Neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Language dominance effects on verbal list memory in older Spanish-English bilinguals.","authors":"Maria Fernanda Gavino, David P Salmon, Reina Mizrahi, Tamar H Gollan","doi":"10.1037/neu0001058","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study characterized how language dominance and language of testing affect word list learning in older bilinguals, using picture naming in the two languages as a continuous objective measure of bilingual proficiency level. No previous study examined language dominance effects on list learning in older bilinguals or provided detailed information about language dominance effects over multiple learning trials, even though these measures provide critical diagnostic information.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Forty older Spanish-English bilinguals were tested on two 10-word lists in each language, with two learning trials for each list, and with language of testing order counterbalanced between participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bilinguals recalled fewer words in both primacy and recency regions in the nondominant than in the dominant language, especially on Trial 1 (language dominance effects were 8.5 times larger on Trial 1 than Trial 2, after adjusting proportionally for baseline recall). The extent of language dominance was significantly correlated across picture naming and list learning, but only on Trial 1. Finally, language dominance effects were proportionally weaker on list learning (even on Trial 1) than in picture naming.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>List learning is a hybrid comprehension/production task that is less affected by bilingualism than pure production tasks. However, testing list learning in a nondominant language can distort assessment of memory, particularly on some critical measures. Use of an independent objective measure of language proficiency provides a more precise indication of the extent to which language dominance should affect list learning in older bilinguals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"282-295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12758603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145756685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relations of left ventricular mass and hypertrophy to cognitive function in urban dwelling African American and White adults.","authors":"Eduardo A Alsina, Wyatt T Marshall, Shaline Escarfulleri, Michele K Evans, Alan B Zonderman, Shari R Waldstein","doi":"10.1037/neu0001053","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Evaluate the relations of left ventricular mass (LVM) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to cognitive function in midlife adults and examine potential moderating influences of self-identified race and poverty status.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 1,107 African American and White urban-dwelling adults (<i>M</i>_age = 52.19, 60.4% female, 56.5% African American, 34% below 125% of the poverty line) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study. Multivariable linear regressions examined up to three-way interactions of LVM (and LVH), race, and poverty status to tests of attention, memory, executive function, verbal abilities, and perceptuo-motor speed. Covariates included demographic variables and cardiovascular disease risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant three- or two-way interactions of LVM (or LVH), race, or poverty status for any cognitive outcome. Backward elimination identified significant main effects of LVM on the Brief Test of Attention (β = -0.089, <i>p</i> = .010) and Trails Making Test (TMT)-B (β = 0.072, <i>p</i> = .021). Main effects of LVH were significant for the Brief Test of Attention (β = -0.075, <i>p</i> = .017), TMT-B (β = 0.071, <i>p</i> = .012), TMT-A (β = 0.078, <i>p</i> = .009), and Verbal Fluency (β = -0.067, <i>p</i> = .027). Both LVM and LVH were negatively associated with performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the presence of nonsignificant interactions, those with higher LVM (and LVH) displayed poorer performance on tests of divided attention, executive function, semantic verbal fluency, and perceptuo-motor speed. Findings may reflect the early emergence of neurocognitive changes associated with elevated cardiovascular risk in this largely middle-aged sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"254-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12673488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145513575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-related inhibitory decline: Examining inhibition subcomponents and their impact on sustained attention in healthy aging.","authors":"Ciara Treacy, Sophie C Andrews, Jacob M Levenstein","doi":"10.1037/neu0001049","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The inhibition deficit hypothesis postulates that inhibitory functioning declines with age, which negatively impacts other cognitive abilities. Yet still, the impact of healthy aging on inhibitory functioning remains unclear, with the multifaceted nature of inhibition often an overlooked factor. Moreover, no prior study has empirically tested whether inhibitory subcomponents explain differential age effects in sustained attention-an open question that this work aimed to address.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We cross-sectionally investigated the inhibition deficit hypothesis in 80 healthy older adults (<i>M</i>_age = 67.78 years, 44 female). We utilized the PsyToolkit platform to administer three inhibition tasks (i.e., flanker, Stroop, and go/no-go), each targeting a distinct subcomponent process, along with the Sustained Attention to Response Task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The flanker task had low internal consistency and was deemed unreliable. Semipartial correlations of the remaining inhibition measures with age resulted in significant positive relationships with task performance on the Stroop (errors: ρ = 0.337, <i>p</i> = .014; reaction time: ρ = 0.313, <i>p</i> = .028) and a negative association with the go/no-go (balanced integrated score: ρ = -0.471, <i>p</i> < .001), such that older individuals had more pronounced Stroop effects and worse overall go/no-go performance. Finally, go/no-go performance completely mediated the relationship between aging and sustained attention performance (<i>t</i> = -2.30, 95% CI [-0.05, -0.01]), while Stroop effects partially mediated this association (<i>t</i> = -2.16, 95% CI [-0.03, -0.002]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Age-related declines were observed across reliable inhibition tasks, lending support for the inhibition deficit hypothesis. The mediation findings demonstrate that inhibitory subcomponents account for age-related declines in sustained attention, over and beyond aging itself via an indirect path, representing an important cognitive domain to maintain throughout aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"240-253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the body and through the body: A multidimensional assessment of functional body representations, interoceptive dimensions, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Simona Raimo, Gina Ferrazzano, Antonella Di Vita, Mariachiara Gaita, Federica Satriano, Miriam Veneziano, Valentina Torchia, Daniele Belvisi, Giorgio Leodori, Angelo Collura, Elisabetta Signoriello, Giacomo Lus, Liana Palermo, Antonella Conte","doi":"10.1037/neu0001051","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological condition that affects physical, cognitive, and emotional functions, significantly impacting quality of life (QoL) even in its early stages. Beyond the typical motor, sensory, visual, and brainstem disorders usually assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, MS also impairs functional body representations and interoception, diminishing overall functioning and QoL. In this study, we aim to explore the relationships between functional body representations, interoceptive processes, and major clinical outcomes, including physical disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale), fatigue severity, and health-related QoL in people with MS.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fifty-nine people with MS were assessed with tasks assessing body representations, action-oriented and nonaction-oriented, and interoception.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Action-oriented and nonaction-oriented body representation performance was significantly associated with fatigue severity (<i>r</i> = -.337 and <i>r</i> = .301, respectively; <i>p</i>s ≤ .021), suggesting that body representations are particularly vulnerable to perceived fatigue in MS. In addition, fatigue severity and bowel/vesical dysfunction were positively correlated with the tendency to overestimate one's own interoceptive capabilities (<i>r</i> = .335 and <i>r</i> = .311, respectively; <i>p</i>s ≤ .017), highlighting the role of MS-related disability in interoception.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings underscore the importance of integrating assessments of body representation and interoception into clinical practice to guide therapeutic interventions aimed at improving people with MS outcomes and QoL. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"306-313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145743594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of proposer features on inequity aversion: A meta-analysis of event-related potential (ERP) studies.","authors":"Jian Liang, Chenxi Li, Qinqin Zheng, Xue Du","doi":"10.1037/neu0001061","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Identical information can be perceived differently depending on the framing in which it is presented. Consequently, individuals may exhibit varying degrees of inequity aversion toward objectively inequitable allocations depending on the proposer features. However, a precise characterization is still lacking regarding the role of proposer features in maintaining social fairness norms and their influence on the temporal dynamics of inequity aversion processing.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of event-related potential studies that explored the influence of proposer features on inequity aversion using the ultimatum game. This meta-analysis aimed to provide more temporal evidence for the underlying neural mechanisms and offer more support to the dual-system processing theory.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the fixed-effect model, the results revealed that proposer features induced significant amplitude changes of the feedback-related negativity (early, rapid processing of norm violations) and P300 (late, deeper processing) components. These two components respectively mapped the intuitive system (System 1) for automated processing and the deliberate system (System 2) for elaborate processing. In addition, subgroup analysis indicated that specific proposer features led to different processing patterns, which had different impacts on the feedback-related negativity and P300.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Taken together, proposer features significantly regulated the processing of the early and late stages of inequity aversion. Following processing by both intuitive and deliberate systems, proposer features facilitated more flexible decision making in fairness-related scenarios. These findings provided more evidence for the neural mechanism of inequity aversion and supported the dual-system processing theory of unfair decision making. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":"40 3","pages":"314-327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mediating effect of cognitive reserve on associations between processing speed and memory in older adults with and without multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Andrew Fox, Mark E Wagshul, Roee Holtzer","doi":"10.1037/neu0001054","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Slower processing speed is implicated in memory impairment in both aging and multiple sclerosis (MS). Cognitive reserve serves as a buffer against memory decline and dementia, but no studies have reported on its mediating effect on the associations between processing speed and memory. Therefore, we investigated whether cognitive reserve mediated the relationship between processing speed and verbal memory in older adults and whether the presence of MS modified this association.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Older adults with MS (<i>n</i> = 104; <i>M</i>_age = 64.84 ± 4.36 years) and healthy controls (HCs: <i>n</i> = 105; <i>M</i>_age = 68.33 ± 7.24 years) underwent neuropsychological testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Cognitive reserve was derived using residuals from a regression model predicting a modified total score of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status from demographic and brain integrity variables. Processing speed was assessed via the oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and memory via the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cognitive reserve fully mediated the association of Symbol Digit Modalities Test on Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: immediate recall when fully adjusted for covariates (indirect effect: <i>b</i> = 0.221, 95% bootstrap CI [0.120, 0.322]). For delayed recall, cognitive reserve partially mediated this association in adjusted models (<i>b</i> = 0.221, 95% bootstrap CI [0.124, 0.322]). Group status (i.e., older adults with MS vs. HC) did not significantly moderate the mediating effect of cognitive reserve on either outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cognitive reserve mediated associations between processing speed and memory performance in older adults with and without MS, highlighting its protective role against memory decline. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"296-305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12695057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145708690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognition in later life: The role of structural support and life satisfaction in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil).","authors":"Ari Alex Ramos, Liana Machado, Carolina Godoy, Lucas Martins Teixeira, Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa, Marcia Regina Cominetti, Cleusa Pinheiro Ferri","doi":"10.1037/neu0001066","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Emerging literature suggests later life adversity increases susceptibility to cognitive disorders, whereas structural support (defined here as social networks/contacts) and life satisfaction benefit cognitive health. However, evidence for these associations remains limited in low- and middle-income countries. To address this gap, the present study examined the associations of later life adverse (recent stressful events, neighborhood disadvantages, and multimorbidity) and favorable (structural support and life satisfaction) factors with cognitive outcomes in Brazil.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This population-based study utilized a nationally representative sample of 6,564 adults aged 50 and over, drawn from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging. Survey-weighted generalized linear models characterized the association of each relevant factor with cognitive performance, assessed through a global composite score derived from performance on tasks designed to measure temporal orientation, immediate and delayed memory recall, semantic fluency, and prospective memory. Two-way interaction models tested whether sex, race, or household income extreme quintiles modified significant associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the multivariable model, greater structural support (0.030, 95% CI [0.021, 0.040]) and life satisfaction (0.014, 95% CI [0.008, 0.019]) were strongly associated with better cognitive function, independent of demographic characteristics and the adverse factors investigated. Notably, the protective association of structural support on cognition was twice as strong among individuals self-identified as Black/Brown (0.039, 95% CI [0.025, 0.052]) compared to White participants (0.019, 95% CI [0.007, 0.032]) and over 2.5 times stronger for individuals in the lowest household income quintile (0.048, 95% CI [0.028, 0.069]) relative to those in the highest quintile (0.018, 95% CI [0.000, 0.035]). Among adverse experiences, only recent severe illness (-0.057, 95% CI [-0.090, -0.023]) was significantly associated with poorer cognition, potentially reflecting a combination of biological and psychosocial mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Public health initiatives should prioritize building community-based support structures and endeavor to target Black/Brown and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities while addressing factors that contribute to life satisfaction in later adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"269-281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145959747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood maltreatment and cognitive functioning from young adulthood to late midlife: A prospective study.","authors":"Molly Maxfield, Kellie Courtney, Stephanie Assuras, Jennifer J Manly, Cathy Spatz Widom","doi":"10.1037/neu0001042","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The negative consequences of childhood maltreatment have been documented across multiple domains, including cognitive functioning in midlife. This study examined the impact of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning into late midlife, changes over time, and the extent to which cognitive change over time predicted functional impairment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We use data from a prospective cohort design study in which individuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment (ages 0-11 years) and demographically matched controls without those histories were interviewed over five study waves: 1989-1995 (<i>N</i> = 1,196; <i>M</i>_age = 29.2 years), 2000-2002 (<i>N</i> = 896; <i>M</i>_age = 39.5 years), 2003-2005 (<i>N</i> = 808; <i>M</i>_age = 41.2 years), 2009-2010 (<i>N</i> = 649; <i>M</i>_age = 47.0 years), and 2022-2023 (<i>N</i> = 447; <i>M</i>_age = 59.4). Tasks assessing verbal intelligence, processing speed, and executive functioning were administered at multiple points, permitting examination of changes over time. The eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia assessed self-perceived change in functioning associated with dementing disorders. Linear mixed effects and structural equation models were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Childhood maltreatment predicted poorer performance on cognitive tasks in young adulthood and late midlife, except for Stroop, and predicted a steeper decline in performance on the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised and Trails B. Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised, Matrix Reasoning, and Trails A and B change scores predicted greater perceived functional decline on the eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia, whereas childhood maltreatment did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The effects of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning continue into late midlife, with worse performance on tasks assessing general intelligence, abstract visual reasoning, processing speed, and set-shifting compared with controls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"178-190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12616537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145308467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect evaluation of the positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA) positive psychological intervention model in patients with Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Haiping Huang, Ruhuang Zhu, Yi Zheng, Na Lin, Shaorui Bao, Meichun Shu, Xixi Ye","doi":"10.1037/neu0001047","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of positive psychological intervention based on the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment model for patients with Parkinson's disease.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 60 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups (a study group and a control group), receiving comprehensive intervention and routine nursing, respectively. Before and after the intervention, the motor function, quality of life, mental state, emotional fluctuation, and nursing satisfaction of the two groups were compared. The effect size of the comparison between the two groups was 0.35.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences in the scores of the two groups before the intervention (p > .05). After the intervention, the scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Mini-Mental State Examination in the study group were better than those in the control group (p < .001). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule assessment showed that the positive emotion score of the study group had significantly improved, and the negative emotion score had been significantly reduced (p < .001). Nursing satisfaction analysis showed that the overall satisfaction in the study group was 93.33%, which was higher than the 73.33% in the control group (p < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Positive psychological intervention can significantly improve the motor function, quality of life, and mental health of patients with Parkinson's disease and improve nursing satisfaction, which has good clinical application prospects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":"40 2","pages":"216-227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences and gender bias on memory tests in older adults.","authors":"Kirsty Lu, Jennifer M Nicholas, Rebecca E Street, Sarah-Naomi James, Vitor Zimmerer, Louisa P Needham, Marcus Richards, Sebastian J Crutch, Jonathan M Schott","doi":"10.1037/neu0001055","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Females typically perform slightly better than males on memory tests, but this may be partially explained by gender-related biases in remembering the test content. Sex/gender-related differences are underexplored on tests designed to detect subtle Alzheimer's disease-related memory impairment. We studied sex differences on memory tests among older adults, particularly focusing on the Face-Name test (FNAME-12). Specifically, we investigated whether participants were biased toward remembering stimuli that matched their own sex.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cognitively normal participants (n = 452) completed cognitive tests including FNAME-12 at baseline (aged ∼70 years) and follow-up (aged ∼73). FNAME-12 stimuli comprise male and female faces, with names and occupations. Recall and recognition were tested with delays of up to 7 days. We investigated how FNAME-12 outcomes were affected by stimulus gender and participant sex. We examined correlations between \"gender bias scores\" at baseline and follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women outperformed men on memory tests including FNAME-12. Men and women recalled more male than female stimuli, with this discrepancy being two to three times greater among men (baseline: men d = 0.52, women d = 0.15; follow-up: men d = 0.58, women d = 0.25). Seven-day retention rates for male stimuli were higher (recall d = 0.32; recognition d = 0.41). Baseline and follow-up \"gender bias scores\" were weakly to moderately correlated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We observed a gender bias on FNAME-12-particularly among male participants-where male stimuli were better remembered than female stimuli. This bias showed some consistency over ∼2.5 years. Sex differences on memory tests require careful interpretation, as they may be partially explained by gender-related bias in the learning and recall of test content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":"40 2","pages":"201-215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}