Nature Reviews Physics最新文献_第6页

Femtosecond laser machining of microchannels in hollow core fibres 空心纤维微通道的飞秒激光加工

IF 39.5 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00826-4

Andres M. Biondi Vaccariello

引用次数: 0

How to define quantum technology 如何定义量子技术

IF 39.5 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00827-3

Christophe Couteau, Snežana Lazić

引用次数: 0

The physics of cats 猫的物理学

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00824-6

引用次数: 0

150 years of international cooperation under the Metre Convention 《米制公约》下的150年国际合作

IF 39.5 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00819-3

Shanay Rab, Richard J. C. Brown

引用次数: 0

Barren plateaus in variational quantum computing 变分量子计算中的贫瘠高原

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00813-9

Martín Larocca, Supanut Thanasilp, Samson Wang, Kunal Sharma, Jacob Biamonte, Patrick J. Coles, Lukasz Cincio, Jarrod R. McClean, Zoë Holmes, M. Cerezo

{"title":"Barren plateaus in variational quantum computing","authors":"Martín Larocca, Supanut Thanasilp, Samson Wang, Kunal Sharma, Jacob Biamonte, Patrick J. Coles, Lukasz Cincio, Jarrod R. McClean, Zoë Holmes, M. Cerezo","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00813-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00813-9","url":null,"abstract":"Variational quantum computing offers a flexible computational approach with a broad range of applications. However, a key obstacle to realizing their potential is the barren plateau (BP) phenomenon. When a model exhibits a BP, its parameter optimization landscape becomes exponentially flat and featureless as the problem size increases. Importantly, all the moving pieces of an algorithm — choices of ansatz, initial state, observable, loss function and hardware noise — can lead to BPs if they are ill-suited. As BPs strongly impact on trainability, researchers have dedicated considerable effort to develop theoretical and heuristic methods to understand and mitigate their effects. As a result, the study of BPs has become a thriving area of research, influencing and exchanging ideas with other fields such as quantum optimal control, tensor networks and learning theory. This article provides a review of the current understanding of the BP phenomenon. Barren plateaus are widely considered as one of the main limitations for variational quantum algorithms. This Review summarizes the latest understandings of barren plateaus, indicating its causes, architecture that will suffer from this phenomenon, and discusses strategies that can — and cannot — avoid it.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 4","pages":"174-189"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Network renormalization 网络重正化

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00817-5

Andrea Gabrielli, Diego Garlaschelli, Subodh P. Patil, M. Ángeles Serrano

{"title":"Network renormalization","authors":"Andrea Gabrielli, Diego Garlaschelli, Subodh P. Patil, M. Ángeles Serrano","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00817-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00817-5","url":null,"abstract":"The renormalization group (RG) is a powerful theoretical framework. It is used on systems with many degrees of freedom to transform the description of their configurations, along with the associated model parameters and coupling constants, across different levels of resolution. The RG also provides a way to identify critical points of phase transitions and study the system’s behaviour around them. In traditional physical applications, the RG largely builds on the notions of homogeneity, symmetry, geometry and locality to define metric distances, scale transformations and self-similar coarse-graining schemes. More recently, efforts have been made to extend RG concepts to complex networks. However, in such systems, explicit geometric coordinates do not necessarily exist, different nodes and subgraphs can have different statistical properties, and homogeneous lattice-like symmetries are absent — all features that make it complicated to define consistent renormalization procedures. In this Technical Review, we discuss the main approaches, important advances, and the remaining open challenges for network renormalization. The renormalization group (RG) is a theoretical framework to transform systems across scales and identify critical points of phase transitions. In recent years, efforts have extended RG to complex networks, which challenge traditional assumptions. This Technical Review covers key approaches and open challenges.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 4","pages":"203-219"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How fast ions mitigate turbulence and enhance confinement in tokamak fusion plasmas 多快的离子在托卡马克聚变等离子体中减轻湍流和增强约束

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00814-8

Yong-Su Na, T. S. Hahm, P. H. Diamond, A. Di Siena, J. Garcia, Z. Lin

引用次数: 0

Assessing the skills gap for the UK’s quantum missions 评估英国量子任务的技能差距

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00820-w

Josephine Hunout, Shey Dylan Lovett, Jessica Wade, Isabella von Holstein

引用次数: 0

First-principles determination of spin–orbit coupling parameters in two-dimensional materials 二维材料中自旋-轨道耦合参数的第一性原理测定

IF 39.5 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00818-4

Klaus Zollner, Marcin Kurpas, Martin Gmitra, Jaroslav Fabian

{"title":"First-principles determination of spin–orbit coupling parameters in two-dimensional materials","authors":"Klaus Zollner, Marcin Kurpas, Martin Gmitra, Jaroslav Fabian","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00818-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00818-4","url":null,"abstract":"Spin–orbit coupling (SOC) is fundamental to many phenomena in solid-state physics. Two-dimensional materials and van der Waals heterostructures provide researchers with exquisite control over this interaction; the ability to fine-tune SOC has impacts on spin transport and relaxation, topological states, optoelectronics, magnetization dynamics and even superconductivity and other correlated states. This Technical Review covers both the theoretical methodology and experimentally relevant phenomenology of SOC in 2D materials, by providing essential insights into the process of extracting the spin interactions from the underlying electronic structure obtained from first-principles density functional theory calculations. This Technical Review begins with graphene. Its SOC has a surprisingly complicated origin yet graphene remains the benchmark for other elemental centrosymmetric 2D materials in which SOC leads to a mixing of spin-up and spin-down components of the Bloch states. We then discuss spin–orbit materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides, in which strong SOC and the lack of space-inversion symmetry yield large spin splittings of the valence and conduction bands. This enables highly efficient optical spin orientation or robust valley Hall effect in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Next, we give guidelines for extracting the spin–orbit characteristics of van der Waals heterostructures, such as graphene/WSe2, which serve as a platform for SOC engineering. For these representative systems, we highlight the essentials of first-principles-based methodology, including supercell formation, strain artefacts, twisting, gating and lattice relaxation. Finally, we briefly discuss the effects of proximity exchange coupling, which is another relevant spin interaction for spintronics. This Technical Review demonstrates how first-principles calculations and effective modelling provide realistic insights into spin–orbit interactions and their engineering in 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 5","pages":"255-269"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mapping inequalities in the global availability of physics data over time 绘制长期以来全球物理数据可用性的不平等现象

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00821-9

Sara Bassanelli, Carringtone Kinyanjui, Simone Turchetti

引用次数: 0