NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.018
Hui Wang , Haining Li , Jiawen Kou , Naderi Nejad Fatemeh , Yihao Peng , Yilin Qian , Chiyin Li , Wei Chen , Yuanping Zhou , Ming Zhang , Yingxiang Sun
{"title":"Enhanced volume and resting-state functional connectivity of amygdala subregions in patients with insomnia disorder","authors":"Hui Wang , Haining Li , Jiawen Kou , Naderi Nejad Fatemeh , Yihao Peng , Yilin Qian , Chiyin Li , Wei Chen , Yuanping Zhou , Ming Zhang , Yingxiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patients with insomnia disorder are particularly susceptible to emotional disturbances. However, the amygdala, a key region for emotional processing, remain poorly understood in this population. We aimed to investigate the functional and structural abnormalities in amygdala subregions to provide a more nuanced understanding of the emotional disturbances in insomnia patients. We ultimately analyzed MRI data and clinical scales from 35 individuals (24 female) with insomnia disorder and 28 healthy controls (20 female). The resting-state functional connectivity maps between whole brain regions with amygdala subregions were obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging of each subject. Additionally, FreeSurfer was employed to automatically extract whole amygdala and amygdala subregion volumes from T1-weighted imaging. We compared the connectivity maps and volumes with two-sample <em>t</em>-test and generalized linear models between the two groups, respectively. Statistically significant indicators were selected for correlation analysis with scales. Insomnia patients showed heightened resting-state functional connectivity compared to controls in the following areas: between the left basolateral amygdala and the bilateral cerebellum, posterior cingulate cortex, and left superior frontal gyrus; between the right centromedial amygdala and the right caudate nucleus and medial frontal gyrus; and between the left superficial amygdala and the left medial superior frontal gyrus, right cerebellum, and left precuneus. Notably, connectivity between the basolateral amygdala and the superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with depressive levels. Only the superficial amygdala volume showed increase in patients. The impairments of functional and structural in amygdala subregions may provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of insomnia disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"586 ","pages":"Pages 154-162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145075855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13Epub Date: 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.004
Oscar Alexis Becerra-Casillas, Karen Alejandra Diaz-Lozano, Hannia Melissa Galvan-Guerrero, Nayeli Huidobro, Rebeca Romo-Vazquez, Mario Treviño, Paulina Osuna-Carrasco, María Del Carmen Toro-Castillo, Braniff de la Torre-Valdovinos
{"title":"Temporal downscaling of movement reveals duration-dependent modulation of motor preparatory potentials in humans.","authors":"Oscar Alexis Becerra-Casillas, Karen Alejandra Diaz-Lozano, Hannia Melissa Galvan-Guerrero, Nayeli Huidobro, Rebeca Romo-Vazquez, Mario Treviño, Paulina Osuna-Carrasco, María Del Carmen Toro-Castillo, Braniff de la Torre-Valdovinos","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Voluntary movement requires the coordination of neural circuits that prepare, initiate, and execute motor actions. A well characterized neural marker of this process is the Readiness Potential, a slow negative deflection in scalp recorded electroencephalography that precedes voluntary movement. While the readiness potential has been extensively studied in brief and discrete actions, its temporal and spectral dynamics under conditions of increased movement duration remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how the readiness potential is modulated by the duration of voluntary forearm flexions lasting 2, 4, or 6 s. Electroencephalography, electromyographic, and kinematic data were collected from participants performing voluntary movements guided by visual countdown cues. The amplitude and frequency domain characteristics were analysed across multiple motor related cortical sites. Results showed that shorter movement durations elicited greater readiness potential amplitudes and stronger low frequency spectral components. In contrast, longer movements were associated with attenuated readiness potential responses and reduced spectral power, suggesting a more gradual recruitment of preparatory networks. These effects were consistent across participants and independent of inter movement interval variability. Statistical analysis confirmed significant modulation of both early and late readiness potential components across conditions. This study provides novel evidence that the cortical dynamics of motor preparation scale with the temporal demands of the intended action. Our findings establish a foundation for future research exploring the contribution of oscillatory activity, including beta band synchronization, to movement planning. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of time as a functional variable shaping preparatory brain states in voluntary action.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"157-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13Epub Date: 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.005
D S Peterson, A Hooyman, T N Takla, P G Monaghan, J Huisinga, M V Robers, N E Fritz
{"title":"Fall history moderates the relationship between concern about falling and reactive stepping performance in people with multiple sclerosis.","authors":"D S Peterson, A Hooyman, T N Takla, P G Monaghan, J Huisinga, M V Robers, N E Fritz","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reactive balance (quick motoric responses to an external balance challenge) and affective characteristics are linked to falls and negatively impacted in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). While previous studies indicate a potential link between these outcomes, little work has systematically evaluated these relationships, particularly in people with MS. The goal of this study was to assess the association between reactive balance and affect in people with MS, and whether fall-status moderates this relationship.</p><p><strong>Experimental procedures: </strong>Reactive balance, affect, and fall status were collected cross-sectionally in 109 people with MS. Reactive balance length and latency (in forward and backward directions) were related to Activities of Balance Confidence (ABC) and the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I; both continuous and dichotomous preparations) via linear models with and without retrospective fall status as a co-variate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed significant relationships between reactive stepping and affect. Relationships were more pronounced in backward losses of balance (rather than forward), and in temporal (step latency) rather than spatial (step length) outcomes. Finally, fall status moderated the reactive balance-affect relationship, such that people with MS and a fall history had a stronger and steeper relationship to affect than those without a fall history.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These data support a link between concerns of falling and reactive balance responses, both closely related to fall-risk. This information improves our understanding of maladaptive behaviors leading to falls, which may facilitate identification of targets to reduce falls and their sequelae.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"171-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12422064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.013
Wen-Can Ji , Can-Jun Wang , Xin-Hui Wang , Shan-Hu Qiu , Shao-Hua Wang
{"title":"Associations of plasma CDR1as with memory function and mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes: the mediating effect of α-synuclein","authors":"Wen-Can Ji , Can-Jun Wang , Xin-Hui Wang , Shan-Hu Qiu , Shao-Hua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antisense to the cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 transcript (CDR1as) and α-synuclein (α-Syn) are involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). CDR1as affects α-Syn gene expression, but further investigation is required to elucidate the relationship and potential mechanisms. Our objective was to examine the correlation between plasma CDR1as and MCI in T2DM patients, as well as the mediating role of α-Syn. The 579 recruited T2DM subjects were divided into 273 individuals with MCI and 306 controls with normal cognition. Plasma CDR1as and α-Syn levels were measured, and neuropsychological assessment data were analyzed. We evaluated the associations of CDR1as and α-Syn with MCI and memory function using multivariable regression analyses and restricted cubic spline (RCS) functions. Moreover, we examined the mediating effect of α-Syn by mediation analysis. After adjusting for confounders, CDR1as exhibited a protective association with MCI and memory function (<em>OR</em> = 0.45, 95 % confidence interval [<em>CI</em>]: 0.31–0.65; <em>β</em> = 0.29, 95 % <em>CI</em>: 0.17–0.40). α-Syn showed an inverse association with MCI and a positive correlation with memory function. CDR1as was positively associated with α-Syn. Additionally, mediation analysis revealed that the impact of CDR1as on MCI and memory function was partially mediated by α-Syn, with mediation effects of 34.03 % and 31.71 %, respectively. Elevated plasma CDR1as levels are associated with a protective effect against MCI, especially regarding memory function, and α-Syn may partially mediate this association.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"586 ","pages":"Pages 66-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145070051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13Epub Date: 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.001
Xianchen Wang, Can Pei, Jianbiao He, Jinyang Xu
{"title":"A deep learning model for diagnosing autism using brain time series.","authors":"Xianchen Wang, Can Pei, Jianbiao He, Jinyang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The early identification of autism is especially critical as it can significantly enhance the effectiveness of intervention strategies. However, the recognition task remains challenging due to the subtle differences between ASD patients and neurotypical individuals. The presented approach leverages a hybrid model that combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with an Attention mechanism, enabling the extraction of both long-term and short-term features for more accurate autism diagnosis. Additionally, we integrate a residual block with channel Attention to enhance feature fusion and mitigate the risk of network degradation. Innovatively, we introduce a sliding window-based data preprocessing method alongside a voting strategy and validate the framework using subject-level 5-fold cross-validation to ensure generalizability across data splits. Our model was evaluated on the Region of Interest (ROI) time series dataset from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE), achieving 73.1 % accuracy on the DOS brain atlas and 81.1 % on the HO brain atlas-outperforming baseline models. Moreover, we constructed brain functional connectivity topological structures for both ASD patients and healthy individuals, providing valuable resources for future autism research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"120-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13Epub Date: 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.035
Hua Zhang, Weiming Zeng, Boyang Wei, Lei Wang, Luhui Cai
{"title":"Exploring occupational neuroplasticity using a novel DAG-based effective connectivity model with fMRI.","authors":"Hua Zhang, Weiming Zeng, Boyang Wei, Lei Wang, Luhui Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Occupational neuroplasticity shaped by occupational experiences offers valuable insights into neuropsychological health, cognitive interventions, and occupational selection. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are still not fully understood. Currently, investigating these mechanisms by estimating effective connectivity (EC) networks from fMRI data represents a promising approach. Nevertheless, existing models face challenges including low temporal resolution, high dimensionality, and limited interpretability. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a novel DAG estimation model, GroupDAGs, which uses an M-matrix to construct acyclic constraints and incorporates modularity and group similarity. Compared to existing methods, GroupDAGs enhance the accuracy and interpretability of brain EC estimation. Its performance was extensively validated through simulations with various noise types and graph structures. Furthermore, using seafarers as an example, it was applied to collected pre- and post-voyage fMRI data to explore the neuro-causal mechanisms of occupational neuroplasticity. The results showed that seafarers' brain occupational neuroplasticity is reflected in enhanced brain network modularity, increased cerebellar specialization, and improved task-related attentional control and motor coordination abilities. Key brain regions in seafarers linked to changes in emotional regulation and social cognition were also identified. Together, this study not only introduces a novel method for calculating brain EC networks but also provides new evidence for occupation-related neural neuroplasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"146-156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13Epub Date: 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.002
Xingyue Zhang, Jin Zhang, Michael A Nitsche, Tian Yue, Feng Guo, Fengxue Qi
{"title":"Intensity-dependent transcranial direct current stimulation effects on lower limb strength: optimizing acute and prolonged gains in explosive force and maximal strength.","authors":"Xingyue Zhang, Jin Zhang, Michael A Nitsche, Tian Yue, Feng Guo, Fengxue Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regarding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), higher current intensities are not always associated with larger strength enhancement. This study systematically examined acute and chronic effects of tDCS intensity between 1 mA and 3 mA over the primary motor cortex (M1) on lower limb explosive and maximal strength. Seventy participants were randomly allocated to four groups receiving 10 sessions of different tDCS intensities (1 mA, 2 mA, 3 mA, or sham) to the M1 for 20 min, with a 48 h interval between sessions, for four weeks. Lower limb muscle strength was assessed at baseline (T0), immediately after the first session (T1), 24 h after the tenth sessions (T2), and at the 1 week follow-up (T3), using the countermovement jump (CMJ) for CMJ height, and an isokinetic muscle strength test for peak torque (PT) of the bilateral knee and ankle. There was a significant improvement in explosive and maximal strength after the multiple sessions of 2 mA and 3 mA tDCS, maintained for at least 1 week. But the single session of tDCS at intensities between 1 mA and 3 mA over the M1 did not sufficient to result in acute effects on lower limb explosive and maximum knee PT.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"136-145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13Epub Date: 2025-07-02DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.030
Anthony T Cacace, John L Woodard
{"title":"Audiological characteristics of blast-induced hearing loss and tinnitus: unique outcomes in select cases.","authors":"Anthony T Cacace, John L Woodard","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Auditory perceptual, electroacoustic, and questionnaire-based outcomes were examined in twenty-one adults following blast overpressures. Pure-tone thresholds, monosyllabic word recognition in quiet and in noise, wide band middle ear power reflectance, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, loudness perception, tinnitus-loudness levels, and questionnaire-based assessment of self-perceived tinnitus handicap were evaluated. Audiometric data were characterized by normal pure-tone thresholds, noise-notched profiles, downward sloping, and flat audiometric losses. Within these data, two unique and novel outcomes were identified: (1) subgroups of individuals having normal pure-tone thresholds with distinctly abnormal DPOAE microstructure and (2) subgroups of individuals having reverse slope audiograms with and without concomitant high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Results from the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire were uncorrelated with any of the audiometric measures. Loudness hyperacusis was absent and cochlear synaptopathy was not convincingly observed in any of the enrollees. The assessment of individual differences was a key determinant that allowed for identification of these unique audiologic outcomes. Notably, these effects would have been missed if \"averaged\" results were the principal data analysis strategy used across subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"103-119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeurosciencePub Date : 2025-09-13Epub Date: 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.046
Hamid Abbasi, Shoroog Allogmanny, Sara Khoshdooz, Ali Asgarzade, Yasmine Probst
{"title":"Exploring the Link of Serum Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine Concentrations in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: An Umbrella Meta-analysis of Case-control Studies.","authors":"Hamid Abbasi, Shoroog Allogmanny, Sara Khoshdooz, Ali Asgarzade, Yasmine Probst","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system resulting in myelin demyelination. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews indicate that serum concentrations of vitamin B12 (VB12), folate, and homocysteine (Hcy) may be associated with MS pathogenesis. This umbrella review aims to investigate the association of serum VB12, folate, and Hcy concentrations in participants living with MS. Databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched to attain meta-analysis and systematic review studies published up to December 2024. For our review the following framework was used: Population (participants diagnosed with MS), Exposure (serum concentrations of Hcy, VB12, and folate), Comparison (healthy control), and Outcome (pooled serum concentrations of folate, VB12, and Hcy). Five meta-analyses (published 2011 to 2022) with 15 effect sizes were eligible for inclusion. Our analyses reveal that lower serum levels of VB12 and folate were detected in participants living with MS (SMD: -0.14, 95 % CI: -0.25, -0.04; SMD: -0.09, 95 % CI: -0.18, -0.00, respectively), while serum concentration of Hcy were meaningfully higher in people living with MS (SMD: 1.02, 95 % CI: 0.37, 1.68). Our umbrella review demonstrates that participants living with MS exhibit significantly elevated serum Hcy levels, along with reduced concentrations of VB12 and folate, compared to healthy controls. Further high-quality research is required to clarify the potential role of these biomarkers in the pathogenesis of MS and to explore if sex-differences exist.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review of the TGF-β1 pathway in Alzheimer’s disease and depression: Possible restoration potential of antidepressants","authors":"Ioannidou Eleni , Vavilis Theofanis , Bourtzos Zisis , Stamoula Eleni","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is increasing rapidly in prevalence, while Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the most frequent psychiatric condition, continues to pose significant global healthcare challenges. Recent hypotheses suggest that AD and MDD might be interrelated, potentially sharing common pathophysiological mechanisms. One possible central link is the Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) pathway. Reduced TGF-β1 levels, a cytokine involved in inflammatory responses, have been observed in both conditions. In AD, diminished TGF-β1 might contribute to neurodegeneration and apoptosis, whereas in MDD it might lead to neurotransmitter dysregulation. The + 10C/C genotype of TGF-β1 may increase susceptibility to both disorders. Additionally, the detection of cortical β-amyloid (Aβ) in non-demented depressed patients and elevated Aβ levels in depressed AD patients compared with non-depressed AD patients might indicate overlapping mechanisms. These findings have led to growing interest in whether antidepressants, including SSRIs, SNRIs, TeCAs, TCAs, and ketamine, might have therapeutic potential in AD. Some preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that certain antidepressants, such as SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, vortioxetine), SNRIs (venlafaxine), and ketamine, may exert neuroprotective effects or modulate Aβ toxicity. However, the evidence remains inconsistent and sometimes contradictory. Moreover, possible adverse effects, including the risk that long-term antidepressant use might worsen cognitive decline or accelerate cellular aging via pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, have been reported. These uncertainties highlight the need for further rigorous investigation to determine whether antidepressants could represent a viable therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer’s Disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"585 ","pages":"Pages 429-440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}