Woo-Bin Jung, Han Sae Jung, Jun Wang, Henry Hinton, Seok Joo Kim, Yuchang Zhang, Suyue Chen, Young-Ha Hwang, Maxime Fournier, Manon Boul, Kevin Grosselin, Adrian Horgan, Xavier Godron, Robert Nicol, Donhee Ham
{"title":"Parallel enzymatic DNA synthesis using a semiconductor chip","authors":"Woo-Bin Jung, Han Sae Jung, Jun Wang, Henry Hinton, Seok Joo Kim, Yuchang Zhang, Suyue Chen, Young-Ha Hwang, Maxime Fournier, Manon Boul, Kevin Grosselin, Adrian Horgan, Xavier Godron, Robert Nicol, Donhee Ham","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01662-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01662-9","url":null,"abstract":"Parallelized DNA synthesis across a dense array of sites is crucial to high-throughput synthetic biology and diagnostics and could potentially be used for DNA-based data storage. Phosphoramidite synthesis can achieve substantial parallelism but relies on harmful solvents and centralized facilities. Enzymatic DNA synthesis in mild aqueous solution is safer and could be more accessible, but parallel demonstrations remain modest at an early stage. Here we show that a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor chip can be used to perform parallel enzymatic DNA synthesis of up to 64 distinct 38–39-nucleotide sequences (10–11-nucleotide feature sequences). The chip controls an array of 256 ring-electrode pairs (each one a programmable synthesis site) that can create an arbitrary pattern of localized acidity to enable DNA deprotection and subsequent enzymatic nucleotide incorporation. We also illustrate the potential of this parallel synthesis for data storage by encoding a 169-byte text. Our mechanistic analysis shows that shifting from an indirect to a direct local-acid chemistry route could lead to higher-throughput enzymatic synthesis that can scale with the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor chip. An array of 256 ring-electrode pairs fabricated on a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuit that can control local acidity and induce parallel enzymatic DNA synthesis can be used to encode a 169-byte text using DNA as a data storage medium.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 8","pages":"932-940"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148290968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pierre Hamonic, Mathieu Toubeix, Guillermo Haas, Jayshankar Nath, Matthieu C. Dartiailh, Biel Martinez, Benoit Bertrand, Heimanu Niebojewski, Maud Vinet, Christopher Bäuerle, Franck Balestro, Tristan Meunier, Matias Urdampilleta
{"title":"Single-shot in situ readout of a spin qubit unit cell","authors":"Pierre Hamonic, Mathieu Toubeix, Guillermo Haas, Jayshankar Nath, Matthieu C. Dartiailh, Biel Martinez, Benoit Bertrand, Heimanu Niebojewski, Maud Vinet, Christopher Bäuerle, Franck Balestro, Tristan Meunier, Matias Urdampilleta","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01654-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01654-9","url":null,"abstract":"Spin qubits based on semiconductor quantum dots can offer high coherence times and gate fidelities, and are a potential platform for quantum computation. However, scaling up the number of qubits to the level required for fault-tolerant quantum computing is challenging and will require single-shot, low-footprint qubit readout. Here we report single-shot readout of a spin qubit unit cell using in situ dispersive readout. Our compact, foundry-fabricated unit cell is composed of two electron spins with a controllable exchange interaction, and with it we demonstrate initialization, single-shot readout and a two-electron entangling gate. From exchange oscillations, we extract a spin visibility of 80.7(8)% in the coherent control of a qubit, despite a relatively small lever arm to the resonator gate (less than 0.15(5) eV V−1). We show that the unit cell can be operated at up to 1 K with low charge noise levels, extracted using free induction decay. The state of a foundry-fabricated spin qubit unit cell, which is composed of two electron spins with a controllable exchange interaction, can be read out in a single shot using gate reflectometry.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 8","pages":"868-875"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-026-01654-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148290966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial intelligence agents automate life-cycle assessment","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01652-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01652-x","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing the carbon emissions of an electronic device from raw material extraction to disposal requires time-intensive data collection for each component. Now, artificial intelligence agents autonomously generate life-cycle inventories for electronic devices in under a minute and estimate carbon emissions with less than 19% deviation from expert assessments.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 7","pages":"724-725"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148612838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification of the mode, polarization, wavelength and intensity of light using a one-pixel device on an optical fibre tip","authors":"Yifeng Xiong, Shaochen Fang, Yining Xu, Yu Lei, Lingyi Ao, Liuwei Zhan, Zixuan Ding, Hengtian Zhu, Maojie Chen, Zeya Li, Wencai Ren, Jinhui Chen, Ye Chen, Yan-qing Lu, Hongtao Yuan, Fei Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01660-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01660-x","url":null,"abstract":"The in situ monitoring of different parameters of light is important for the development of high-capacity information technology. However, the number of light states increases exponentially as parameters are added, and conventional detection systems must split light signals into numerous channels and photodetectors using bulky optics. Here we report a one-pixel device that is integrated on an optical fibre tip and can simultaneously resolve the mode, polarization, wavelength and intensity of light. The device, which can generate spatially dependent responses, is based on twisted, dichroic layers of two-dimensional black phosphorus and black arsenic–phosphorus, as well as ring-grating-like electrodes. The device generates six distinct photoresponses and we use it to achieve four-dimensional light detection with one-shot measurements, creating a large recognizable input-state space of around 104. We also show that the approach can be used for multidimensional image encryption communication. A one-pixel device that is made of layers of twisted dichroic materials and ring-grating-like electrodes—and is integrated on the tip of an optical fibre—can be used to simultaneously resolve the mode, polarization, wavelength and intensity of input light in one-shot measurements.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 8","pages":"897-905"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148290970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jong Uk Kim, Seung Gi Seo, Hongkai Wang, Eric Rytkin, Jiarui Gong, Jie Zhou, Junhwan Choi, Jiwon Kim, Sun Young Park, Anna Pfenniger, Rishi K. Arora, Aleksei Mikhailov, Jinheon Jeong, Seungyeob Kim, Yamin Zhang, Ravi F. Nuxoll, Hak-Young Ahn, Geumbee Lee, Shupeng Li, Dae-Hyeon Song, Sangwon Cha, Young Jin Jo, Sang Min Won, Tae-il Kim, Yei Hwan Jung, Sumanas W. Jordan, Yonggang Huang, Jae-Young Yoo, Igor R. Efimov, Colin K. Franz, Zhenqiang Ma, Sung Hun Jin, John A. Rogers
{"title":"A wirelessly powered, light-controlled, bioresorbable stimulation system with programmable polyphasic waveforms","authors":"Jong Uk Kim, Seung Gi Seo, Hongkai Wang, Eric Rytkin, Jiarui Gong, Jie Zhou, Junhwan Choi, Jiwon Kim, Sun Young Park, Anna Pfenniger, Rishi K. Arora, Aleksei Mikhailov, Jinheon Jeong, Seungyeob Kim, Yamin Zhang, Ravi F. Nuxoll, Hak-Young Ahn, Geumbee Lee, Shupeng Li, Dae-Hyeon Song, Sangwon Cha, Young Jin Jo, Sang Min Won, Tae-il Kim, Yei Hwan Jung, Sumanas W. Jordan, Yonggang Huang, Jae-Young Yoo, Igor R. Efimov, Colin K. Franz, Zhenqiang Ma, Sung Hun Jin, John A. Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01655-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01655-8","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless bioresorbable systems for electrical stimulation can deliver electrotherapy over clinically relevant timeframes, and then subsequently dissolve away in a harmless fashion. Such systems have previously been used in neuroregeneration and cardiac pacing, delivering monophasic pulses to a targeted site. Here we report a wirelessly powered system with programmable control of the stimulation waveforms using tissue-penetrating near-infrared light. The approach relies on a bioresorbable silicon phototransistor that is designed to optically modulate current flows at critical nodes in electrical circuits. We show that the approach can offer precise control over stimulation pulses—allowing monophasic, biphasic and polyphasic waveforms to be delivered to single or multiple sites—and all with power wirelessly delivered to a single receiver unit. Using small and large animal models, we further show that the technology enables single- and dual-chamber cardiac pacing, as well as phrenic neuromuscular stimulation for inducing and blocking diaphragmatic excursion. Using a bioresorbable silicon phototransistor to optically modulate current flows in electrical circuits, a wirelessly powered stimulation system can be created that offers programmable control over stimulation waveforms with tissue-penetrating near-infrared light.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 8","pages":"941-955"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148290969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saransh Sharma, Yubin Cai, Injoo Moon, Zhenming Yang, Peter Chai, Niora Fabian, Kailyn Schmidt, Alison M. Hayward, Andrew Pettinari, Maria Platero, Benedict Laidlaw, Ashley Guevara, Anantha P. Chandrakasan, Giovanni Traverso
{"title":"A miniaturized ingestible temperature sensor for continuous internal monitoring","authors":"Saransh Sharma, Yubin Cai, Injoo Moon, Zhenming Yang, Peter Chai, Niora Fabian, Kailyn Schmidt, Alison M. Hayward, Andrew Pettinari, Maria Platero, Benedict Laidlaw, Ashley Guevara, Anantha P. Chandrakasan, Giovanni Traverso","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01643-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01643-y","url":null,"abstract":"Ingestible electronic systems offer a minimally invasive means to continuously monitor core body temperature, providing critical insights into a range of health conditions. However, the size of ingestible sensors often limits their use, particularly in paediatric populations. Here we report a miniaturized ingestible temperature sensor for continuous internal monitoring. The device integrates a 1 mm × 1 mm low-power (10 nW) integrated circuit, a 5 mm × 5 mm antenna for wireless backscatter communication and a coin-cell battery. The fully encapsulated system measures just 6 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height, dimensions aligned with those of US Food and Drug Administration-approved osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system and smaller than video capsule endoscopy devices, thus minimizing the risk of gastrointestinal retention. We evaluate the sensor in swine models under diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This includes use in ambulatory multi-day monitoring, scenarios with inflammation-induced altered gastrointestinal transit and deployment alongside intravascular devices for vascular navigation and guidance. An ingestible device that integrates a low-power integrated circuit, an antenna for wireless backscatter communication and a coin-cell battery measures just 6 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height, and can provide internal temperature sensing in swine models under diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 8","pages":"956-968"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-026-01643-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Florian Bergmann, Matthew R. Barone, Zishen Tian, Aiden Ross, Gerhard H. Olsen, Meagan C. Papac, Samuel Freed, Bryan T. Bosworth, Nicholas R. Jungwirth, Eric J. Marksz, Tomasz M. Karpisz, Angela C. Stelson, Noah Schnitzer, Lopa Bhatt, Dylan Sotir, Akash Surampalli, Veronica Goian, Christelle Kadlec, Asher Hansen, Nathan Rongitsch, Dmitri A. Tenne, Stanislav Kamba, David A. Muller, Ichiro Takeuchi, Long-Qing Chen, Lane W. Martin, Nathan D. Orloff, Darrell G. Schlom
{"title":"Breaking symmetry yields a low-loss out-of-plane tunable microwave dielectric","authors":"Florian Bergmann, Matthew R. Barone, Zishen Tian, Aiden Ross, Gerhard H. Olsen, Meagan C. Papac, Samuel Freed, Bryan T. Bosworth, Nicholas R. Jungwirth, Eric J. Marksz, Tomasz M. Karpisz, Angela C. Stelson, Noah Schnitzer, Lopa Bhatt, Dylan Sotir, Akash Surampalli, Veronica Goian, Christelle Kadlec, Asher Hansen, Nathan Rongitsch, Dmitri A. Tenne, Stanislav Kamba, David A. Muller, Ichiro Takeuchi, Long-Qing Chen, Lane W. Martin, Nathan D. Orloff, Darrell G. Schlom","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01651-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01651-y","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage-tunable capacitors (varactors) are key components in microwave circuits. Tunable dielectric varactors can outperform competing technologies but typically suffer from high dielectric loss. Ruddlesden–Popper dielectric thin films can, by contrast, offer low microwave loss. Unfortunately, their crystallographic symmetry is usually not compatible with an out-of-plane parallel-plate varactor design, which can minimize size and maximize the electric field in the tunable dielectric compared with an in-plane device design. Here we show that a low-loss and tunable Ruddlesden–Popper dielectric thin film that is compatible with the parallel-plate varactor design can be created by breaking this crystallographic symmetry. We study films that are similar to the widely studied tunable microwave dielectric Ba0.45Sr0.55TiO3 but have a Ba0.45Sr0.55O rock-salt layer for every n-perovskite unit cells. The film with n = 8 exhibit an optimum combination of tunability and loss, with a material quality factor of around 200 and a relative tunability of 51% at an applied electric field of 250 kV cm−1, which results in a dielectric tuning figure of merit of 100 at 10 GHz. By breaking the out-of-plane symmetry of a Ruddlesden–Popper thin film, a low-loss and tunable microwave dielectric can be created that is compatible with an out-of-plane parallel-plate varactor design.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 8","pages":"876-886"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhicheng Xu, Jiawei Liu, Sitao Huang, Zefan Li, Shengbo Wang, Bo Wen, Ruibin Mao, Mingrui Jiang, Giacomo Pedretti, Jim Ignowski, Kaibin Huang, Can Li
{"title":"Fault-free analogue computing with imperfect hardware","authors":"Zhicheng Xu, Jiawei Liu, Sitao Huang, Zefan Li, Shengbo Wang, Bo Wen, Ruibin Mao, Mingrui Jiang, Giacomo Pedretti, Jim Ignowski, Kaibin Huang, Can Li","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01638-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01638-9","url":null,"abstract":"Memristor-based analogue in-memory computing can compute with physical laws, performing computations directly within memory. However, the inherent susceptibility of analogue systems to device failures and variations limits their precision and reliability, and existing fault-tolerance techniques, including redundancy and retraining, often prove insufficient or impractical for many applications. Here we report a fault-free matrix representation in which any target matrix is decomposed into a product of two adjustable submatrices programmed onto the analogue hardware. This indirect, adaptive representation allows mathematical optimization to bypass faulty devices and simultaneously eliminate differential pairs, enhancing computational density. Our memristor-based system achieves a cosine similarity of over 99.999% for a discrete Fourier transform matrix, despite a 39% device fault rate. Using this method, we also demonstrate a 56-fold bit-error-rate reduction in a wireless communication prototype and improvements of over 194% in density and 164% in energy efficiency in cross-domain benchmarks compared with state-of-the-art techniques on large matrices. The approach is applicable to other emerging memories, as well as non-electrical substrates such as photonic and quantum systems. A matrix representation in which any target matrix is decomposed into the product of two adjustable submatrices allows analogue in-memory computing systems to be immune to hardware faults and increase density.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 7","pages":"811-824"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihan Zhang, Alexander Metzger, Yuxuan Mei, Felix Hähnlein, Zachary Englhardt, Tingyu Cheng, Gregory D. Abowd, Shwetak Patel, Adriana Schulz, Vikram Iyer
{"title":"Sustainability assessment using multimodal artificial intelligence agents","authors":"Zhihan Zhang, Alexander Metzger, Yuxuan Mei, Felix Hähnlein, Zachary Englhardt, Tingyu Cheng, Gregory D. Abowd, Shwetak Patel, Adriana Schulz, Vikram Iyer","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01653-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01653-w","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing the growing environmental impact of the computing industry requires assessing the emissions of electronics at scale. However, a traditional life-cycle assessment (LCA) of an electronic device, which maps materials and processes to environmental impacts, often requires proprietary or unavailable data. Here we report a multimodal multi-agent artificial intelligence system that emulates the collaborative process between LCA professionals and stakeholders (such as product managers and engineers) to estimate the carbon footprint of electronic devices. The agents iteratively construct a complete life-cycle inventory by leveraging a structured data abstraction and software tools that mine information from the public Internet, including repair communities and government regulatory databases. This reduces data gaps and data collection from weeks or months of expert time to under 1 min. The system can calculate the carbon footprint within 19% of expert LCAs with zero proprietary data (typical of the variation between human LCAs). We also show that by encoding domain-specific knowledge, environmental impact estimation can be reframed as a data-driven prediction task, in which both unknown products and emission factors are represented as weighted combinations of similar ones with known emissions. A multimodal multi-agent artificial intelligence system that emulates the collaborative process between life-cycle assessment professionals and stakeholders (such as product managers and engineers) can calculate the carbon footprint of electronic devices, performing data collection tasks that can take weeks or months of expert time to under a minute.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 7","pages":"825-837"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ze Gu, Qian Ma, Zhi Qiao Han, Xinxin Gao, Rui Zhe Jiang, Qian Wen Wu, Long Chen, Shi Long Qin, Jian Wei You, Tie Jun Cui
{"title":"Space-time holograms based on programmable metasurfaces","authors":"Ze Gu, Qian Ma, Zhi Qiao Han, Xinxin Gao, Rui Zhe Jiang, Qian Wen Wu, Long Chen, Shi Long Qin, Jian Wei You, Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1038/s41928-026-01647-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41928-026-01647-8","url":null,"abstract":"Programmable metasurfaces can be used to generate holograms for imaging and sensing applications. However, creating high-capacity dynamic holograms that are programmable and have high refresh rates remains challenging. Here we report on space-time holograms based on programmable metasurfaces. The approach provides thousands of independent holographic channels working simultaneously at different harmonics. We use spatial-time coding to split a monotone injected wave into multi-harmonic reflected beams, and we develop a fast convergence phase-retrieval algorithm to manipulate the wavefront intensities at each harmonic. Using a programmable metasurface with 6,144 elements, we experimentally show that the approach can generate 62 holographic images (digits and Latin letters) simultaneously. We also show that the platform can create 1,024-channel holograms with spot distribution patterns and that it can be used for multi-target tracking. Using a fast convergence phase-retrieval algorithm to manipulate wavefront intensities at each harmonic, a programmable metasurface with 6,144 elements can generate 62 holographic images simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":19064,"journal":{"name":"Nature Electronics","volume":"9 8","pages":"919-931"},"PeriodicalIF":42.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
