NeuroImage最新文献

{"title":"The self-awareness brain network: Construction, characterization, and alterations in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder","authors":"Xiaoluan Xia ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Shiyang Xu ,&nbsp;Kaixin Li ,&nbsp;Qingxia Zhu ,&nbsp;Yuwen He ,&nbsp;Xinglin Zeng ,&nbsp;Lin Hua ,&nbsp;Shaohui Huang ,&nbsp;Zhen Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-awareness (SA) research is crucial for understanding cognition, social behavior, mental health, and education, but SA's underlying network architecture, particularly connectivity patterns, remains largely uncharted. We integrated meta-analytic findings with connectivity-behavior correlation analyses to systematically identify SA-related regions and connections in healthy adults. Edge-weighted networks capturing public, private, and composite SA dimensions were established, where weights represented correlation strengths between tractography-derived structural connectivities and SA levels quantified through behavioral assessments. Then, multilevel SA networks were extracted across a spectrum of correlation thresholds. Robust full-threshold analyses revealed their hierarchical continuum encompassing distinct lateralization patterns, topological transitions, and characteristic hourglass-like architectures. Pathological analysis demonstrated SA connectivity disruptions in schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD): approximately 40 % of SA-related connectivities were altered in SZ and 20 % in MDD, with 90 % of MDD alterations overlapping with SZ. While disease-specific and shared alterations were also observed in network-level topological properties, the core SA connectivity framework remained preserved in both disorders. Collectively, these findings significantly advanced our understanding of SA's neurobiological substrates and their pathological deviations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional divisions of the left anterior and posterior temporoparietal junction for phonological and semantic processing in Chinese character reading","authors":"Aqian Li ,&nbsp;Chuansheng Chen ,&nbsp;Yuan Feng ,&nbsp;Rui Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxue Feng ,&nbsp;Jingyu Yang ,&nbsp;Xingying Lin ,&nbsp;Leilei Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have shown that the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ) plays a critical role in word reading. Nevertheless, there is still controversy surrounding the phonological and semantic functions of the left TPJ. The parietal unified connectivity-biased computation (PUCC) model posits that the function of the left TPJ depends on both the neurocomputation of this local area and its long-range connectivity. To clarify the specific roles of different TPJ subregions in phonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters, the present study used connectivity-based clustering to identify seven subdivisions within the left TPJ, and conducted comprehensive analyses including functional and structural connectivity, univariate and multivariate analyses (i.e., representational similarity analysis, RSA) on multimodal imaging data (task-state fMRI, resting-state fMRI, and diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI]). Functional and structural connectivity analyses revealed that the left anterior TPJ had stronger connections with the phonological network, while the left posterior TPJ had stronger connections with the semantic network. RSA revealed that the left anterior and posterior TPJ represented phonological and semantic information of Chinese characters, respectively. More importantly, the phonological and semantic representations of the left TPJ were respectively correlated with its functional connectivity to the phonological and semantic networks. Altogether, our results provide a more elaborate perspective on the functional dissociation of the left anterior and posterior TPJ in phonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters, and support the PUCC model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121201"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Age-Related Differences in Speech and Gray Matter Volume: The Modulating Role of Multilingualism” [NeuroImage, 310 (2025) 121149]","authors":"Hanxiang Yu ,&nbsp;Keyi Kang ,&nbsp;Christos Pliatsikas ,&nbsp;Yushen Zhou ,&nbsp;Haoyun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking neural activity patterns during rapid high-altitude transitions","authors":"Ji-Yu Xie ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Shen ,&nbsp;Liying Wu ,&nbsp;Quanhao Yu ,&nbsp;Zhen Lyu ,&nbsp;Liangyuan Song ,&nbsp;Rui Yang ,&nbsp;Shuyi Ning ,&nbsp;Wenwen Duan ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Yimeng Liu ,&nbsp;Xuemin Wang ,&nbsp;Liping Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Weng ,&nbsp;Yonglan Du ,&nbsp;Xiao Li ,&nbsp;Taicheng Huang ,&nbsp;Hailin Ma ,&nbsp;Quansheng Gao ,&nbsp;Ti-Fei Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid adaptation to dynamic changes in the environment is critical for human survival. Extensive studies have observed human behavior and brain activity in a stable environment, but there is still a lack of understanding of how our brain's functional activity drives behavioral changes when the natural environment changes. Here, we used a virtual environment platform named the hypobaric hypoxia chamber to investigate how human neural oscillations and related behaviors are affected by changes in barometric pressure and oxygen levels at different altitudes. We found that physiological compensations occurred in the hypobaric hypoxic environment followed by an increase in altitude, resulting in faster response times in working memory tasks. High-density EEG analysis revealed a significant decrease in the alpha band at high altitudes, while delta band activity gradually increased with altitude. Moreover, a predictive model based on differences in brain regions across frequency bands identified the left supramarginal gyrus and left lingual gyrus as two hub regions strongly associated with hypoxia-related behavioral changes, and activations in the pallidum and amygdala could effectively decode the specific altitude at which humans are located. Our study underscores the potential of hypobaric hypoxia chambers as a powerful tool for dynamic high-altitude research and provides novel insights into how altitude-related changes shape human cognition and brain activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121197"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to measure functional connectivity using resting-state fMRI? A comprehensive empirical exploration of different connectivity metrics","authors":"Lukas Roell ,&nbsp;Stephan Wunderlich ,&nbsp;David Roell ,&nbsp;Florian Raabe ,&nbsp;Elias Wagner ,&nbsp;Zhuanghua Shi ,&nbsp;Andrea Schmitt ,&nbsp;Peter Falkai ,&nbsp;Sophia Stoecklein ,&nbsp;Daniel Keeser","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Functional connectivity in the context of functional magnetic resonance imaging is typically quantified by Pearson´s or partial correlation between regional time series of the blood oxygenation level dependent signal. However, a recent interdisciplinary methodological work proposes &gt;230 different metrics to measure similarity between different types of time series.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Hence, we systematically evaluated how the results of typical research approaches in functional neuroimaging vary depending on the functional connectivity metric of choice. We further explored which metrics most accurately detect presumed reductions in connectivity related to age and malignant brain tumors, aiming to initiate a debate on the best approaches for assessing brain connectivity in functional neuroimaging research.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We addressed both research questions using four independent neuroimaging datasets, comprising multimodal data from a total of 1187 individuals. We analyzed resting-state functional sequences to calculate functional connectivity using 20 representative metrics from four distinct mathematical domains. We further used T1- and T2-weighted images to compute regional brain volumes, diffusion-weighted imaging data to build structural connectomes, and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling to measure regional brain perfusion.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>First, our findings demonstrate that the results of typical functional neuroimaging approaches differ fundamentally depending on the functional connectivity metric of choice. Second, we show that correlational and distance metrics are most appropriate to cover reductions in connectivity linked to aging. In this context, partial correlation performs worse than other correlational metrics. Third, our findings suggest that the FC metric of choice depends on the utilized scanning parameters, the regions of interest, and the individual investigated. Lastly, beyond the major objective of this study, we provide evidence in favor of brain perfusion measured via pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling as a robust neural entity mirroring age-related neural and cognitive decline.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our empirical evaluation supports a recent theoretical functional connectivity framework. Future functional imaging studies need to comprehensively define the study-specific theoretical property of interest, the methodological property to assess the theoretical property, and the confounding property that may bias the conclusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121195"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The changes in neural complexity and connectivity in thalamocortical and cortico-cortical systems after propofol-induced unconsciousness in different temporal scales","authors":"Zhenhu Liang ,&nbsp;Luxin Fan ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Shu ,&nbsp;Duan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Li ,&nbsp;Tao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing studies have indicated neural activity across diverse temporal and spatial scales. However, the alterations in complexity, functional connectivity, and directional connectivity within the thalamocortical and corticocortical systems across various scales during propofol-induced unconsciousness remain uncertain. We analyzed the stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) from wakefulness to unconsciousness among the brain regions of the prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus. The complexity (examined by permutation entropy (PE)), functional connectivity (permutation mutual information (PMI)), and directional connectivity (symbolic conditional mutual information (SCMI) and directionality index (DI)) were calculated across various scales. In the lower-band frequency (0.1–45 Hz) SEEG, after the loss of consciousness, PE significantly decreased (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) in all regions and scales, except for the thalamus, which remained relatively unchanged at large scales (<em>τ</em>=32 ms). Following the loss of consciousness, inter-regional PMI either significantly increased or remained stable across different scales (<em>τ</em>=4 ms to 32 ms). During the unconscious state, SCMI between brain regions exhibited inconsistent changes across scales. In the late unconscious stage, the inter-regional DI across all scales indicated a shift from a balanced state of information flow between brain regions to a pattern where the prefrontal cortex and thalamus drive the temporal lobe. Our findings demonstrate that propofol-induced unconsciousness is associated with reduced cortical complexity, diverse functional connectivity, and a disrupted balance of information integration among thalamocortical and cortico-cortical systems. This study enhances the theoretical understanding of anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness by elucidating the scale- and region-specific effects of propofol on thalamocortical and cortico-cortical systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of methylphenidate on choice impulsivity is inversely associated with corpus callosum fiber integrity across sexes","authors":"Maryana Daood ,&nbsp;Leehe Peled-Avron ,&nbsp;Rachel Ben-Hayun ,&nbsp;Michael Nevat ,&nbsp;Judith Aharon-Peretz ,&nbsp;Rachel Tomer ,&nbsp;Roee Admon","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Choice impulsivity represents preference towards smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards. Extensive literature demonstrates that choice impulsivity can be manipulated using dopaminergic agonists such as methylphenidate (MPH), and that females exhibit elevated choice impulsivity compared to males. Sex differences are also frequently reported with respect to brain white matter (WM) fiber integrity. It has yet to be determined whether sex differences also exist in the impact of MPH on choice impulsivity, and whether these putative differences are accounted for by the integrity of differential WM fibers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty-eight healthy young adults completed the delay discounting (DD) task twice during MRI-DTI scans after receiving either MPH or placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design. WM fiber integrity was assessed using automated fiber quantification (AFQ) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared to placebo, MPH yielded significantly reduced choice impulsivity in males but not in females. DTI data revealed reduced integrity in multiple WM fibers in females compared to males. Interestingly, the impact of MPH on choice impulsivity was negatively associated with fiber integrity in the forceps major of the corpus callosum for males only and positively associated with fiber integrity in the forceps minor of the corpus callosum for females only.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Taken together, results uncover sex-specific effects of MPH on choice impulsivity, accounted for by inverse associations between choice impulsivity under MPH and the structural integrity of distinct segments of the corpus callosum. These findings highlight the need to consider sex differences in the neurobiological mechanisms of impulsivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121196"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding the sweet spot of memory modification: An fMRI study on episodic prediction error strength and type","authors":"Nina Liedtke ,&nbsp;Marius Boeltzig ,&nbsp;Falko Mecklenbrauck ,&nbsp;Sophie Siestrup ,&nbsp;Ricarda I. Schubotz","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research has highlighted the critical role of prediction errors (PEs) in signaling the need to adapt memory representations in response to unexpected changes in the environment. Yet, the influence of PE type and strength on memory remains underexplored. In this study, participants encoded naturalistic dialogues prior to undergoing fMRI scanning. During the fMRI session, they listened to dialogues that had been modified in their surface or gist, to varying extents. As expected, our findings revealed robust activation in the inferior frontal gyrus for all PEs. Notably, gist modifications elicited additional activations within the episodic memory network, including the hippocampus. A post-fMRI recognition test demonstrated that surface modifications had no significant impact on memory. Conversely, weak gist changes impaired memory for the original content and hindered learning of the modification. These weak gist changes also triggered activation in the parahippocampal cortex. These results underscore the importance of both the type and strength of PEs in shaping brain activations and memory outcomes, highlighting their complex interplay in cognitive processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous measurement of cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid flow using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling","authors":"Jae-Geun Im ,&nbsp;Jun-Hee Kim ,&nbsp;Sung-Hong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the brain clearance system, the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a key role in processing waste products. Previous studies have shown that CSF flow interacts significantly with cerebral blood flow (CBF) during brain waste clearance, but there are no simultaneous measurements and comparisons of these two metrics in humans. This study introduces a novel method for simultaneously measuring CSF pulsatile movement and CBF using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI. We conducted a comparative analysis of the correlation between CBF and CSF pulsatile movement in human subjects during breath-holding and motor task conditions. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed technique in measuring CSF pulsatile movement, as validated by comparing results with phase-contrast MRI at corresponding locations. Importantly, we observed a robust positive correlation between CBF and CSF pulsation concurrently measured through pCASL during breath-holding. Furthermore, through inter-subject comparisons of regional CBF and CSF pulsation, we established that higher blood perfusion in putamen, caudate, and pallidum regions, which are included in basal ganglia structure, corresponds to greater CSF pulsatile movement. Our motor tasks significantly increased CBF in the motor cortex, and CSF pulsation measured in the dorsal part around cisterna magna showed a decreasing tendency in the motor condition compared to the resting state, aligning with the Monroe-Kelly doctrine. Accordingly, these results demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous measurement of CBF and CSF pulsation using the proposed pCASL technique in humans, which warrants further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143812013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinal and corticospinal excitability changes with voluntary modulation of motor cortex oscillations","authors":"Ioana Susnoschi Luca,&nbsp;Aleksandra Vuckovic","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EEG neurofeedback (NF)-induced modulation of sensorimotor alpha (i.e., mu) rhythm on spinal and corticospinal tract (CST) excitability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty-three healthy volunteers participated in 3 sessions of EEG-NF for upregulation (N=24) or downregulation (N=19) of individual alpha oscillations at central location Cz. Spinal excitability was studied before and during NF using H-reflex of the <em>soleus</em> muscle, and CST excitability was tested before and after NF, through Motor-Evoked Potential (MEP) of the <em>tibialis anterior</em> muscle. Mu rhythm was extracted using current source density. Differences in MEP and H-reflex before and during/after NF were analysed using repeated measures analysis. The relationship with motor cortexcortical excitability was estimated through linear regression between change in MEP/H-reflex, and change in power of mu rhythm and the upper portion of mu rhythm, mu_h.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CST excitability changes were significantly correlated to change in mu_h (<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-value <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span> 0.044, <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>42</mn></mrow></math></span>), while spinal excitability changes were correlated to broad mu power modulation (<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-value <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span> 0.04, <span><math><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mo>&gt;</mo></math></span> 0.43). While no distinct effect of NF on spinal versus CST excitability was found, the correlations indicate an inverted U-shape relationship between cortical and subcortical excitability. The trends of the correlations between spinal/CST excitability change and EEG power change were preserved when participants were grouped by success at NF task, and by mu modulation outcome, indicating that the net effect of power change at Cz weighs more than the task the participants attempted to accomplish.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The consistent direction of mu power correlation with both MEP, tested after NF, and H-reflex, tested during NF, indicates that modifications in mu activity are associated with spinal and CST adaptations lasting beyond the NF session, evidencing neuroplasticity. Together with the inverted U-shape relationship found between amplitude of mu modulation and spinal/CST excitability change, the results provide support for further research and clinical implementation of NF to induce CNS plasticity, a prerequisite for effective neural rehabilitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}