Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Differential modulation of cognitive control by approach and avoidance motivation","authors":"Yan Fei Ma ,&nbsp;Rong Cao ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Song Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The trade-off between proactive and reactive cognitive control refers to the dynamic regulation process by which individuals flexibly allocate cognitive resources according to task demands—representing a core feature of cognitive control flexibility. Previous research has shown that emotion can significantly affect this trade-off, but most studies have focused on emotional valence and arousal, lacking a systematic investigation into how emotional motivation influences the trade-off in cognitive control. Using the AX-Continuous Performance Task paradigm, the present study systematically examined the mechanisms by which different emotional motivations impact the trade-off between proactive and reactive control. Results showed that proactive control increased under both approach and avoidance motivation, as indicated by higher Proactive Control Index scores and larger CNV amplitudes than baseline. In contrast, reactive control improved only under avoidance motivation: behaviorally, avoidance enhanced BX performance, and electrophysiologically it produced a larger P3a amplitude than both approach and baseline. Approach motivation did not produce a reliable change in reactive control. These findings suggest that approach and avoidance motivation differentially modulate proactive and reactive control, thereby influencing the dynamic trade-off between cognitive control modes and revealing a regulatory process through which emotion may shape cognitive control strategy selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145990197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic stress facilitates behavioral engagement and alters lateral habenula activity during flexible decision making in a sex-dependent manner","authors":"Hayden R. Wright ,&nbsp;Zachary D.G. Fisher ,&nbsp;Ryan M. Schmid ,&nbsp;Sara R. Westbrook ,&nbsp;Riana A. Abeshima ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Giannotti ,&nbsp;Ryan J. McLaughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to integrate feedback and flexibly adjust behavior under shifting environmental demands is required to optimize decision-making strategies. Clinical and preclinical data indicate that individuals with stress-related disorders and rodents exposed to chronic stress exhibit impaired behavioral flexibility. The lateral habenula (LHb) has emerged as a key brain region contributing to the effects of stress on cognitive performance. However, the extent to which the LHb is recruited to fine-tune decision-making strategies, as well as the impacts of chronic stress on LHb recruitment during task performance, remain largely unknown. To this end, we used a three-week model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and performed <em>in vivo</em> fiber photometry to investigate Ca²⁺ transients in LHb neurons during an attentional set-shifting task in adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 7–12/sex/group). We found that CUS exposure did not significantly impair behavioral flexibility. Rather, CUS-exposed rats made fewer omissions and exhibited shorter response latencies compared to controls, suggesting enhanced task engagement. We also observed sex differences in LHb Ca²⁺ activity. In control animals, we found that male rats showed greater inhibition of LHb signal prior to decision making, and greater activation following trial outcome than females. These differences were normalized by CUS, resulting in similar signaling patterns across sexes. Altogether, these findings reveal that chronic stress alters LHb activity in a sex-dependent manner without overtly impairing behavioral flexibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146093440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing deep CNN architecture via hybrid Harris Hawks arithmetic algorithm for EEG meditation classification","authors":"Soniya Shakil Usgaonkar ,&nbsp;Damodar Reddy Edla ,&nbsp;Ramesh Dharavath","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meditation is a widely recognized practice that enhances mental well-being and cognitive function. Despite advances in EEG meditation neuroscience, challenges persist in extracting robust and interpretable features from complex, non-stationary EEG signals. Existing classification methods often rely on limited feature sets and traditional machine learning approaches. These methods lack comprehensive integration of advanced time–frequency analysis, deep learning, and modern nature-inspired optimization techniques. To address this gap, we introduce a hybrid EEG-based theta-band meditation classification framework that combines Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) and the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) to tune the parameters of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). EEG signals are pre-processed and converted into time–frequency images using the Stockwell Transform (S-transform). These images are fed into the proposed HHO-AOA-CNN framework, where HHO explores and AOA exploits to achieve effective hyper-parameter optimization. The optimized CNN is then used to classify EEG data into three categories: Vipassana (VIP), Isha Shoonya (IS), and Control (CTR). Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid model outperforms standalone HHO-CNN, AOA-CNN, and baseline CNN models. The proposed approach achieves an accuracy of 94.20%, indicating strong classification performance. Additionally, statistical measures such as best, worst, average fitness, and standard deviation confirm the stability and robustness of the hybrid optimizer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 100-110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146143012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopamine antagonists-induced parkinsonism: the crucial role of individual susceptibility associated to positive family history","authors":"Stefano Calzetti,&nbsp;Anna Negrotti","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 59-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isobolographic analysis of clonidine and clozapine’s antidepressant- and anxiogenic-like effects","authors":"Ali Arjangi ,&nbsp;Mohaddeseh Ebrahimi-Ghiri ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Khakpai ,&nbsp;Sakineh Alijanpour ,&nbsp;Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Clozapine, a second-line treatment for psychiatric disorders, exhibits high affinity for various neurotransmitter receptors. This study investigated the interaction between clozapine and α₂-adrenoceptor (α₂-AR) agents in modulating anxiety- and depression-like behaviors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Adult male NMRI mice were implanted with a guide cannula in the lateral ventricle and tested using the elevated plus maze (EPM) for anxiety-like behaviors and the forced swimming test (FST) for depression-like behaviors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Microinjection of the α₂-AR agonist clonidine (0.5 µg/mouse, icv) or the α₂-AR antagonist yohimbine (0.5 and 1 µg/mouse) reduced time spent and entries into the open arms of the EPM, suggesting anxiogenic-like effects. Subthreshold doses of clonidine (0.125 µg/mouse) or yohimbine (0.25 µg/mouse) induced an anxiogenic-like behavior in clozapine-treated mice. Meanwhile, clozapine/clonidine combinations decreased locomotor activity. All drugs alone reduced immobility time in the FST, indicating antidepressant-like properties. A subthreshold dose of clonidine decreased the immobility time of the lowest dose of clozapine in the FST. Isobologram analysis revealed additive or synergistic interactions between clonidine and clozapine in the EPM and FST, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The dual interaction profile between clonidine and clozapine highlights both the therapeutic potential and limitations of targeting the noradrenergic system for mood disorder treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A consistent white-matter lesion is associated with network-level structural and functional disconnection in chronic Broca’s aphasia","authors":"Yuki Kumagae,&nbsp;Atsushi Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Broca’s aphasia has traditionally been attributed to cortical damage in Broca’s area; however, emerging evidence suggests broader network-level dysfunction. This study investigated whether a consistent white-matter lesion underlies Broca’s aphasia and how its structural dysconnectivity (SDC) relates to functional network disruption and severity. We analyzed multimodal MRI data from patients with chronic Broca’s aphasia (n = 58). Voxel-based lesion overlap mapping (VLOM) revealed a focal white-matter lesion beneath the left central sulcus in 90% of patients with Broca’s aphasia. Logistic regression analysis showed that it distinguishes Broca’s aphasia from other aphasia types (Odds ratio = 149.2, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), suggesting a specific association rather than general anatomical vulnerability. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) identified perisylvian regions associated with aphasia severity. Notably, the core lesion was centrally embedded within these regions predictive of severity. Approximately 40% of the streamlines passing through the core lesion were connected to the predictor regions. Diffusion tractography revealed that the core lesion disrupted key pathways, including the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and frontal aslant tract (FAT). Network modeling indicated SDC extended to large-scale networks, including salience, default mode, and frontoparietal networks. Functional connectivity analyses revealed that the SDC arising from the core lesion was significantly correlated with the extent of widespread network-level functional dysconnectivity and overall language function (r &gt; 0.4, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), thereby linking the structural pathology to the functional network abnormalities. These findings suggest Broca’s aphasia reflects a consistent focal lesion associated with distributed structural and functional disconnection, underscoring network-level pathology beyond Broca’s area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 140-156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146166189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-frequency rTMS over the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex ameliorates gastrointestinal injury in patients with stroke: an fNIRS-HRV study","authors":"Lin Lv ,&nbsp;Zhenyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Fengli Bi ,&nbsp;Xueqin Liang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Li ,&nbsp;Chunxiao Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomic dysfunction resulting from damage to the central autonomic network is a common complication of acquired brain injury (ABI). The prefrontal and insular cortices regulate visceromotor autonomic functions, and gastrointestinal dysfunction following ABI may involve impaired autonomic innervation. While repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) shows potential for studying the top-down control of visceral processes, the mechanisms linking disrupted functional connectivity to autonomic dysfunction and the restorative effects of neuromodulation remain unclear.</div><div>Sixty-four ABI patients with acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) were randomized into a control group (CG, n = 32) and an rTMS group (TG, n = 32). Both groups received standard rehabilitation, while the TG additionally underwent 10 Hz rTMS over the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC-L) (five sessions per week for two weeks). Autonomic function was assessed via heart rate variability (HRV), and whole-brain functional connectivity was measured using 106-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Graph-theoretical network metrics were analyzed.</div><div>Compared to the CG, the TG showed reduced acute gastrointestinal injury scores, decreased low-frequency (LF) power, a lower low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio, and increased high-frequency (HF) power. Functional connectivity increased in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC-L), particularly with the right frontal pole, bilateral premotor cortices, and the left pre-motor/supplementary motor cortex. Global and local network efficiency also improved.</div><div>These findings indicate that VLPFC-L-targeted rTMS can restore neuroautonomic integration and gastrointestinal function in ABI patients. This study demonstrates the potential of fNIRS and HRV as complementary tools for assessing the effects of neuromodulation on autonomic circuits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 172-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146093466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes following prenatal cannabidiol exposure in male and female Sprague Dawley rat offspring","authors":"Sarah L. Baccetto ,&nbsp;Tallan Black ,&nbsp;Ilne L. Barnard ,&nbsp;Leah M. Macfarlane ,&nbsp;Genre B. Sanfuego ,&nbsp;Robert B. Laprairie ,&nbsp;John G. Howland","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.12.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.12.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cannabis</em> use, including among pregnant women, has increased in recent years due to legalization and other factors in several countries. Cannabidiol (CBD), one of <em>Cannabis’</em> main constituents, is often seen as a natural and safe substance and increasingly used for treating medical conditions such as pain, anxiety, and depression. Women report using CBD during pregnancy to alleviate pregnancy-related symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and chronic pain. However, few studies exist in the literature regarding the consequences of prenatal CBD exposure. In this study, we treated pregnant rats with CBD (5 and 10 mg/kg; i.p.) once daily from gestational day 6 to 20 and then tracked litter health parameters and conducted neurodevelopmental behavioral tests to assess how treatment affected development. Offspring exposed to CBD prenatally weighed less on postnatal day 1 and gained less weight before weaning on postnatal day 21. Treatment with 10 mg/kg CBD decreased performance in homing behaviour. Subtle changes in righting reflex during the first postnatal week were observed in offspring of litters treated with the higher dose of CBD. These differences resolved by postnatal day 21. No significant differences in a gait test, negative geotaxis, or grip strength were noted. The present results contribute to a growing body of evidence regarding the safety of CBD use during pregnancy and suggest that pregnant people and health care professionals should be cognizant of the potential adverse outcomes of prenatal CBD exposure on growth and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 72-83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145743280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ALS-associated mutant SOD1 protein can be eliminated in microglia culture by selective autophagy","authors":"Kumiko Murakami ,&nbsp;Norihiro Sudou ,&nbsp;Atushi Kurata ,&nbsp;Motoko Kawaguchi-Niida","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The acquired toxicity of the familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated mutant Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein has been implicated in motoneuron death, and cytosolic aggregates or inclusions have been observed in the cytoplasm of motoneurons, astrocytes, and neuronal axons but not in that of microglia. This study elucidates the mechanisms by which mutant SOD1 does not aggregate in and is cleared by microglia. We generated pcDNA3-<em>Venus</em>-tagged <em>SOD1</em> constructs: wild-type SOD1 and mutant SOD1 were used as controls, and the A4V, D90A, and G93A SOD1 mutants were used as disease-related constructs; these plasmids were introduced into the Ra2 microglia line for subsequent evaluation. In spinal cords collected from postsymptomatic G93A mice, very little aggregation of the mutant SOD1 protein was detected in microglia, consistent with previous reports. Our new findings, which were based on immunohistochemical, Western blot, and enzyme immunoassay analyses, revealed that the protein expression of mutant SOD1 in microglia is significantly lower than that of wild-type SOD1. Furthermore, we observed the recovery of mutant SOD1 protein levels in autophagy suppression experiments and its colocalization with WDFY3, a selective autophagy-related protein. These in vitro results demonstrate that only the mutant SOD1 protein (i.e., not wild-type SOD1) is degraded by selective autophagy. Furthermore, we found that both wild-type and mutant SOD1 are secreted directly from microglia. These findings provide an opportunity to elucidate the precise mechanism through which microglia manage mutant SOD1 proteins during the pathological process of ALS and are likely to lead to improvements in ALS treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TLR2 regulation of NF-κB and NLRP3-driven pyroptosis in Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"Lijun Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Yongkun Gui ,&nbsp;Dongli Li ,&nbsp;Kunyan Li ,&nbsp;Yayu Wang ,&nbsp;Yuming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although upregulation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) excessively activates pro-inflammatory microglia through Aβ peptides, it remains unclear whether TLR2 regulates neuronal pyroptosis via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We assessed TLR2 expression in peripheral blood from clinical samples and employed SH-SY5Y cells for initial screening. AD pathology was simulated by Aβ_1-42 stimulation, and pathway regulatory relationships were dissected through TLR2 knockdown, NF-κB overexpression, and NLRP3 activation experiments. APP/PS1 mice were treated with sh-TLR2. Results demonstrated that high TLR2 expression activated the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and promoted pyroptosis, while TLR2 silencing suppressed Aβ_1-42-driven pyroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting this pathway. NF-κB overexpression or NLRP3 activation partially reversed the protective effect of TLR2 silencing. <em>In vivo</em> experiments confirmed the role of TLR2 knockdown in AD mice. Thus, this study revealed that TLR2 drives neuronal pyroptosis via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, providing a novel therapeutic target for AD. These findings complement existing microglia-centered TLR2 research and broadens the understanding of neuroinflammatory regulation. However, SH-SY5Y cells differ from primary neurons in maturity, which may limit mechanistic extrapolation. Further validation in induced pluripotent stem cells-derived primary neurons or humanized mouse models will enhance the clinical translational potential of these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"598 ","pages":"Pages 85-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}