Nanomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Low-Loss and Stable Light Transmission in Nano-Core Plus Node-Free Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fiber.","authors":"Yuyi Yin, Tingwu Ge, Tong Zhang, Zhiyong Wang","doi":"10.3390/nano15181458","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) are emerging as highly promising candidates for high-power laser transmission and low-loss optical communication. Despite their advantages, issues such as scattering loss and core-mode instability remain significant obstacles for their practical implementation. In this study, we propose a novel hybrid fiber structure, the nano-core plus node-free anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (NPNANF), which integrates a solid, high-index nano-core within a six-tube node-free anti-resonant cladding. This hybrid design effectively enhances optical confinement while minimizing scattering losses, without relying solely on anti-resonant guidance. Numerical simulations employing the beam propagation method (BPM) and finite element analysis (FEA) demonstrate that an optimal nano-core diameter of 600 nm leads to a remarkable reduction in transmission loss to 0.025 dB/km at 1550 nm, representing a 99.8% decrease compared to conventional NANF designs. A comprehensive loss model is developed, incorporating contributions from confinement, scattering, and absorption losses in both the hollow cladding and the solid core. Parametric studies further illustrate the tunability of the fiber's design for various high-performance applications. The proposed NPNANF achieves an ultra-low transmission loss of 0.025 dB/km, representing a >99.8% reduction compared to conventional NANF, while confining more than 92% of optical power within the nano-core. Its resistance to bending loss, strong modal stability, and balance between hollow-core and solid-core guidance highlight the advantages of NPNANF for long-haul optical communication and high-power photonics.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in a GaAs Coupled Quantum Dot-Ring.","authors":"R V H Hahn, A S Giraldo-Neira, J A Vinasco, J A Gil-Corrales, A L Morales, C A Duque","doi":"10.3390/nano15181455","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, the ground and low-lying excited states in a GaAs coupled quantum dot-ring embedded in an AlGaAs cylindrical matrix are computed under the assumption of a finite confinement potential and an axisymmetric model by means of the finite element method and the effective mass approximation. The electron energy levels are studied as functions of the intensity of externally applied electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetically induced transparency in the ladder configuration and linear optical absorption coefficient are calculated thereupon. Our results suggest that magnetic fields are more suitable than electric fields for controlling the optical properties of this nanostructure. Also, we found that the system's response, however, exhibits a striking asymmetry: while the electromagnetically induced transparency is unexpectedly quenched under positive electric fields due to vanishing dipole transition matrix elements, this limitation is completely overcome by a magnetic field. Its application not only restores optical transparency across the full range of electric field values but also drives substantially larger energy level shifts and clear Aharonov-Bohm oscillations, making it a far more robust tool for controlling the optical properties of confined electrons in dot-ring coupled heterostructures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Quantum Dots Interactions with Pyrogallol, Benzoic Acid, and Gallic Acid: A Study on Their Non-Covalent Nature.","authors":"Laura Andria, Giancarlo Capitani, Barbara La Ferla, Heiko Lange, Melissa Saibene, Luca Zoia, Barbara Vercelli","doi":"10.3390/nano15181457","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the interactions between carbon quantum dots (<b>CDs</b>) and promising food preservatives (<b>FPs</b>), like pyrogallol (<b>PG</b>), benzoic acid (<b>BA</b>), and gallic acid (<b>GA</b>), is highly relevant. This knowledge is crucial for designing <b>CD</b>-based sensors capable of determining the safe levels of these molecules in food and beverages. Additionally, such sensors could be exploited in the development of sustainable, intelligent packaging that controls food shelf life. Based on those considerations, in this study, we post-functionalized blue-emitting <b>CDs</b>, prepared according to a synthetic approach previously developed, with the <b>FP</b> molecules <b>PG</b>, <b>BA</b>, and <b>GA</b> to obtain <b>CD-(FP)</b> systems. UV-vis absorption and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the <b>FP</b> molecules on the <b>CD</b> surface. The appearance of a new vibrational band at 1196 cm^-1 in the FTIR spectra of all <b>CD-(FP)</b> systems suggested that the three <b>FP</b> molecules interact with the <b>CD</b> surface via electronic interactions between the aromatic and delocalized electron systems. Further electrochemical analyses of the <b>CD-(PG)</b> and <b>CD-(GA)</b> systems show that the interactions between <b>PG</b> and <b>GA</b> benzene rings and <b>CDs</b> prevent their oxidation to the corresponding quinone forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Transmission Efficiency Hybrid Metal-Dielectric Metasurfaces for Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy.","authors":"Amr Soliman, Calum Williams, Timothy D Wilkinson","doi":"10.3390/nano15181456","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy enables non-invasive identification of chemical species by probing absorption spectra associated with molecular vibrational modes, where spectral filters play a central role. Conventional plasmonic metasurfaces have been explored for MIR filtering in reflection and transmission modes but typically suffer from broad spectral profiles and low efficiencies. All-dielectric metasurfaces, although characterized by low intrinsic losses, are largely limited to reflection mode operation. To overcome these limitations, we propose a hybrid metal-dielectric metasurface that combines the advantages of both platforms while simplifying fabrication compared to conventional Fabry-Pérot filters. The proposed filter consists of silicon (Si) crosses atop gold (Au) square patches and demonstrates a transmission efficiency of 87% at the operating wavelength of 4.28 µm, with a full width half maximum (FWHM) as narrow as 43 nm and a quality factor of approximately 99.5 at λ = 4.28 μm. Numerical simulations attribute this performance to hybridization of Mie lattice resonances in both the gold patches and silicon crosses. By providing narrowband, high-transmission filtering in the MIR, the hybrid metasurface offers a compact and versatile platform for selective gas detection and imaging. This work establishes hybrid metal-dielectric metasurfaces as a promising direction for next-generation MIR spectroscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-Tunable Gas Sensing Properties of Ag- and Au-Doped SnSe₂ Monolayers for the Detection of NO, NO₂, SO₂, H₂S and HCN.","authors":"Yulin Ma, Danyi Zhang, Zhao Ding, Kui Ma","doi":"10.3390/nano15181454","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, the gas sensing properties and adsorption mechanisms of Ag- and Au-doped SnSe₂ monolayers toward NO, NO₂, SO₂, H₂S, and HCN were systematically investigated via first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that NO₂ exhibits the strongest interaction and the highest charge transfer in both doped systems, indicating superior sensing selectivity. Biaxial strain (ranging from -8% to 6%) was further applied to modulate adsorption behavior. By evaluating changes in equilibrium height, adsorption energy, charge transfer, and recovery time across ten representative adsorption systems, it was found that both compressive and tensile strains enhance the interaction between gas molecules and doped SnSe₂ monolayers. Specifically, H₂S/Au-SnSe₂ and HCN/Au-SnSe₂ are highly sensitive to tensile strain, while NO/Au-SnSe₂, H₂S/Ag-SnSe₂, NO/Ag-SnSe₂, and NO₂/Ag-SnSe₂ respond more strongly to compressive strain. Systems such as NO₂/Au-SnSe₂, SO₂/Au-SnSe₂, and SO₂/Ag-SnSe₂ respond to both types of strain, whereas HCN/Ag-SnSe₂ shows relatively low sensitivity in charge transfer. Recovery time analysis indicates that NO₂ exhibits the slowest desorption kinetics and is most affected by strain modulation. Nevertheless, increasing the operating temperature or applying appropriate strain can significantly shorten recovery times. While other gas systems show smaller variations, strain engineering remains an effective strategy to tune desorption behavior and enhance overall sensor performance. These findings offer valuable insights into strain-tunable gas sensing behavior and provide theoretical guidance for the design of high-performance gas sensors based on two-dimensional SnSe₂ materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron-Integrated Nitrogen-Rich Nanocarriers Boost Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Growth in Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>).","authors":"Taiming Zhang, Weichen Zhao, Muhammed Nadeem, Usama Zaheer, Yukui Rui","doi":"10.3390/nano15181453","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global food security is challenged by population growth and the environmental toll of conventional fertilizers. Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes like soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) is a sustainable fertilization alternative. This study investigates a graphitic carbon nitride/iron oxide (Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ or FC) nanocomposite as a dual-functional fertilizer to improve iron (Fe) nutrition and BNF in soybeans. A pot experiment was conducted using different FC concentrations (10, 100, and 200 mg kg^-1), alongside controls. Results showed that the 100 mg kg^-1 FC treatment (FC2) was most effective, significantly increasing soybean biomass, nodule number, and nodule fresh weight. The FC2 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll content (SPAD values) while reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration, indicating improved water-use efficiency. Furthermore, FC application bolstered the plant's antioxidant system by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Elemental analysis confirmed that FC treatments significantly increased the uptake and translocation of Fe and nitrogen (N) in plant tissues. These findings demonstrate that the FC nanocomposite acts as a highly effective nanofertilizer, simultaneously addressing iron deficiency and boosting nitrogen fixation to promote soybean growth. This work highlights its potential as a sustainable solution to enhance crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in modern agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Purcell Enhancement by Plasmon-Induced Magnetic Anapole Mode in the Gap of Oblate Nano-Ellipsoid on Metal Mirror Structure.","authors":"Yafei Li, Jiani Li, Zhuangzhuang Xu, Xiufei Li, Songda Gu, Ze Li, Meng Wang","doi":"10.3390/nano15181451","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic anapole states associated with the destructive interference between magnetic dipole and magnetic toroidal moments result in suppressed scattering accompanied by strongly enhanced near fields. Here, we demonstrate the existence of such modes in the gap of a gold oblate nano-ellipsoid on gold mirror (ONEOM) structures and observe a pronounced Purcell factor enhancement for magnetic dipole radiation upon introducing magnetic dipoles into the gap. We systematically investigate the dependence of the magnetic radiation Purcell factor on gap size and structural parameters. Notably, a 230-fold Purcell factor enhancement is achieved for the ONEOM configuration. This result highlights the potential of ONEOM structures in applications requiring efficient magnetic dipole emission, including nonlinear frequency conversion, plasmonic sensing, and single-photon sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Structural Changes in High-Alumina, Low-Lithium Glass-Ceramics During Crystallization.","authors":"Minghan Li, Yan Pan, Shuguang Wei, Yanping Ma, Chuang Dong, Hongxun Hao, Hong Jiang","doi":"10.3390/nano15181449","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigate the phase transition process during high-alumina, low-lithium glass-ceramics (ZnO-MgO-Li₂O-SiO₂-Al₂O₃) crystallization. The differential scanning calorimetry and high-temperature X-ray diffraction results show that approximately 10 wt.% of (Zn, Mg)Al₂O₄ crystals precipitated when the heat treatment temperature reached 850 °C, indicating that a large number of nuclei had already formed during the earlier stages of heat treatment. Field emission transmission electron microscopy used to observe the microstructure of glass-ceramics after staged heat treatment revealed that cation migration occurred during the nucleation process. Zn and Mg aggregated around Al to form (Zn, Mg)Al₂O₄ nuclei, which provided sites for crystal growth. Moreover, high-valence Zr aggregated outside the glass network, leading to the formation of nanocrystals. Raman spectroscopy analysis of samples at different stages of crystallization revealed that during spinel precipitation, the Q³ and Q⁴ structural units in the glass network increased significantly, along with an increase in the number of bridging oxygens. Highly coordinated Al originally present in the network mainly participated in spinel nucleation, effectively suppressing the subsequent formation of Li_xAl_xSi_1-xO₂, which eventually resulted in the successful preparation of glass-ceramics with (Zn, Mg)Al₂O₄ and ZrO₂ as the main crystalline phases. The grains in this glass-ceramic are all nanocrystals. Its Vickers hardness and flexural strength can reach up to 875 Hv and 350 MPa, respectively, while the visible light transmittance of the glass-ceramic reaches 81.5%. This material shows potential for applications in touchscreen protection, aircraft and high-speed train windshields, and related fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giant Modulation of Microstructure and Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric Responses in Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ Ultrathin Films via Single-Pulse Femtosecond Laser.","authors":"Bin Wang, Mingchen Du, Hu Wang, Mengmeng Wang, Dawei Li","doi":"10.3390/nano15181450","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroelectric oxides, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ (PZT), have been shown to maintain stable ferroelectricity even in ultrathin film configurations. However, achieving controllable modulation of microstructure and physical responses in these ultrathin films remains challenging, limiting their potential applications in modern nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Here, we propose a single-pulse femtosecond (fs) laser micromachining technique for high-precision engineering of microstructure and ferroelectric/piezoelectric responses in ultrathin PZT films. The results show that various microstructures can be selectively fabricated through precise control of fs laser fluence. Specifically, nano-concave arrays are formed via low-fluence laser irradiation, which is mainly attributed to the fs laser peening effect. In contrast, nano-volcano (nano-cave) structures are generated when the laser fluence is close to or reaches the ablation threshold. Additionally, applying an fs laser pulse with fluence exceeding a critical threshold enables the formation of nano-cave structures with controlled depth and width in PZT/Pt/SiO₂ multilayers. Piezoresponse force microscopy measurements demonstrate that the laser peening process significantly enhances the piezoelectric response while exerting minimal influence on the coercive field of PZT thin films. This improvement is attributed to the enhanced electromechanical energy transfer and concentrated compressive stresses distribution in PZT thin films resulting from the laser peening effect. Our study not only offers an effective strategy for microstructure and property engineering in ferroelectric materials at the nanoscale but also provides new insights into the underlying mechanism of ultrafast laser processing in ferroelectric thin films.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jet Splitting Enabled One-Step Fabrication of Hierarchically Structured PLA Membranes for High-Performance PM_0.3 Filtration.","authors":"Yintao Zhao, Ying Chen, Xin Ning","doi":"10.3390/nano15181452","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Particulate matter (PM) suspended in the air has posed significant potential threats to human health. However, current air filters designed to intercept PM are confronted with several challenges, including a complicated preparation process, monotonous protective performance, and uncomfortable wearability. Herein, a novel jet-splitting electrospinning strategy was demonstrated to simply fabricate a hierarchically structured PLA membrane with a high filtration performance, antibacterial performance, and rapid heat dissipation for effective and comfortable air filtering. Formulating a cationic antibacterial surfactant in the PLA solution to tailor the splitting of charged jets enables the simultaneous formation of nanofibers, submicron-fibers, and beads in the hierarchical filtration network by the single-jet electrospinning. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of multi-scale fibers and beads, the hierarchically structured filter exhibited an excellent filtration efficiency of 99.979% and high quality factor of 0.45 Pa^-1 against PM_0.3, with a remarkably low pressure drop of 18.7 Pa. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure endowed the filter with excellent stability in filtration performance, even under 20-cyclic and 480 min long-term tests, high-humidity tests with sodium chloride aerosol particles, and the 20-cycle PM_2.5 smoke tests. Simultaneously, the filter also demonstrated remarkable antibacterial performance and an excellent heat dissipation property-all achieved due to its PLA formulation and the hierarchical structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}