Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Epigenetic regulation of aggression-linked genes following prenatal stress enhances risk for sexual aggression in male rat offspring","authors":"Elvis Mbiydzenyuy Ngala ,&nbsp;Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Samantha Womersley ,&nbsp;Tarryn Willmer ,&nbsp;Thando W. Shabangu ,&nbsp;Lihle Qulu-Appiah","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early-life psychosocial adversity can shape adult behaviour through enduring epigenetic mechanisms, yet the neurobiological pathways linking parental stress to offspring socio-affective behaviour remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether paternal social isolation and maternal prenatal stress are associated with persistent DNA methylation differences in aggression- and stress-related neurochemical receptor genes in male rat offspring, and whether these molecular alterations co-occur with changes in aggression-like and maladaptive mating behaviour. Male Wistar rats were generated from F0 males housed either in groups or in social isolation and from dams exposed to prenatal restraint stress or control conditions. In adulthood, male offspring were assessed for aggression-like behaviour using the resident–intruder test and for maladaptive mating attempts toward non-receptive females using the Sexual Aggression Test, a rodent paradigm capturing forced or inappropriate mating behaviour. Targeted DNA methylation profiling of the androgen receptor, corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1, oxytocin receptor, and serotonin receptor 1A genes was performed using pyrosequencing in the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex. Paternal social isolation was associated with increased methylation of stress- and androgen-related genes in limbic and prefrontal regions, whereas prenatal stress was linked to region-specific alterations in oxytocinergic and serotonergic gene methylation. These epigenetic patterns co-occurred with heightened aggression-like behaviour and increased maladaptive mating attempts in offspring from stress-exposed lineages. Despite modest methylation effects and model limitations, the findings suggest paternal and prenatal stress jointly shape offspring socio-affective behaviour through region-specific epigenetic variation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"597 ","pages":"Pages 62-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146065599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of different noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation frequencies on postural control responses","authors":"Tsubasa Mitsutake ,&nbsp;Motomichi Sonobe","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) can improve postural stability by delivering subthreshold electrical noise to the vestibular system. However, the frequency-specific effects of nGVS on postural control responses—particularly those involving the center of mass (COM) recovery force and movement strategies—remain unclear. We investigated how different nGVS frequencies affect postural control, estimating COM fluctuations using a rigid pendulum model. Thirty-two healthy adults (mean age, 20.3 ± 1.2 years; 19 females) underwent three interventions: sham nGVS, low-frequency nGVS (LF-nGVS, 0–100 Hz), or high-frequency nGVS (HF-nGVS, 100–640 Hz), each with a 200 µA current (0 µA for the sham). During each 40-s trial, participants stood on a platform with eyes closed and the middle 30 s were analyzed. Inertial measurement units were affixed to the occipital protuberance to capture head kinematics. Postural control was assessed using conventional metrics (e.g., center of foot pressure [COP], COM sway, and head acceleration) and novel indicators of COM recovery force and head acceleration control based on motor strategies. Both LF-nGVS and HF-nGVS significantly reduced several indices, including COP velocity and head angular velocity, compared with sham stimulation. No significant differences were observed between LF-nGVS and HF-nGVS. Head acceleration was significantly correlated with COM recovery force and joint movement strategies in both stimulation conditions. Although the mechanism of neural network activity at different stimulation frequencies requires careful interpretation, these findings suggest that COM recovery and associated motor strategies contribute to nGVS-induced postural improvements, providing insights into its neuromechanistic effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"597 ","pages":"Pages 106-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146093429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging ancient substances and modern psychiatry: the role of classic psychedelics in depression treatment","authors":"Guilherme Lodetti,&nbsp;Gislaine Zilli Réus,&nbsp;Eduardo Pacheco Rico","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmacotherapy for MDD is commonly prescribed to patients, yet fewer than half achieve remission. Moreover, many patients exhibit intolerant responses to pharmacological treatment, highlighting the need to explore new forms of therapy. The present work provides a narrative review of classic psychedelics as an alternative to MDD treatment. In addition, mechanisms by which psychedelics exert antidepressant effects are discussed. A literature review of recent studies regarding psychedelics used for the treatment of depressive disorders. The main search platform for relevant indexed articles used was PubMed, using keywords such as psychedelics, MDD, depression, and treatment. Studies have shown that classic psychedelics mainly bind to 5-HT2A receptors, increasing interaction between sensory and somatomotor brain networks. These substances play a significant role in treating psychiatric disorders. Also, classic psychedelics generate long-term behavioural responses comparable to traditional treatments. Therefore, they are strongly associated with the management of these conditions. Recent studies have shown that classic psychedelics yield favourable outcomes in alleviating symptoms of depression. This has been observed in clinical and experimental investigations. The improvement in mood is thought to arise from their influence on molecular targets associated with neuroplasticity, including the promotion of neurogenesis and the behavioural responses linked to downstream and upstream signalling pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"597 ","pages":"Pages 38-49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber-type-specific architecture and pathophysiology of the neuromuscular junction","authors":"Rizwan Qaisar","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse essential for translating neuronal signals into muscle contraction. This review examines the complex structural, functional, and molecular differences in NMJs that innervate fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. Fast-twitch fibers, optimized for rapid and powerful contractions, possess elaborate NMJs with deep folds, high neurotransmitter turnover, and greater vulnerability to synaptic fatigue and degeneration. In contrast, slow-twitch fiber NMJs exhibit simpler but more stable architectures that support sustained, fatigue-resistant activity.</div><div>These differences are not fixed but subject to activity-dependent plasticity and pathological remodeling. Chronic stimulation, injury, and aging influence NMJ morphology, with fast-twitch junctions more prone to degeneration in conditions such as ALS, myasthenia gravis, and diabetic neuropathy. Slow-twitch NMJs often resist early deterioration due to superior trophic support, metabolic stability, and more robust expression of synaptic organizers, such as agrin and PGC-1α.</div><div>Several key signaling pathways, including agrin–MuSK–LRP4, Wnt/β-catenin, and neuregulin/ErbB, govern NMJ maintenance with fiber-type-specific nuances. These insights underscore the importance of tailoring therapeutic strategies to the muscle fiber phenotype. Gene therapies, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and biomaterial scaffolds are emerging as promising modalities for preserving or restoring NMJ integrity, especially in fast-twitch fibers at higher risk of degeneration.</div><div>Understanding fiber-type-specific NMJ biology enhances our understanding of motor control, muscle aging, and neuromuscular disease progression, and it opens pathways for precision therapeutics that target vulnerable synapses with structural and functional specificity. This review introduces a novel perspective by emphasizing fiber-type-specific NMJ differences and their implications for targeted therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"597 ","pages":"Pages 13-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gray-white matter contrast as an index of neurobiological alterations in anorexia nervosa","authors":"Sanberk Ugur ,&nbsp;Christopher R. Madan ,&nbsp;Valentina Meregalli ,&nbsp;Sofia Gentili ,&nbsp;Serena Giovannini ,&nbsp;Marco Romanelli ,&nbsp;Renzo Manara ,&nbsp;Angela Favaro ,&nbsp;Enrico Collantoni","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This neuroimaging study sought to characterize differences in cortical gray-white matter contrast (GWC) between individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and age-matched healthy controls (HC) and compare these findings with conventional cortical thickness (CT) measures. The study included 58 female participants (29 AN, 29 HC). T1-weighted images were acquired using a 3 T scanner and processed with FreeSurfer. GWC maps were calculated at each cortical vertex. Vertex-wise general linear models assessed group differences in GWC controlling for age only, and controlling for age and vertex-wise CT. A separate model tested CT differences. Models were corrected for multiple comparisons using cluster-wise correction. Spearman correlations related mean GWC in significant clusters to BMI at scan, age at onset, and illness duration. The age-only model revealed two clusters in the left hemisphere with higher GWC in patients with AN, namely the inferior temporal cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex. No clusters survived in the model controlling for age and CT. The CT analysis revealed no significant group differences. Mean GWC in clusters did not correlate with clinical severity indices in AN. Patients with AN exhibit focal increases in GWC despite the absence of detectable cortical thinning, suggesting that the GWC can provide complementary information in understanding the neurobiology of AN. The elimination of GWC differences when adjusting for CT likely reflects shared variance rather than true absence of effect. Lack of correlations with clinical indices may be due to limited sample size. Future longitudinal and multimodal studies are warranted to determine the underpinnings of GWC alterations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"596 ","pages":"Pages 68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145990135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-target therapeutic framework for Alzheimer’s disease: an integrative mechanistic review","authors":"Ousman Bajinka ,&nbsp;Lamarana Jallow ,&nbsp;Guven Ozdemir","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Background:</strong> Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly recognized as a multifactorial network disorder in which amyloid and tau pathology interact with mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, metabolic impairment, vascular dysregulation, and synaptic failure. This review provides an integrative, systems-level synthesis of these mechanisms with emphasis on diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase (2010–2025). Eligible studies included clinical trials, biomarker validation studies, cohort analyses, and mechanistic investigations. Evidence was synthesized by mechanistic domain with focus on cross-system interactions and translational relevance. Findings: Convergent data indicate that soluble Aβ species, tau propagation, glial dysregulation, insulin resistance, mitochondrial bioenergetic failure, lipid imbalance, and BBB dysfunction form a self-reinforcing neurodegenerative network. Diagnostic advances—including plasma p-tau181/217, Aβ42/40 ratio, GFAP, sTREM2, neuronal exosomes, and multimodal machine-learning models—enable earlier staging and refinement of therapeutic selection. Therapeutic development is shifting from linear amyloid removal to multi-target strategies incorporating anti-tau agents, glial-modulating compounds, metabolic and microbiome interventions, medical nutrition, and multidomain lifestyle programs. Across trials, combined strategies targeting interacting mechanisms demonstrate stronger biomarker and cognitive effects than single-axis approaches. Conclusions: AD management requires a systems-oriented therapeutic architecture in which interventions are selected based on mechanistic dominance, biomarker stage, and potential synergy. We outline a multi-target strategy integrating amyloid/tau modulation, neuroimmune regulation, metabolic-vascular stabilization, and synaptic support. Future work should prioritize biomarker-guided stratification, treatment sequencing, and prevention-oriented combination designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"596 ","pages":"Pages 143-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145952587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of personalized vs. non-personalized neurostimulation protocols in improving speech and limb reaction times","authors":"Fatemeh Tabari ,&nbsp;Joel Isaac Berger ,&nbsp;Arend W.A. Van Gemmert ,&nbsp;Melda Kunduk ,&nbsp;Karim Johari","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abnormal activity within supplementary motor area (SMA) has been associated with impaired speech and limb movement in neurological conditions. Normalizing aberrant neural activity through non-invasive neuromodulation techniques over SMA has demonstrated promising effects in ameliorating motor and non-motor functions. However, there is limited research on the application of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) over the left SMA as a potential non-invasive protocol to improve speech production. In this study, we examined the effects of several tES protocols, including high-definition transcranial alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), and direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), targeting the left SMA in neurotypical adults, on speech and limb reaction times. In a sham-controlled dual-experiment design, two groups of neurologically intact adult participants underwent multiple stimulation sessions: Experiment 1) sham HD-tACS, HD-tACS tuned to each individual’s frequency of maximal SMA beta activity (15–30 Hz) during speech (tuned-to-speech) or limb (tuned-to-limb), or HD-tRNS; Experiment 2) sham, anodal or cathodal HD-tDCS. Following the stimulation, the participants were instructed to perform a speech-limb interleaved task. Personalized beta HD-tACS and HD-tRNS – but not HD-tDCS – over the left SMA significantly improved reaction times for both speech and limb movement compared to sham. There was no difference in reaction times between HD-tACS and HD-tRNS for either speech or limb movement. These findings demonstrate comparable neuromodulatory effects of HD-tACS and HD-tRNS in improving speech and limb reaction times in younger adults. This study is exploratory and warrants replication with a larger sample within a single-group design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"596 ","pages":"Pages 158-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145965716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody drug conjugates in Alzheimer’s disease: emerging strategies and future directions","authors":"Mandana AmeliMojarad,&nbsp;Melika AmeliMojarad","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.12.053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.12.053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are emerging as a targeted therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), offering precise delivery of disease modifying agents with reduced systemic toxicity. By linking monoclonal antibodies to small-molecule payloads, ADCs hold promise in overcoming key challenges in AD treatment, including poor blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration and off-target effects. This review provides a critical synthesis of ADC strategies in neurodegeneration, with emphasis on molecular design, payload selection, and delivery mechanisms. Distinctively, we integrate lessons from oncology-based ADC development into the neurodegenerative context, highlighting how these cross disciplinary insights open new avenues for tackling multifactorial AD pathology, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau-related mechanisms. By outlining translational progress, ongoing clinical efforts, and future directions, this review positions ADCs not only as a promising precision medicine approach but also as a novel framework for advancing therapeutic innovation in complex neurodegenerative disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"596 ","pages":"Pages 45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145810771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal interference non-invasive deep brainstimulation: bibliometric, clinical translation and potential for neurorestoratology","authors":"Zhanxiang Lin ,&nbsp;Weixian Zeng ,&nbsp;Weili Zhu ,&nbsp;Cheng Tan ,&nbsp;Zicai Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.12.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.12.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a novel, non-invasive neuromodulation technique that effectively overcomes the depth and electric field dispersion issues of conventional transcranial electrical stimulation. TIS holds promise for achieving greater functional recovery than current neural repair methods. This study aims to assess the current status, trends, and hotspots in TIS development, review its evolution, explore its advanced applications in neurorestoratology, and provide theoretical and practical guidance for its future advancement.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A literature search was performed using the Web of Science database to identify TIS-related studies, and CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used for analysis and visualization. Additionally, PubMed databases were searched with subject terms and keywords to explore the development, evolution, and application of TIS technology in neurorestoratology.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusions</h3><div>A total of 127 relevant publications were included in the bibliometric analysis. Since the TIS technique was introduced in 2017, the number of related studies has grown annually. The United States and China lead in TIS research output. “Deep brain stimulation” is the most common keyword, highlighting the technique’s objectives and potential. The review results indicate that TIS is a safe and effective non-invasive deep brain stimulation method. Although the technology is still in the stages of computer simulations, animal studies, and small human trials, TIS is poised to become a promising tool for neurorestoratology, as the body of literature has expanded over the past 9 years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"596 ","pages":"Pages 90-104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145763474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations of brain activity in noise-exposed rats after transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation evaluated via fMRI","authors":"Nian Li ,&nbsp;Liqin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Tian ,&nbsp;Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Guodong Feng ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to explore the role of the central nervous system network outside the auditory system in the development process of noise − induced central injury. A noise-exposed rat model was established with unilateral narrow-band noise. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) measured hearing thresholds at Click and 8, 16, 24, 32 kHz pre- and post-noise exposure. Experimental rats were split into transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) and sham subgroups for 2-week intervention. Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) was performed on all groups (ta-VNS, sham, control) post-noise exposure and 2 weeks post-intervention. After noise exposure, 22 rats had elevated hearing thresholds at 8, 24, 32 kHz. fMRI revealed increased ALFF/ReHo in the entorhinal cortex, amygdalar cortex, and hippocampus, decreased values in the prelimbic cortex, basal forebrain, striatum, and cingulate cortex, and enhanced cingulate cortex-basal forebrain functional connectivity. The rats were divided into ta-VNS (n = 10) and sham (n = 12) subgroups for 2-week intervention. Compared with the control group (n = 9), both subgroups showed similar brain activation/inhibition in regions like the entorhinal cortex pre- vs. post-intervention. However, the ta-VNS group reversed noise-induced reduced neural activity in the prelimbic cortex and basal forebrain, and significantly enhanced their functional connectivity. Noise exposure increased entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala activity in rats, potentially linked to aversive emotions and abnormal auditory memory. The prelimbic cortex-centered network may gate noise-induced aversive perception, with cingulate cortex activity/connectivity disrupted. ta-VNS may alleviate such perception by reversing reduced neural activity in gating-related regions and enhancing their connectivity, plus strengthening brainstem-limbic and brainstem-cerebellum functional links.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"596 ","pages":"Pages 54-67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145990137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}