Nature Reviews Physics最新文献

{"title":"How promoting domestic electricity became physics outreach","authors":"Nina Baker, Graeme Gooday, Eleanor Peters","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00783-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00783-4","url":null,"abstract":"On the centenary of the founding of the Electrical Association for Women , three historians of science and technology reflect on the impact of bringing physics literacy into our daily lives.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"708-709"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoscale diamond quantum sensors for many-body physics","authors":"Jared Rovny, Sarang Gopalakrishnan, Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich, Patrick Maletinsky, Eugene Demler, Nathalie P. de Leon","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00775-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00775-4","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre quantum sensors provide unique opportunities in studying condensed matter systems, as they are quantitative, non-invasive, physically robust, offer nanoscale resolution and may be used across a wide range of temperatures. These properties have been exploited in recent years to obtain nanoscale resolution measurements of static magnetic fields arising from spin order and current flow in condensed matter systems. Compared with other nanoscale magnetic-field sensors, NV centres have the advantage that they can probe quantities that go beyond average magnetic fields. Leveraging techniques from magnetic resonance, NV centres can perform high-precision noise sensing and have given access to diverse systems, such as fluctuating electrical currents in simple metals and graphene, as well as magnetic dynamics in yttrium iron garnet. In this Technical Review, we provide an overview of NV sensing platforms and modalities and discuss the connections between specific NV measurements and important physical characteristics in condensed matter, such as correlation functions and order parameters, that are inaccessible by other techniques. We conclude with our perspectives on the new insights that may be opened up by NV sensing in condensed matter. Nitrogen vacancy centre quantum sensors are quantitative, non-invasive and physically robust probes of condensed matter systems that offer nanoscale resolution across a wide range of temperatures. This Technical Review discusses the connections between NV measurements and important physical characteristics in condensed matter.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"753-768"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning for the physics of climate","authors":"Annalisa Bracco, Julien Brajard, Henk A. Dijkstra, Pedram Hassanzadeh, Christian Lessig, Claire Monteleoni","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00776-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00776-3","url":null,"abstract":"Climate science has been revolutionized by the combined effects of an exponential growth in computing power, which has enabled more sophisticated and higher-resolution simulations to be made of the climate system, and an exponential increase in observations since the first weather satellite was put in orbit. Big data and associated algorithms, coalesced under the field of machine learning (ML), offer the opportunity to study the physics of the climate system in ways, and with an amount of detail, that were previously infeasible. Additionally, ML can ask causal questions to determine whether one or more variables cause or affect one or more outcomes and improve prediction skills beyond classical limits. Furthermore, when paired with modelling experiments or robust research on model parameterizations, ML can accelerate computations, increasing accuracy and generating very large ensembles with a fraction of the computational cost of traditional systems. In this Review, we outline the accomplishments of ML in climate physics. We discuss how ML has been used to tackle long-standing problems in the reconstruction of observational data, representation of sub-grid-scale phenomena and climate (and weather) prediction. Finally, we consider the benefits and major challenges of exploiting ML in studying complex systems. Artificial intelligence techniques, specifically machine learning, are being increasingly applied to climate physics owing to the growing availability of big data and increasing computational power. This Review focuses on key results obtained with machine learning in reconstruction, sub-grid-scale parameterization, and weather or climate prediction.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 1","pages":"6-20"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum mixtures of ultracold gases of neutral atoms","authors":"Cosetta Baroni, Giacomo Lamporesi, Matteo Zaccanti","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00773-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00773-6","url":null,"abstract":"After decades of improvements in cooling techniques of several atomic species and in finding methods for the achievement of stable quantum mixtures, the field is now ready for an extensive use of such a versatile experimental platform for the investigation of various physical problems. Among them, relevant examples are the dynamics of impurities in a quantum gas, the miscibility condition of different gases, the study of exotic topological structures, the interplay between magnetism and superfluidity, the formation of artificial molecules or new few-body states. We illustrate the differences among possible quantum mixtures — whether homonuclear spin mixtures or heteronuclear ones — and show how they can be exploited to investigate a plethora of topics from the few-body to the many-body regime. In particular, we discuss quantum mixtures of ultracold gases under three different perspectives: systems made of a few atoms of different kinds, single impurities immersed in a host quantum gas and quantum mixtures of two interacting gases. We restrict the discussion to single harmonic or flat traps, predominantly in a 3D configuration. A selection of results on recent experiments and possible interesting future directions are given. Three-dimensional, quantum mixtures of ultracold gases of neutral atoms are ideal platforms for probing the physics of many-body systems because the interparticle interactions can be fine-tuned externally. This Review introduces a range of active topics under investigation: topological defects, the interplay of superconductivity and magnetism, novel few-body states and more.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"736-752"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science should inspire, but visions need nuance","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00779-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00779-0","url":null,"abstract":"Many physicists are sceptical of hype, but there are also benefits to envisioning the future possibilities enabled by science. We explore the need for scientists to engage with visionary rhetoric.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"639-639"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00779-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and opportunities in quantum optimization","authors":"Amira Abbas, Andris Ambainis, Brandon Augustino, Andreas Bärtschi, Harry Buhrman, Carleton Coffrin, Giorgio Cortiana, Vedran Dunjko, Daniel J. Egger, Bruce G. Elmegreen, Nicola Franco, Filippo Fratini, Bryce Fuller, Julien Gacon, Constantin Gonciulea, Sander Gribling, Swati Gupta, Stuart Hadfield, Raoul Heese, Gerhard Kircher, Thomas Kleinert, Thorsten Koch, Georgios Korpas, Steve Lenk, Jakub Marecek, Vanio Markov, Guglielmo Mazzola, Stefano Mensa, Naeimeh Mohseni, Giacomo Nannicini, Corey O’Meara, Elena Peña Tapia, Sebastian Pokutta, Manuel Proissl, Patrick Rebentrost, Emre Sahin, Benjamin C. B. Symons, Sabine Tornow, Víctor Valls, Stefan Woerner, Mira L. Wolf-Bauwens, Jon Yard, Sheir Yarkoni, Dirk Zechiel, Sergiy Zhuk, Christa Zoufal","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00770-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00770-9","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum computers have demonstrable ability to solve problems at a scale beyond brute-force classical simulation. Interest in quantum algorithms has developed in many areas, particularly in relation to mathematical optimization — a broad field with links to computer science and physics. In this Review, we aim to give an overview of quantum optimization. Provably exact, provably approximate and heuristic settings are first explained using computational complexity theory, and we highlight where quantum advantage is possible in each context. Then, we outline the core building blocks for quantum optimization algorithms, define prominent problem classes and identify key open questions that should be addressed to advance the field. We underscore the importance of benchmarking by proposing clear metrics alongside suitable optimization problems, for appropriate comparisons with classical optimization techniques, and discuss next steps to accelerate progress towards quantum advantage in optimization. This Review discusses quantum optimization, focusing on the potential of exact, approximate and heuristic methods, core algorithmic building blocks, problem classes and benchmarking metrics. The challenges for quantum optimization are considered, and next steps are suggested for progress towards achieving quantum advantage.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"718-735"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable heat harvesting via thermal nonlinearity","authors":"Yi Zhou, Tianpeng Ding, Guoqiang Xu, Shuihua Yang, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Jiaqing He, Ghim Wei Ho","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00771-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00771-8","url":null,"abstract":"Converting the pervasive low-grade environmental waste heat of approximately 200 EJ globally per year (equivalent to 27 Gt of CO2 emission) into electricity promises energy sustainability and would contribute to carbon neutrality. Heat harvesting technologies capture this waste heat through thermodynamic heat engines across various working media. Conventional heat harvesting approaches have primarily focused on limited incremental improvements in thermophysical output. However, advances in thermal nonlinearity and material anisotropy offer substantial gains but are often overlooked. In this Perspective, we delve into the role of intrinsic thermal nonlinearity with multiscale physical understanding to transform heat or thermal energy harvesting technologies from linear to nonlinear processes. This Perspective surveys the role of thermal nonlinearity in figures of merit through a multiscale physical understanding to advance heat harvesting technologies beyond linear processes, focusing on ‘nonlinear heat harvesting’, which potentially contributes to sustainable energy transition and decarbonization goals.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"769-783"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The AI revolution is always just out of reach","authors":"James Sumner","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00777-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00777-2","url":null,"abstract":"Claims that artificial intelligence will usher in a new scientific and social era have been attracting funding for decades, but the changes they’ve achieved have not been as advertised. Historian James Sumner considers the limits of science’s ability to plan a revolution.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"644-645"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The promise and peril of sociotechnical visions of the future","authors":"Benjamin K. Sovacool","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5","url":null,"abstract":"Sociotechnical visions of the future can motivate researchers to create a better world, but as social scientist Benjamin K. Sovacool argues, they can also blind the scientific community to potential downsides.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"642-643"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction: Rydberg states of alkali atoms in atomic vapour as SI-traceable field probes and communications receivers","authors":"Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"705-705"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00778-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}