Nanotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Application of small molecule inhibitors to probe the mechanism underlying nanomaterial pulmonary inflammatory responses <i>in vitro</i>.","authors":"Morgan Lofty, David M Brown, Beatriz Vale de Melo E Oliveira McDermott, Vicki Stone, Helinor J Johnston","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2638808","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2638808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence shows that nanomaterial (NM)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production is regulated via redox-sensitive transcription factors (TFs). However, there is limited information regarding the intracellular signaling pathways that regulate NM-mediated activation of TFs. Gaining an understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways that are activated by NMs is key in developing our understanding of how NMs activate inflammatory responses. Traditionally used methods (e.g. immunostaining and western blotting) for assessing TF activation following NM exposure are often subjective and not amenable to high throughput screening. This paper proposes the application of the under-utilized method of selective small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) to rapidly probe the signaling pathways underpinning NM-induced inflammatory responses <i>in vitro</i>. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were targeted for study as there is evidence that they are involved in NM-induced inflammation. In our study we demonstrate that silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NMs stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production by Calu-3 (epithelial) and J774A.1 (macrophage) cells <i>in vitro</i>. Inhibition of Inhibitor of NF-κB Kinase (IKK) reduced the pro-inflammatory response induced by Ag and ZnO NMs but had no significant effect on CuO NM-induced cytokine production. This data indicates that whilst Ag, ZnO and CuO NMs can all stimulate cytokine production by pulmonary cells <i>in vitro</i> they activate inflammatory responses via different mechanisms. We suggest that the wider adoption of SMIs can be used to provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying NM toxicity to help identify what approaches can be used to screen NM toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"192-207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging use of bio-nanomaterials for brain pathologies.","authors":"Laiba Noor, Manu Smriti Singh, Arun Upadhyay, Vibhuti Joshi","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2634094","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2634094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology arises as a promising platform for targeted drug delivery. Various synthetic polymer or lipid-based nanomaterials, and natural nanocarriers, such as exosomes are being developed to deliver drugs to specific organs. However, drug delivery to the brain is still challenging because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the protective shield that allows only selective substances to reach the brain. This multi-layer passage creates a selective obstacle for drugs directed to treat neurological disorders. Several drug delivery agents, including bio-nanomaterials have shown promising outcomes in overcoming the BBB restriction. Such drug delivery systems improve bioavailability, primarily by enhancing cargo solubility. The bio-nanomaterials can simultaneously deliver multiple agents and offer sustained drug release to protect therapeutic compounds from degradation. Several pre-clinical and clinical trials are currently underway to develop functional nanoparticles that can effectively cross BBB and deliver drugs to brain tissues. This review discusses the advantages of bio-nanomaterials over traditional drug delivery methods and explores their applicability in a wide range of neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"177-191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147284494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of silver nanoparticles and temperature on <i>Palaemon pandaliformis</i>: a toxicity and physiological biomarker-based approach.","authors":"Ana Lúzia de Souza Araújo, Marcelo Barbosa Henriques, Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro, Edison Barbieri","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2617643","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2617643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing release of nanomaterials into aquatic environments has raised global concern regarding their ecological impacts, particularly under ongoing climate change. Among these materials, metallic nanoparticles are of special interest due to their widespread use and environmental persistence. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are extensively applied in industrial and medical products and are frequently detected in aquatic systems, where their toxicity may be strongly influenced by abiotic factors such as temperature. In ecotoxicological studies, silver nitrate (AgNO₃) is commonly used as a positive control to represent dissolved ionic silver and to enable comparison with nanoparticulate forms. However, the combined effects of AgNP exposure and thermal variation on crustacean physiology remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that temperature markedly enhances the toxicity and physiological stress induced by AgNPs in the shrimp <i>Palaemon pandaliformis</i>, using AgNO₃ exclusively as an ionic silver control. Acute 96-hour toxicity assays showed consistently lower LC₅₀ values for AgNO₃ than for AgNPs across all temperatures, confirming its higher intrinsic toxicity, while both silver forms exhibited pronounced toxicity amplification at elevated temperature (25 °C). Sublethal responses revealed significantly increased oxygen consumption under combined thermal and silver stress, indicating elevated metabolic demand, whereas ammonia excretion declined with increasing concentration and temperature, suggesting impairment of branchial excretory function. Overall, our findings demonstrate that warming not only intensifies mortality but also exacerbates metabolic and excretory dysfunction associated with metallic nanoparticle exposure, highlighting the critical role of temperature in nanotoxicological risk assessment and supporting <i>P. pandaliformis</i> as a sensitive bioindicator under climate change scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"117-127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoplastic toxicology following gestational and lactational exposure.","authors":"Jing He","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2622920","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2622920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoplatics (NPs), particularly polystyrene (PS)-NPs, can traverse the placental barrier upon maternal exposure, leading to bioaccumulation in both dam and offspring organs, and inducing widespread transplacental toxicity. The distribution and toxicity of NPs are influenced by a variety of factors, including NP properties (type, size, and charge), exposure parameters (dose, route, and timing), and biological variables (model and co-exposures). Due to their minute size, NPs pose significant threats to multiple systems in animal models. In rodent studies, reproductive and endocrine toxicity primarily manifests as placental dysfunction, impaired embryo implantation, increased miscarriage rates, and gonadal toxicity in offspring, mechanisms for which are suggested to involve oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and dysregulated calcium homeostasis. Reported neurotoxicity, characterized by aberrant cortical architecture, hippocampal dysfunction, and learning and memory deficits, is mediated by mechanisms such as oxidative stress and ferroptosis, neurotransmitter disruption, gut-brain axis dysregulation, and pathological protein aggregation. In the cardiovascular system, studies suggest PS-NPs induce offspring cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, and functional impairments, demonstrating marked sex-specific dimorphism potentially driven by ferroptosis. And PS-NPs have been shown to disrupt glycolipid metabolism in animal models, leading to offspring metabolic disorders. Furthermore, evidence from non-mammalian models, notably <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, reveals transgenerational toxicity. Critically, the consequences of early-life NP exposure are long-lasting, potentially elevating susceptibility to various diseases in adulthood. This review comprehensively summarizes the toxicological profiles of NPs during the critical windows of gestation and lactation, underscoring the need for more robust research and a systematic approach to risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"144-167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing uncertainties in risk assessment of activities involving nanomaterials: the case of control banding-based methodologies.","authors":"Soqrat Omari Shekaftik, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Somayeh Farhang Dehghan, Neda Mehrparvar, Farideh Golbabaei","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2632280","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2632280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The risk assessment of Engineered Nanomaterials takes place under continuous conditions of data scarcity, mainly induced by the fast-paced development of new materials and the absence of sufficient toxicological and exposure data. Control banding-based risk assessment tools for activities involved with nanomaterials manage uncertainties by combining qualitative hazard banding with exposure estimation and by implementing precautionary principles that account for data gaps and variability. These tools categorize nanomaterials into risk bands based on available physicochemical and toxicological data, while acknowledging that uncertainties stem from incomplete safety data, limited standardized toxicological parameters, and variability in process conditions. However, the reliability and consistency of these tools are challenged by uncertainties arising from data gaps, user variability, and methodological limitations, necessitating robust strategies for uncertainty management within CB methodologies. So, advanced approaches have been proposed to incorporate Adaptive Testing Strategies, Bayesian Networks, Monte Carlo simulations and fuzzy inference systems that quantify the uncertainty in input parameters and improve decision-making. This integrated approach allows CB tools to provide pragmatic risk prioritization and guidance for exposure control measures even in the face of significant uncertainties.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"168-175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the hidden risks of nanomedicine-based drug delivery: a comparative evaluation of drug safety profiles of liposomal irinotecan and conventional irinotecan.","authors":"Xian Zhang, Xuan Ye, Yunlan Ding, Qiong Du, Mengmeng Wang, Jiyong Liu","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2629809","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2629809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liposomal irinotecan(Nal-IRI) plays a crucial role as a nanomedicine in cancer treatment. Although it has clinically beneficial properties, Nal-IRI is accompanied by multiple adverse events (AEs) that require close observation. This pharmacovigilance study aimed to characterize and compare the safety profiles of liposomal irinotecan (Nal-IRI) and conventional irinotecan (IRI) using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), focusing on identifying hidden risks of Nal-IRI in AEs. The data were extracted from the FAERS database (from Q1 2004 to Q3 2024). AE signals of Nal-IRI and IRI were mined by calculating reporting odds ratios (ROR), proportional reporting ratios (PRR), information component (IC) and empirical bayesian geometric mean (EBGM). A total of 90 Nal-IRI-positive PTs and 437 IRI-positive PTs were identified. Both exhibited stronger signals in gastrointestinal disorders and blood and lymphatic system disorders, and Nal-IRI also demonstrated stronger signals in the hepatobiliary disorders. We identified new specific AEs of Nal-IRI, cholangitis (ROR = 56.45), enterocolitis (ROR = 41.89), hematotoxicity (ROR = 18.47) and 302 off-label use reports. Meanwhile, Nal-IRI exhibited delayed toxicity, with a prolonged median AE onset time (35 days vs. 27 days for IRI) and fewer early reactions (≤7 days: 13.88% vs. 20.51% for IRI). Furthermore, Nal-IRI exhibited stronger signals in gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. vomiting, abdominal pain) in Asian populations, while European/American populations had stronger signals in hematological/hepatic adverse reactions (e.g. neutropenia, cholangitis). Nal-IRI demonstrates distinct safety challenges, including delayed toxicity, hepatobiliary risks, and population-specific vulnerabilities. These findings have revealed the unique risks associated with nanomedicine, underscoring the necessity extending pharmacovigilance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"128-143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146213796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on nanotoxicology in forensic science: <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> as a model organism to determine environmental contamination of nanoparticles.","authors":"Kavya Sri, Sneha M, Asha Anand","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2600929","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2600929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotoxicology is an emerging discipline and ambitiously focuses on the environmental and biological impacts of nanoparticles (NPs). <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (<i>D. melanogaster</i> hereafter), simply known as the fruit fly, is one of the best model organisms due to its simple genome, brief life cycle, and affordability. This review demonstrates how <i>D. melanogaster</i> is utilized in determining nanomaterial environmental contamination, particularly in forensic science. The strength of <i>D. melanogaster</i> as a model organism is its capacity to allow bioassays of high throughput so that nanomaterial toxicity can be screened efficiently across numerous biological endpoints. Its well-defined genome also shows considerable homology to the genes of humans, especially those related to development and neurophysiology. Several investigations have established that exposure to a variety of NPs (silver nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials, for instance) might change developmental processes, pigmentation, behavioral patterns, and induce genotoxicity in <i>Drosophila</i>. As the number of NPs in the environment, specifically synthesized using silver (AgNPs) and zinc oxide (ZnONPs), continues to rise, it is essential that there are effective monitoring and evaluation protocols. The genetically modified organism, <i>D. melanogaster</i>, with a short lifespan, has emerged as a primary model in nanotoxicology. In this review, the use of <i>D. melanogaster</i> in forensic science, in the context of testing NP-induced toxicity and environmental pollution, is presented. This review explores the use of the organism in behavioral assessments to evaluate neurotoxic effects. Furthermore, it emphasizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which NPs exert cytotoxic influence, offering insights into their potential biological impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"92-105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145715116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating reproductive and developmental effects of TiO₂: how data gaps on chemistry, use and exposure, hinder risk assessment by authorities.","authors":"Juliette Deweirdt, Charles Sandrine, Jomini Stéphane, Piquard Rana, Niaudet Aurélie, Michel-Caillet Cécile","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2608953","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2608953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is available on the market in a wide range of combinations of physico-chemical properties, including variations in crystallinity, size, purity, and surface coating. Each form is associated with specific applications, leading to distinct exposure route(s). Concerns regarding the reproductive and developmental toxicity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) have been raised. Therefore, a review of both regulatory data and of the scientific literature was conducted to identify potential discrepancies. This review highlighted that reported effects are primarily related to anatase form via the oral route, largely due to the lack of studies on other nanoforms. By comparing available data with regulatory requirements and, in light of the identified concern, it becomes evident that additional data are needed to ensure the safe use of TiO₂ and emphasizes the need for further research. Ultimately, the robustness of the existing evidence should be reevaluated to determine whether classification and labeling under the European CLP Regulation is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"44-66"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145952664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the nano revolution: trends and risks in soil nanotechnology.","authors":"Anindita Jana, Dibyendu Mukhopadhyay, Sagardeep Sinha, Achyuta Basak, Bappa Paramanik, Sabir Ahmed Mondol","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2617638","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2026.2617638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Technical advances have improved scientists' ability to think critically and turn theoretical ideas into actual research. Nanotechnology's potential allows it to spread in modern agriculture. Agricultural nanotechnology may improve food supply, security, sustainability and climate change. Nanoparticles' effects on the soil-plant system reveal their soil ecological hazards. Nano-enzymes promote the balance of ROS by acting as strong antioxidants, thereby enhancing the stress tolerance of plants. They activate antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, and POD, stabilize cellular membranes, and protect photosynthetic machinery. Nanomaterials influence soil pollutants' fate, mobility and toxicity in remediation methods. Nanomaterials' performance and fate rely on soil interactions. Despite many potential benefits, its field applications are restricted. Current research lacks practical ways to assess risk and nanoparticle toxicity to plants, soil and soil microbiomes after release. Environmental safety and risk evaluation need understanding of the manufactured nanoparticle-soil interactions. Nanotechnologies in ecosystems raise health risks. Given the circumstances, nanoparticles in soil must be evaluated and security measures be taken.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"67-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146030409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoplastics toxicity in aquatic organisms: a review of effects on selected marine and freshwater species.","authors":"Mahdi Kargar, Amir Hossein Hamidian, Ineyathendral Thandavamoorthy Rajeswari","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2611103","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2611103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoplastics (NPs), particles smaller than 1 μm, are considered a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems due to their ability to penetrate tissues, bioaccumulate, and disrupt physiological functions. However, quantitative data on their chronic and environmentally relevant effects remain limited. This review combines findings from 128 studies (2014-2025) on the effects of nanoparticles in five representative freshwater and marine species: <i>Scenedesmus obliquus</i> (microalgae), <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> (bivalve), <i>Apostichopus japonicus</i> (echinoderm), <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> (crustacean), and <i>Danio rerio</i> (fish). Our analysis shows that exposure to NPs at low concentrations of 0.1-100 μg/mL can cause oxidative stress, membrane damage, developmental disorders, reproductive changes, and immune and nervous system dysfunction. Factors affecting the toxicity of NPs include particle size, concentration, type, and aging status, as well as duration of exposure, organism sensitivity, environmental conditions, and the presence of co-contaminants. Despite the increasing recognition of the effects of nanoplastics, quantitative data on their chronic and long-term effects, particularly at environmentally relevant exposure levels, remain scarce. This review highlights the urgent need for future research focusing on the mechanisms and processes of nanoparticle toxicity at ecologically realistic concentrations, as well as on the long-term ecological and physiological consequences for aquatic organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"18-43"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145900214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}