multimodal imaging approaches is needed to refine current findings and explore neural circuits underlying cognitive impairment in fibromyalgia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of neuroprognostic performance between manually and automatically computed gray-white matter ratios on brain computed tomography following cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Chih-Hung Wang ,&nbsp;Chu-Lin Tsai ,&nbsp;Hua Li ,&nbsp;Chin-Hua Su ,&nbsp;Tou-Yuan Tsai ,&nbsp;Joyce Tay ,&nbsp;Cheng-Yi Wu ,&nbsp;Meng-Che Wu ,&nbsp;Maximilian H.T. Schmieschek ,&nbsp;Oezguer A. Onur ,&nbsp;Chien-Chang Lee ,&nbsp;Chien-Hua Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To compare the prognostic accuracy of manually (mGWR) and automatically (aGWR) computed gray-white matter ratios on brain computed tomography for predicting neurological outcomes in adult post-cardiac arrest patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We systematically searched the PubMed and Embase databases from their inception to August 2024. Studies providing sufficient data on mGWR or aGWR to predict neurological outcomes in adult post-cardiac arrest patients were selected. A Bayesian bivariate random-effects meta-analysis model was used to synthesize data. Between-study heterogeneity was quantified using the <em>I²</em> statistic, and publication bias was assessed with Deek’s test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 42 studies, involving 8104 patients, were included in the meta-analysis (mGWR: 41 studies, 6843 patients; aGWR: 5 studies, 1261 patients; 4 studies reported both mGWR and aGWR). The pooled area under the curve (AUC) for mGWR was 0.77 (95 % credible interval [CrI], 0.73–0.81; <em>I²</em>, 100 %), with a pooled sensitivity of 0.55 (95 % CrI, 0.50–0.61) and specificity of 0.96 (95 % CrI, 0.93–0.99). For aGWR, the pooled AUC was 0.84 (95 % CrI, 0.81–0.87; <em>I²</em>, 98 %), with a pooled sensitivity of 0.53 (95 % CrI, 0.34–0.71) and specificity of 0.95 (95 % CrI, 0.88–0.99). Subgroup analyses did not identify the source causing the heterogeneity, including brain regions for GWR calculations, GWR calculation formulas, and threshold values. No significant publication bias was found (mGWR, <em>p</em> = 0.28; aGWR, <em>p</em> = 0.79).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The neuroprognostic performance of mGWR and aGWR was comparable, with a slightly higher AUC for aGWR. aGWR shows potential as a standardized imaging biomarker for guiding treatment decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of cortical excitability in awake rhesus macaques with transcranial magnetic stimulation: Translational insights from recruitment curves","authors":"Anna Padányi ,&nbsp;Balázs Knakker ,&nbsp;Balázs Lendvai ,&nbsp;István Hernádi","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cortical excitability (CE) is commonly assessed via motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sp-TMS). While the motor threshold (MT) remains the most widely used measure of CE, it provides a limited, one-dimensional measure based on a fixed MEP amplitude criterion. In contrast, the recruitment curve (RC) offers a more comprehensive characterization of corticospinal recruitment dynamics. To date, the few available preclinical TMS studies measuring RC in non-human primates have been conducted under anaesthesia with limited translational relevance. Hence, we characterised CE in 20 sessions of 4 awake rhesus macaques by recording RCs at nine stimulation intensity levels and parametrising them using exponentiated sigmoid functions. The traditional 100 µV MEP MT criterion level (SI_100µV) aligned most closely with the inflection point of the RC sigmoid fit and was consistent with relative frequency-based traditional MT (tradMT) measured in separate sessions. The onset of the logarithmic recruitment phase of the sigmoid (lower ankle point) was found at 0.9 × SI_100µV/tradMT. Well-formed MEPs were measured below the SI_100µV/tradMT, but not below the lower ankle point, which is a physiologically relevant response threshold. Thus, in rhesus macaques the 100-µV criterion may be suitable to approximate the RC inflection point, but not the physiological motor threshold. The overall RC shape was consistent with previous human data, however, plateau MEP amplitudes were substantially smaller than those reported in humans. These results lay the groundwork for the adaptation of TMS protocols and CE metrics to non-human primates that is necessary for translationally valid research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiometabolic state links neurovascular burden with brain structure and function: Evidence from EEG and MRI","authors":"Daniel Franco-O’Byrne ,&nbsp;Ana M. Castro-Laguardia ,&nbsp;Carolina Delgado ,&nbsp;James M. Shine ,&nbsp;David Huepe ,&nbsp;Raul González-Gomez ,&nbsp;Enzo Tagliazucchi ,&nbsp;Cecilia Gonzalez-Campo ,&nbsp;Agustín Ibañez ,&nbsp;Vicente Medel","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aging affects brain structure and function alongside metabolic and vascular processes leading to energetic impairments. While local neurometabolic dysfunction in aging is well-documented, the influence of systemic cardiometabolic and vascular markers on brain structure and function remains less understood. We examine the link between cardiometabolic dysfunction (measured by an allostatic load index) and neurovascular burden (measured by white matter hyperintensities), and their associations with brain changes, including ventricular and hippocampal volume, as well as EEG activity, across the adult lifesplan. Analyzing data from 196 healthy individuals across ages (20–75 years), we found a significant positive correlation between allostatic load index and white-matter hyperintensities, irrespective of age. White matter hyperintensities are also positively linked with ventricular enlargement, but not hippocampal atrophy. The allostatic load index mediated the relationship between white-matter hyperintensities and ventricular volume. Regarding brain function, changes in the spectral aperiodic exponent but not periodic alpha power were linked to white matter hyperintensities and the allostatic load index. The allostatic load index also mediated the relationship between spectral aperiodic exponent and white matter hyperintensities. Thus, findings suggest that the cardiometabolic state, as measured by the allostatic load index, plays a crucial role in brain health in aging, particularly influencing ventricular enlargement and increased aperiodic activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121308"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional variation in cerebral oxygen metabolism during acute severe hypoxia with temporary cognitive impairment","authors":"Daehun Kang ,&nbsp;Koji Uchida ,&nbsp;Clifton R. Haider ,&nbsp;Norbert G. Campeau ,&nbsp;Myung-Ho In ,&nbsp;Erin M. Gray ,&nbsp;Joshua D. Trzasko ,&nbsp;Kirk M. Welker ,&nbsp;Jeffrey L. Gunter ,&nbsp;Matt A. Bernstein ,&nbsp;Max R. Trenerry ,&nbsp;David R. Holmes III ,&nbsp;Michael J. Joyner ,&nbsp;Timothy B. Curry ,&nbsp;John Huston III ,&nbsp;Yunhong Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute exposure to severe hypoxia impairs cognitive performance, yet the integrated brain mechanisms underlying this temporary decline remain unclear. This study examined regional variations in cerebral oxygen metabolism during acute hypoxia and their relationship to cognitive impairment. Eleven young, healthy participants (26.5 ± 4.5 years old) performed the Go/No-Go task during two sessions, each of which includes three minutes of hypoxia (FiO₂ = 7.7 %). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was assessed using pCASL MRI in one session, while blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals were acquired in another. Fractional changes in CBF (<em>δCBF</em>) and BOLD (<em>δBOLD</em>) were combined using a modified Davis model, adjusted for physiological differences between normoxia and acute and severe hypoxia, to calculate the fractional change in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (<em>δCMRO₂</em>). Group-level z-normalized <em>δCMRO₂</em> maps revealed significant regional heterogeneity, with most pronounced reductions in areas associated with the dorsal and ventral attention networks and executive frontoparietal networks. These regions exhibited <em>δCMRO₂</em> reductions exceeding the hemispheric average (-9.6 ± 7.9 %) and were associated with increased commission errors during the Go/No-Go task, reflecting impaired inhibitory control and sustained attention. This study highlights the brain's adaptive prioritization of certain networks under oxygen deprivation, providing insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced cognitive impairments. These findings enhance our understanding of how acute hypoxia affects brain function, emphasizing the importance of network-specific adaptations in maintaining cognitive performance during oxygen deprivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121302"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heartbeat on hold: cortical processing of cardiac signals during motor preparation","authors":"Elena Mussini ,&nbsp;Andrea Zaccaro ,&nbsp;Mauro Gianni Perrucci ,&nbsp;Marcello Costantini ,&nbsp;Francesca Ferri","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The brain and heart work together to optimize responses to environmental demands, with cardiac signals influencing perception and action. Cardiac deceleration, often associated with response inhibition, enhances the brain’s ability to encode stimuli and prepare for action, minimizing interference from internal signals. While this adaptive mechanism facilitates motor preparation, the reciprocal influence of cardiac signals and motor inhibition at the cortical level remains unclear.</div><div>This study investigated whether context-driven motor inhibition modulates cortical cardiac signal processing, as measured by the Heartbeat-Evoked Potential (HEP). Participants completed a Go/No-Go task with two contexts: low proactive inhibition (LPI, infrequent No-Go stimuli) and high proactive inhibition (HPI, frequent No-Go stimuli). EEG and ECG analyses focused on HEPs during the pre-stimulus phase, with the hypothesis that HPI would enhance HEP amplitude, particularly during motor preparation (HEP2).</div><div>Consistent with proactive inhibition strategies, participants displayed slower reaction times and reduced readiness potential (BP) amplitudes in the HPI condition, indicating reduced motor engagement during preparation compared to LPI. Crucially, HEP2 amplitudes were significantly higher during motor preparation in the HPI context, while no context-driven effects were observed for HEP1. Importantly, this modulation was independent of broader physiological adjustments, including cardiac deceleration.</div><div>These findings suggest that proactive inhibition contexts specifically enhance cardiac signal processing during motor preparation. This modulation highlights a functional link between cardiac processing and motor inhibition, likely serving an adaptive role in optimizing physiological and cognitive readiness for scenarios requiring restraint and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of artifact correction and artifact rejection on the performance of SVM- and LDA-based decoding of EEG signals","authors":"Guanghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Steven J. Luck","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous studies have demonstrated that eyeblinks and other large artifacts can decrease the signal-to-noise ratio of EEG data, resulting in decreased statistical power for conventional univariate analyses. However, it is not clear whether eliminating these artifacts during preprocessing enhances the performance of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA; <em>decoding</em>), especially given that artifact rejection reduces the number of trials available for training the decoder. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of artifact-minimization approaches on the decoding performance of support vector machines. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to correct ocular artifacts, and artifact rejection was used to discard trials with large voltage deflections from other sources (e.g., muscle artifacts). We assessed decoding performance in relatively simple binary classification tasks using data from seven commonly-used event-related potential paradigms (N170, mismatch negativity, N2pc, P3b, N400, lateralized readiness potential, and error-related negativity), as well as more challenging multi-way decoding tasks, including stimulus location and stimulus orientation. The results indicated that the combination of artifact correction and rejection did not improve decoding performance in the vast majority of cases. However, artifact correction may still be essential to minimize artifact-related confounds that might artificially inflate decoding accuracy. Researchers who are using similar methods to decode EEG data from paradigms, populations, and recording setups that are similar to those examined here may benefit from our recommendations to optimize decoding performance and avoid incorrect conclusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexpected feedback enhances episodic memory: Exploring signed and unsigned reward prediction errors with EEG","authors":"Yun Chen ,&nbsp;Chunyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Rong Liu ,&nbsp;Qi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reward prediction error (RPE) is crucial for learning and memory, yet its influence on episodic memory remains underexplored. Previous studies have shown two models for the influence of RPE on memory—signed RPE (SRPE) or unsigned RPE (URPE) effects. In the current study, thirty participants completed a prediction-feedback assessment integrated with a study-recognition task. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded throughout the experiment. Our results showed that recognition accuracy improved when rewards deviated from expectations, irrespective of the direction (positive or negative) of the deviation. EEG analyses revealed that during the recognition phase, the late positive component was predominantly associated with URPE effects. In the earlier time windows of reward feedback, FRN and P300 components reflected SRPE effects. In contrast, robust URPE effects emerged in the later time windows, as evidenced by both univariate and multivariate analyses. Importantly, the URPE effects of representational similarity were correlated with that of subsequent recognition performance. These findings demonstrate that RPE is differentially processed across memory encoding stages, with URPE exerting a dominant influence. Our results highlight the critical role of unexpected feedback in memory formation and provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying RPE in episodic memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 121303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}