Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Peripheral pathway rerouting shapes whole-brain functional network.","authors":"Jin-Jing Hu, Yun-Ting Xiang, Bei-Bei Huo, Yi-Fei Zuo, Chen-Yi Peng, He-Wang, Jia-Jia Wu, Mou-Xiong Zheng, Jian-Guang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pathway rerouting is critical for severe peripheral nerve injury (PNI), which induces widespread neuroplastic alterations within the central nervous system, yet whether different rerouting approaches differentially affect whole-brain functional networks remains unknown. The present study investigated alterations in brain network organization following different peripheral pathway rerouting after PNI. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent complete left brachial plexus transection and were assigned to nerve repair, end-to-end nerve transfer, end-to-side nerve transfer, or untreated PNI groups. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired 7 months after surgery. Whole-brain functional connectivity matrices were constructed, and graph theoretical analysis was performed to assess global and nodal network properties, including global efficiency, nodal efficiency, and small-world characteristics. Rich-club, feeder, and local connections were further analyzed to characterize patterns of network reorganization. The results revealed significant differences in global efficiency, nodal efficiency, small-world organization and feeder connection among the four groups. Compared with the other reconstruction procedures, end-to-end nerve transfer showed reduced global efficiency, impaired small-world organization, lower nodal efficiency in subcortical regions, and increased functional connectivity and feeder connections, indicating reduced efficiency of large-scale information processing. In contrast, end-to-side nerve transfer preserved global efficiency, nodal efficiency, and small-world properties to a greater extent and was accompanied by more extensive increases in functional connectivity. These findings suggest that end-to-end nerve transfer appears to have a negative effect on the order of the whole-brain network, whereas end-to-side nerve transfer better preserves and restores network stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of phasic activity of the substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons during voluntary movement: a case for context.","authors":"Penelope A Young, Raad Nashmi","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite decades of research the role of the dopaminergic neurons (DANs) of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in movement and behaviour remains unclear and controversial. The classic model that equates tonic dopaminergic activity with permitting wanted movement and phasic activity with appetitive learning is no longer sufficient with the advent of evidence implicating phasic DAN activity with memory, novelty and saliency encoding, movement, exploration, and motivation. The aim of this review paper is to build a case that the appetitive and movement-related roles of phasic dopaminergic activity can be reconciled by the context in which the phasic activity is taking place. Specifically, we propose that SNc DAN phasic activity acts to integrate moment-by-moment motivational context with ongoing behaviour and thereby adds a motivational gain to contextually appropriate behaviours. We make this case by bringing together the findings of seminal works observing phasic SNc DAN activity at the onset of movement in motivated and unmotivated experimental paradigms, and optogenetic studies probing the causal effect of phasic dopamine (DA). Furthermore, we bring together evidence of phasic SNc DAN activity being responsive to changes in the novelty of an environmental stimulus and that its effect on behaviour may depend on the motivational nature of this stimulus. Finally, we propose possible circuits that might function to integrate memory into the motivational gain attributed to context-specific behaviours.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"186-196"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ferroptosis-neuroinflammation feedback loop in traumatic brain injury: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.","authors":"Yan Fang, Xiang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, with secondary injury processes such as ferroptosis and neuroinflammation adding to its detrimental effects. Recent studies reveal a profound bidirectional interaction. On one hand, inflammation drives ferroptosis by disrupting iron homeostasis through the IL-6/Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-hepcidin axis, impairing the system Xc^-/glutathione (GSH)/GPX4 antioxidant system and promoting immune cell infiltration. Conversely, ferroptotic cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and lipid peroxidation end-products like 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which activate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and fuel a neuroinflammatory vicious cycle. We further discuss emerging therapeutic approaches targeting this axis, including ferroptosis inhibitors (Fer-1, Lip-1), dual-regulatory agents (annexin A5, melatonin, and H₂S), and exosome-based delivery systems, while highlighting translational difficulties presented by the BBB and complex time windows. This review presents a framework to comprehend the interplay between ferroptosis and inflammation and to guide the development of dual-targeted treatments in TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"173-185"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creative thinking in humans and artificial intelligence: A comparative review of neural, molecular, and social mechanisms.","authors":"Hiroaki Matsushita, Tei-Ichi Nishiki","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Creative thinking drives the generation of novel and useful ideas, contributing to scientific progress and the resolution of social challenges. Evidence from the earliest stone tools, dating to approximately 3.3 million years ago, suggests that creativity among hominin ancestors played a key role in the emergence of human culture and civilization. Although creativity arises from brain activity, the underlying molecular mechanisms and neural substrates remain incompletely understood. Neurotransmitters involved in motivation, reward, and mood play crucial roles in promoting creative processes. Recent advances in high-resolution brain imaging have begun to identify both specific brain regions and large-scale neural networks associated with creative thinking. Meanwhile, rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI) raise questions about whether machines can exhibit forms of creativity once considered uniquely human. The integration of large language models, multimodal learning, and next-generation computing technologies, including quantum computing, may substantially expand the capabilities of AI systems. Simultaneously, these technological advances are generating new insights and discussions about the characteristics and limitations of human intellectual activity, thereby underscoring the importance of creativity. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular, neural, and social dimensions of creative thinking, compares the underlying characteristics of human and artificial creativity, and discusses how interactions between biological and AI may shape the future of creativity in the era of human-AI coexistence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic variants in NEF2L2 rs35652124 and GABRB3 rs2081648 genes: association with autism spectrum disorder in Iraqi children.","authors":"Zainab Mohammed Burhan, Wisam Hindawi Hoidy","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of complex etiology with substantial genetic contribution. Oxidative stress and GABAergic dysregulation are implicated in the pathophysiology of ASD. Both genetic variations in NEF2L2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, an antioxidant regulator) and GABRB3 (GABRB3 encodes the GABA-A receptor β3 subunit) may increase susceptibility to ASD. This is the first study of the two genes in this field in the context of the Iraqi children. Because the NEF2L2 control genotype distribution deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ² = 50.05, P < 0.0001), the NEF2L2 CT-genotype association below is reported as provisional pending independent genotyping verification; stratified subgroup findings are reported after Benjamini-Hochberg false-discovery-rate correction.This case-control study engaged 90 Iraqi children. Both GABRB3 rs2081648 and NEF2L2 rs35652124 polymorphisms were genotyped using Tetra-ARMS-PCR. GABA and NRF2 were also evaluated both using serum and protein, involved in elements of the oxidative stress, and biomarkers were analyzed. This study also conducted both a haplotype and an epistatic analysis. In exploratory analysis, the NEF2L2 rs35652124 CT genotype showed an apparent association with increased ASD risk; however, because the NEF2L2 control genotype distribution deviated severely from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this association is provisional and is not treated as a confirmed finding of this study. The GABRB3 rs2081648 CT genotype presented robust evidence of protection. The ASD group was found to have a significant decrease in both GABRB3 (43.8%) and NRF2 (43.7%) proteins. The combined biomarker panel for the ASD population was AUC = 0.834. The T-C haplotype presented the most pronounced risk (OR = 2.84, P = 0.003; FDR q = 0.012). The two-locus epistatic interaction (P = 0.028, based on 1,000 permutations) is preliminary pending a confirmatory 10,000-permutation analysis. The GABRB3 polymorphism and serum GABRB3/NRF2 biomarkers are associated with GABA-mediated impairments in ASD in Iraqi children; the NEF2L2 CT-genotype association remains exploratory pending independent genotyping verification.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial convergence of alternative polyadenylation changes across ALS-Associated RNA-Binding proteins.","authors":"Changhe Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alternative polyadenylation (APA) regulates transcript 3'-end architecture, stability, localization, and translation. Although RNA-binding protein dysfunction is central to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), whether different ALS-associated proteins cause shared APA abnormalities remains unclear. We analyzed poly(A)-site usage after TDP-43 knockdown, TDP-43 K263E expression, FUS knockout, FUS P525L expression, and MATR3 knockout. Using false-discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 as the primary criterion, evidence varied markedly among datasets. FUS knockout produced the strongest response, with 373 significant events affecting 239 genes. Three events involving two genes remained significant after TDP-43 knockdown, and two events involving one gene remained significant in the TDP-43 K263E dataset. No events survived FDR correction after FUS P525L expression or MATR3 knockout, and no FDR-significant events or genes were shared between datasets. We therefore examined nominal events (unadjusted P < 0.05) as an explicitly exploratory layer. Nominal event overlap was enriched in 7 of 10 pairwise comparisons, and nominal gene overlap in 9 of 10. TDP-43 knockdown and TDP-43 K263E showed the strongest directional agreement: 65 nominal events were shared; 25 were directionally classified in both datasets, of which 23 were concordant. FUS knockout and FUS P525L also showed enriched nominal overlap, but without significant directional concordance or correlated ΔPAU responses. Thus, FUS loss induces a robust FDR-supported APA phenotype, whereas evidence is substantially weaker in other contexts. Cross-dataset similarities occur mainly among exploratory nominal targets and do not consistently extend to direction or magnitude. APA responses therefore show partial, context-dependent convergence rather than a universal defect.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharide-based drug conjugates and related delivery systems for Alzheimer's disease: from molecular design to translational challenges.","authors":"Ngoc Hong Nguyen, Huong Thuy Le, Nhat Thang Thi Nguyen, Thuy Trang Nguyen, Giau Van Vo","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents distinct extracellular, intracellular and vascular delivery targets, yet brain exposure of candidate therapeutics remains difficult to establish. This narrative review compares hyaluronic acid, chitosan, cyclodextrin, dextran, alginate and pectin systems by construct architecture, route, blood-brain barrier (BBB) evidence, cargo release and biological response. The literature includes covalent drug conjugates, loaded or coated carriers, host-guest complexes and intrinsically active polymers; evidence from one category cannot validate another. Clinical programs involving intravenous hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and a transferrin-receptor antibody shuttle provide context, but do not establish BBB transport for the conjugates reviewed. We examine how polymer size and degradation influence immune safety, particularly chitosan-associated NLRP3 activation and context-dependent responses to hyaluronic acid fragments. We distinguish endothelial or whole-brain signal from parenchymal active-drug exposure, and discuss payload-specific endosomal escape. Advancement requires a defined construct, quantitative target-site exposure, target engagement, comparison with free drug and a matched carrier, and route-appropriate safety data.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice.","authors":"Rafael Ignacio Gatica, Verónica Noches, Marcela González, Pablo Henny, María Estela Andrés","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is growing interest in using cannabis and its active ingredients for epilepsy treatment. The main components of cannabis are cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with some formulations of CBD approved for treating epilepsies refractory to traditional pharmacological treatments. However, it remains unclear whether the acute administration of THC or CBD can reverse a seizure once it has started. In this study, we analyzed the effects of CBD and THC during pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) on behavior, cortical activity, and on the transcriptional regulator neuroLSD1. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with pilocarpine 300 mg/kg ip, followed by CBD 100 mg/kg ip or THC 10 mg/kg ip. Behavioral analysis, electrocorticogram and Rtf-PCR for LSD1/neuroLSD1 were performed. Behavioral analyses showed that CBD did not alter seizure severity. In contrast, THC reduced seizure severity although this reduction was accompanied by marked sedation. Regarding cortical electrical activity, neither CBD nor THC reverted the electroencephalographic changes induced by pilocarpine. Finally, we found that acute THC treatment prevented the seizure-induced homeostatic downregulation of neuroLSD1, maintaining it at physiological levels despite the insult. These results highlight that an acute dose of cannabinoid drugs is insufficient to reduce seizures and suggest that THC could promote the ongoing network excitability during seizures.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of proline-rich peptide-1 (PRP-1) in counteracting amyloid-β-mediated cortical and hippocampal neurodegeneration in a rat model.","authors":"Harutyun Stepanyan, Hamzeh Ghorbani, Mikhail Poghosyan, Margarita Danielyan, Arsen Minasyan, Arsen Hunanyan, Naira Hunanyan","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.09.043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.09.043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, neuronal metabolic dysfunction, and structural degeneration. This study compares the neurotoxic effects of Aβ25-35 and Aβ1-42 in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus and evaluates the neuroprotective potential of proline rich peptide 1 (PRP-1). Amyloid peptides were administered bilaterally into the lateral ventricles, followed by intramuscular PRP-1 at 0.1 mg/kg once daily for three weeks, beginning 24 h after amyloid administration. Neuronal metabolic activity was assessed by Ca2⁺ dependent acid phosphatase histochemistry with a lead capture reaction. Reaction intensity was quantified by densitometry as mean gray value (MGV), with lower values indicating greater reaction product accumulation and higher enzymatic activity. Both amyloid species disrupted cortical laminar organisation and altered enzymatic reactivity in the perikarya and dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons, with Aβ1-42 causing greater structural disruption. When fields recorded with the same objective were compared, Aβ1-42 produced suppression of enzymatic activity in the hippocampus. CA1 pyramidal neurons showed the highest susceptibility, with confluent areas of reduced reactivity and interruption of the pyramidal cell layer. In the cortex, changes were restricted to the most severely damaged neurons. PRP-1 attenuated these alterations, preserved neuronal morphology, increased the number of reactive neurons, and enhanced enzymatic reactivity in both regions. Protection was greater in the hippocampus. These findings indicate that Aβ1-42 has greater neurotoxicity than Aβ25-35 and that PRP-1 reduces amyloid associated neuronal injury while supporting metabolic and structural recovery. PRP-1 merits further investigation as a candidate therapeutic agent for early amyloid associated neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"197-213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of Concern \"Reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation in rats with communicating hydrocephalus\". Neuroscience 218 (2012) 317-325.","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.04.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.04.019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19142,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience","volume":"605 ","pages":"132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147988526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}