{"title":"Fishing for uranium","authors":"Ariane Vartanian","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00722-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00722-w","url":null,"abstract":"An article in the Journal of the American Chemical Society reports porous photocatalytic nanowires that extract record amounts of uranium from seawater, a step closer to tapping the ocean’s vast uranium reserves for nuclear energy.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 10","pages":"675-675"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142118141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance metrics for shape-morphing devices","authors":"Jue Wang, Alex Chortos","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00714-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00714-w","url":null,"abstract":"Shape-morphing devices, with their capacity to undergo structural transformations, are on the verge of revolutionizing multiple domains, from human–machine interfaces to biomedical and aerospace applications. This Perspective classifies shape-morphing devices into two categories: pattern-to-pattern shape-morphing devices that deform from a starting shape to a predefined set of one or more deformed shapes, and programmable shape-morphing devices that can morph into different shapes on demand. We highlight the need for standardized assessment approaches to compare the performance of different shape-morphing devices and introduce an array of proposed metrics that are tailored to assess the functionality of these devices at the material, device and system levels. Notably, we propose a mathematical metric to quantify the complexity of a surface and a set of standard surfaces for evaluating programmable shape-morphing devices, providing objective benchmarks for this expanding field. This Perspective proposes nine performance metrics for the assessment of the functionality of shape-morphing devices across material, device and system levels and introduces a mathematical method for evaluating the surface complexity and standard surfaces for assessing the programmability of shape-morphing devices, offering benchmarks for this growing field.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 10","pages":"738-751"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142118144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Berthold H. Rimmler, Banabir Pal, Stuart S. P. Parkin
{"title":"Non-collinear antiferromagnetic spintronics","authors":"Berthold H. Rimmler, Banabir Pal, Stuart S. P. Parkin","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00706-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00706-w","url":null,"abstract":"Spintronics aims to go beyond the charge-based paradigm of silicon-based microelectronics by utilizing the spin degree of freedom for memory, storage and computing applications. State-of-the-art spintronic devices rely on the manipulation of magnetic textures by spin torques that are generated from electrical currents within ferromagnets (FMs) (spin-transfer torque) or proximal heavy metals (spin-orbit torque). Although these concepts have led to important commercial applications, the use of FMs poses challenges owing to their stray fields, relatively slow dynamics and limited thermal stability. To overcome these challenges, new materials are needed, especially those that display negligible stray fields such as antiferromagnets (AFs). In this regard, synthetic AFs have been vitally important since their use in the very first spintronic field sensors and memories. Collinear AFs have found applications in stabilizing magnetic textures via interfacial exchange bias. Going beyond these classes of AFs, the family of non-collinear AFs (NCAFs) with triangular spin textures has attractive properties, some of them even reminiscent of FMs. These include, for example, large anomalous Hall and Nernst effects, and substantial magneto-optical responses, despite their nearly fully compensated magnetization. Thus, one can anticipate their use in substituting FMs in future spintronic devices. Furthermore, these novel AFs convert electrical currents to spin currents with unique symmetries, which may allow for new ways to manipulate spin textures. Here, we review recent developments in non-collinear antiferromagnetic spintronics. Emphasis is placed on spin current generation, switching of spin textures and applications in magnetic random access memory and racetrack memory, as well as so-far unexplored materials. We show that although key components of spintronic devices based on NCAFs have been demonstrated, a wide range of potential materials remain to be explored and many open questions remain to be answered. Thus, the field of NCAFs is a vibrant and exciting subfield of spintronics with much potential for next-generation memory and computing technologies. Non-collinear antiferromagnets with chiral spin textures exhibit unexpected charge and spin transport effects with potential applications in spintronics, from magnetic random access memories to racetrack memories and beyond. This Review discusses non-collinear antiferromagnetic materials, their distinctive properties and potential applications.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"10 2","pages":"109-127"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Magnetoelectric oscillations go giant in a van der Waals multiferroic","authors":"Giulia Pacchioni","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00719-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00719-5","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature reports the observation of giant terahertz magnetoelectric oscillations in a van der Waals multiferroic and presents a theoretical model that elucidates their origin.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 9","pages":"606-606"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142085655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"You may say she’s a dreamer","authors":"Giulia Pacchioni","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00713-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00713-x","url":null,"abstract":"In her memoir Human Rights and Peace, a Personal Odyssey, Zafra Lerman, an Israeli-American chemist and science diplomat, recounts her remarkable life.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 9","pages":"603-603"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142002795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huan Tran, Rishi Gurnani, Chiho Kim, Ghanshyam Pilania, Ha-Kyung Kwon, Ryan P. Lively, Rampi Ramprasad
{"title":"Design of functional and sustainable polymers assisted by artificial intelligence","authors":"Huan Tran, Rishi Gurnani, Chiho Kim, Ghanshyam Pilania, Ha-Kyung Kwon, Ryan P. Lively, Rampi Ramprasad","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00708-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00708-8","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods continue to make inroads into accelerated materials design and development. Here, we review AI-enabled advances made in the subfield of polymer informatics, with a particular focus on the design of application-specific practical polymeric materials. We consider exemplar design attempts within a few critical and emerging application spaces, including materials designs for storing, producing and conserving energy, and those that can prepare us for a sustainable economy powered by recyclable and/or biodegradable polymers. AI-powered workflows help to efficiently search the staggeringly large chemical and configurational space of materials, using modern machine-learning (ML) algorithms to solve ‘forward’ and ‘inverse’ materials design problems. A theme explored throughout this Review is a practical informatics-based design protocol that involves creating a set of application-specific target property criteria, building ML model predictors for those relevant target properties, enumerating or generating a tangible population of viable polymers, and selecting candidates that meet design recommendations. The protocol is demonstrated for several energy- and sustainability-related applications. Finally, we offer our outlook on the lingering obstacles that must be overcome to achieve widespread adoption of informatics-driven protocols in industrial-scale materials development. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods continue to make inroads into accelerated materials design and development. This Review focuses on AI-enabled advances in polymer informatics, highlighting practical design protocols and exemplar applications in energy and sustainability, while also addressing challenges to industrial adoption.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 12","pages":"866-886"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142002797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kara Lavender Law, Margaret J. Sobkowicz, Michael P. Shaver, Mark E. Hahn
{"title":"Untangling the chemical complexity of plastics to improve life cycle outcomes","authors":"Kara Lavender Law, Margaret J. Sobkowicz, Michael P. Shaver, Mark E. Hahn","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00705-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00705-x","url":null,"abstract":"A diversity of chemicals are intentionally added to plastics to enhance their properties and aid in manufacture. Yet the accumulated chemical composition of these materials is essentially unknown even to those within the supply chain, let alone to consumers or recyclers. Recent legislated and voluntary commitments to increase recycled content in plastic products highlight the practical challenges wrought by these chemical mixtures, amid growing public concern about the impacts of plastic-associated chemicals on environmental and human health. In this Perspective, we offer guidance for plastics manufacturers to collaborate across sectors and critically assess their use of added chemicals. The ultimate goal is to use fewer and better additives to promote a circular plastics economy with minimal risk to humans and the environment. Additives are essential to the diverse use of plastics, yet pose risks to health and recycling quality. Collaboration across supply chains, disclosure of composition and risks, and improved additive design can enable more sustainable plastics.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 9","pages":"657-667"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Padovani, Paolo La Torraca, Jack Strand, Luca Larcher, Alexander L. Shluger
{"title":"Dielectric breakdown of oxide films in electronic devices","authors":"Andrea Padovani, Paolo La Torraca, Jack Strand, Luca Larcher, Alexander L. Shluger","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00702-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00702-0","url":null,"abstract":"Dielectric breakdown is a sudden and catastrophic increase in the conductivity of an insulator caused by electrical stress. It is one of the major reliability issues in electronic devices using insulating films as gate insulators and in energy and memory capacitors. Despite extensive studies, our understanding of the physical mechanisms driving the breakdown process remains incomplete, and atomistic models describing the dielectric breakdown are controversial. This Review surveys the enormous amount of data and knowledge accumulated from experimental and theoretical studies of dielectric breakdown in different insulating materials, focusing on describing phenomenological models and novel computational approaches. Dielectric breakdown is a major reliability issue in electronic devices. This Review discusses the data and knowledge accumulated from experimental and theoretical studies of dielectric breakdown in different insulating materials, with a focus on phenomenological models and novel computational approaches.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 9","pages":"607-627"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Boosting the performance of plastic thermoelectrics","authors":"Giulia Pacchioni","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00716-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00716-8","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature presents a polymeric thermoelectric material with a figure of merit of 1.28.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 9","pages":"604-604"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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