Nanotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Biokinetics of inhaled silver, gold, copper oxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review.","authors":"Niels Hadrup, Ulla Vogel, Nicklas R Jacobsen","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2476994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2025.2476994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The understanding of nanomaterial toxicity is aided by biokinetic information pointing to potential target organs. Silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) are often referred to as soluble materials in the literature. In addition, data suggest gold (Au) nanoparticles to be soluble in the mammalian body. We identified inhalation studies on these materials and extracted data on physicochemical properties, organ distribution, and excretion. Silver and gold were retained in the lung for an extended period (>2,000 and >672 hours, respectively); copper initially increased in lung and then returned to baseline at ∼500 hours. Zinc increased in the lungs after short-term exposure to zinc oxide, but not after prolonged exposure. In blood, silver initially increased after inhalation but then gradually declined over ∼200 hours. Gold was elevated in the blood after exposure to 4, 7, 11, and 13 nm particles (but not particles of 20, 34, and 105 nm) and remained elevated for at least 672 hours after exposure to the 4 and 11 nm particles. Silver increased in the liver and spleen and was still present 2,000 hours post exposure. Gold was elevated in several organs, including the spleen and kidney, for more than 600 hours post exposure, indicating persistence in some organs. Both silver and gold were increased in the brain and olfactory bulb. Overall, we found no large differences in the biodistribution of the four nanomaterials but note that silver and gold were still increased in several organs at the last investigated post-exposure time points.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fullerenes in vivo. Toxicity and protective effects.","authors":"Olga Bolshakova, Olga Zherebyatieva, Svetlana V Sarantseva","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2471273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2025.2471273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The data available in the literature on the toxicity of fullerenes are numerous but contradictory. The ambiguity of research results hinders the transition from scientific research to real-world drug development. The ability of fullerenes to accumulate in some organs and tissues is interpreted in most cases as their disadvantage, while a number of studies have shown that there is no relationship between the accumulation of fullerenes and toxic effects. Moreover, fullerenes often exert potent protective effects. The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of fullerenes depend on the route of administration and are closely related to their functionalization, since pristine fullerenes are generally harmless. These factors, as well as the risk-benefit ratio, need to be considered when developing fullerene-based drugs. In this review, open-source data on <i>in vivo</i> toxicity, biodistribution, metabolism, and some protective properties of both native fullerene and a number of its derivatives are collected and analyzed. The problems and prospects for using fullerenes through various methods of delivery to the body, such as through the gastrointestinal tract, intravenous administration, intraperitoneal administration, dermal application or respiratory exposure are described.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effects of quercetin on intestinal barrier and cellular viability against silver nanoparticle exposure: insights from an intestinal co-culture model.","authors":"Adelaide Sousa, Angela A M Kämpfer, Roel P F Schins, Félix Carvalho, Eduarda Fernandes, Marisa Freitas","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2450372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2025.2450372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal epithelium plays a pivotal role as a vital barrier between the external environment and the human body, regulating nutrient absorption and preventing the entry of harmful substances. The human oral exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNP) raises concerns about their potential toxicity, especially at the intestinal level. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential pro-inflammatory effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-AgNP of two different sizes, 5 and 50 nm, at the intestinal level, while also assessing the protective ability of quercetin against these effects. To address this, an intestinal co-culture model comprising C2BBe1 cells and THP-1 derived macrophages was established, and the effects of 5 or 50 nm PVP-AgNP were studied, alone or in combination with quercetin, over two-time points, 4 and 24 hours. PVP-AgNP, of both sizes, disrupted the barrier integrity within 4 hours of exposure. However, a notable intensification in pro-inflammatory effects was evident only after 24 hours of exposure, especially with smaller PVP-AgNP (5 nm). This resulted in heightened cellular death, increased levels of reactive species, activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), and production of interleukin (IL)-8. Quercetin demonstrates the ability to maintain barrier integrity and mitigate oxidative stress, thereby offering protection against the detrimental effects induced by AgNP at the intestinal level.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On how titanium dioxide nanoparticles attenuate the toxicity of mercuric chloride to <i>Artemia salina</i>: investigation of fatty acid composition, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation.","authors":"Masoumeh Mohammadi, Zahra Ghasemi, Iman Sourinejad","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2452854","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2452854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) as an emerging pollutant in aquatic environments can interact with metals reducing or enhancing their toxicity in these environments. This study examined and compared the toxic effects of mercury ions (Hg²⁺ ions) on immobilization percentage, fatty acid profile, and oxidative stress of <i>Artemia salina</i> nauplii, individually (Hg) and simultaneously in the presence of 0.10 mg.L^-1 (Hg-0.1TiO₂NPs) and 1.00 mg.L^-1 TiO₂NPs (Hg-1TiO₂NPs). The interaction between Hg²⁺ ions and TiO₂NPs was evaluated using DLS and AAS-VGA. Simultaneous exposures exhibited an unexpected dual effect on <i>A. salina</i> nauplii. A synergistic effect was observed in Hg-0.1TiO₂NPs, while increasing the TiO₂NPs concentration in Hg-1TiO₂NPs prevented the synergy of the mixture compounds offering an antagonistic effect on nauplii. This dual effect was assigned to a greater number of available active sites and agglomeration of TiO₂NPs at higher concentrations. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation induced by Hg were diminished in Hg-1TiO₂NPs in line with the immobilization results. In Hg, total amounts of saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) increased while total monounsaturated (∑MUFA) and total polyunsaturated (∑PUFA) ones decreased compared with the control. However, they showed no significant change considering the control in Hg-1TiO₂NPs, again confirming the antagonistic effect on nauplii. The unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio decreased in both Hg and Hg-1TiO₂NPs compared with the control, however, this reduction in Hg-1TiO₂NPs was lower than in Hg. The present results emphasized getting a more comprehensive understanding of how TiO₂NPs impact the bioavailability and toxicity of co-contaminants through their combined effects and interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"84-99"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic nanoparticle toxicity is accentuated in the immune-competent inflamed intestinal tri-culture cell model.","authors":"Carmella St Pierre, Peter A Caradonna, Megan Steele, Steven C Sutton","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2452851","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2452851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Important cell-based models of intestinal inflammation have been advanced in hopes of predicting the impact of nanoparticles on disease. We sought to determine whether a high level and extended exposure of nanoplastic might result in the added intestinal inflammation caused by nanoplastic reported in a mouse model of irritable bowel disease. <b>Methods:</b> The cell models consist of a Transwell©-type insert with a filter membrane upon which lies a biculture monolayer of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX-E12 made up the barrier cells (apical compartment). This monolayer was exposed to digested 40 nm diameter polymethacrylate (PMA) with surface-functionalized COOH (PMA-) or NH₂ (PMA+) at a 'low level' (143 µg/cm² monolayer surface area) or 'high level' (571 µg/cm²) for 24 or 48 h. Beyond the apical compartment in the well of the tissue culture plate, was a monolayer of macrophages, previously differentiated from THP-1 cells (basolateral compartment). Thus, the immune competent tri-cultures were examined as two models: healthy and inflamed. The inflamed model, the barrier cell monolayer having been previously activated with IFN-γ and the macrophages having been previously activated with IFN-γ and LPS expressed a greater secretion of pro-inflammation cytokines. <b>Results:</b> Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry model (ISDD) simulated that 8%-12% of the PMA was deposited onto the barrier cell monolayer in 24-48-h. The structure of the barrier cells in the inflamed model was disorganized for both PMA, high level, 48-h experiments. While neither the amount of PMA nor the exposure duration influenced the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) secretion in the healthy model, only the high levels of both PMA- and PMA+ in 48-h exposure experiments resulted in a significantly increased LDH secreted by the barrier cells in the inflamed model, compared to inflamed control. This study is the first to show an additive inflammation of nanoplastic in an inflamed intestinal model of the intestine.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"69-83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of anticancer activity of urotropine surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles using a panel of forty breast cancer cell lines.","authors":"Jagoda Adamczyk-Grochala, Maciej Wnuk, Bernadetta Oklejewicz, Katarzyna Klimczak, Dominika Błoniarz, Anna Deręgowska, Iwona Rzeszutek, Paulina Stec, Agnieszka Ciuraszkiewicz, Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł, Dariusz Łukowiec, Piotr Piotrowski, Grzegorz Litwinienko, Adrian Radoń, Anna Lewińska","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2450196","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2450196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urotropine, an antibacterial agent to treat urinary tract bacterial infections, can be also considered as a repurposed drug with formaldehyde-mediated anticancer activity. Recently, we have synthesized urotropine surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles (URO@Fe₃O₄ NPs) with improved colloidal stability and limited cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts. In the present study, we have investigated URO@Fe₃O₄ NP-mediated responses in a panel of forty phenotypically different breast cancer cell lines along with three non-cancerous corresponding cell lines. URO@Fe₃O₄ NPs promoted oxidative stress and FOXO3a-based antioxidant response in breast cancer cells. Elevated levels of GPX4 and decreased levels of ACSL4 in URO@Fe₃O₄ NP-treated breast cancer cells protected against ferroptotic cell death. On the contrary, URO@Fe₃O₄ NPs impaired the activity of PERK, a part of unfolded protein response (UPR), especially when the glucose supply was limited, that was accompanied by genetic instability, and apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death in breast cancer cells. In conclusion, this is the first comprehensive analysis of anticancer effects of URO@Fe₃O₄ NPs against a panel of forty breast cancer cell lines with different receptor status and in glucose replete and deplete conditions. We suggest that presented results might be helpful for designing new nano-based anti-breast cancer strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"50-68"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating exosomal communication between macrophages and melanoma cancer cells via cyclodextrin-based nanosponges loaded with doxorubicin.","authors":"Mohammad Mahmoudian, Shokoufeh Alizadeh, Darya Lotfi, Yousef Khazaei Monfared, Mahdi Mahdipour, Francesco Trotta, Parvin Zakeri-Milani, Ziba Islambulchilar","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2024.2446553","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2024.2446553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) comprise cancer cells and nonmalignant cells including stromal and immune cells. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by various types of cells that play a crucial role in intercellular communications within TME. The main goal of this study was to elucidate how exosomes of macrophage cells treated with doxorubicin (DOX) and DOX-loaded cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (DOX-CDNSs), affect melanoma cancer cell proliferation. For this aim, the exosomes of the murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) were isolated and characterized after treating the cells with DOX and DOX-CDNSs. The results demonstrated that DOX-CDNSs at a treatment concentration of 1 µg/mL, were nontoxic for macrophages and remarkably toxic against cancer cells. However, DOX was nontoxic for both cell types at the same treatment concentration. DOX and DOX-CDNSs remarkably declined the viability of both cell types at higher concentrations (25 and 50 µg/mL). Intriguingly, the exosomes of DOX-CD-NSs treated macrophages promoted the viability of cancer cells at the treatment concentrations of 1, 20, and 40 µg/mL. While the exosomes of DOX-treated macrophages increased cell viability of cancer cells only at the lowest concentration. In conclusion, this study suggests that utilization of CD-NSs may augment the toxicity of DOX against cancer cells, while it could direct macrophages toward secreting exosomes that favor the growth of cancer cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the effects of dextran-coated CeO₂ nanoparticles on lung fibroblasts using multivariate single-cell Raman spectroscopy.","authors":"Mirjana Mićević, Sonja Čalija, Lela Korićanac, Jelena Žakula, Aleksandra Vilotić, Marko Radović, Igor Golić, Aleksandra Korać, Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić, Bojan Stojadinović, Zorana Dohčević-Mitrović","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2453576","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2453576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of highly soluble dextran-coated CeO₂ nanoparticles on human fetal lung fibroblasts MRC-5. We examined individual nanoparticle-treated cells by Raman spectroscopy and analyzed Raman spectra using non-negative principal component analysis and k-means clustering. In this way, we determined dose-dependent differences between treated cells, which were reflected through the intensity change of lipid, phospholipid and RNA-related Raman modes. Performing standard biological tests for cell growth, viability and induction of apoptosis in parallel, these changes were correlated with nanoparticle-induced apoptotic processes. The cells with specific spectral characteristics, referring to non-apoptotic, but possibly autophagic cell death modality, were also detected. Additionally, Raman imaging combined with principal component and vertex component analysis was used to map the spatial distribution of biological molecules in treated and untreated cells. This work provided the description of different resulting states of the treated cells depending on the dextran-coated CeO₂ nanoparticles dose, which can be later used in the design of the nanoparticles for industrial or medical applications. The wide content of information resulting from single-cell Raman spectroscopy has the potential to detect biochemical changes caused by nanoparticles that would otherwise require a series of expensive and time-consuming standard biological techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"100-118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of potential cytotoxicity of a water-soluble, red-fluorescent [70]fullerene nanomaterial in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska, Anna Urbisz, Karol Małota, Grażyna Wilczek, Maciej Serda, Magdalena Skonieczna","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2024.2445250","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2024.2445250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fullerenes (C₆₀, C₇₀) as carbon nanomaterials can enter the environment through natural processes and anthropogenic activities, while synthetic fullerenes are commonly used in medicine in targeted therapies in association with antibodies, or anticancer and antimicrobial drugs. As the nanoparticles, they can pass through cell membranes and organelles and accumulate in the entire cytoplasm. The red-fluorescent, water-soluble [70]fullerene derivative C₇₀-OMe-ser, which produces reactive oxygen species upon illumination with an appropriate wavelength, passed into the cytoplasm of the middle region in the <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> digestive system. To determine whether [70]fullerene nanomaterials that produce fluorescence after entering the cell cytoplasm will hurt its homeostasis, it is necessary to investigate the activation of degenerative and possibly regenerative processes. In vivo, studies on the model species <i>D. melanogaster</i> may help to elucidate whether the water-soluble [70]fullerene derivative that produces fluorescence can still be considered among the most promising nanomaterials. The experiment involved feeding insects ad libitum with yeast paste supplemented with 40 µg of fullerenes/mL for 1 week and 1 month. Thus, adult females and males of <i>D. melanogaster</i> were divided into control (CWM, CWF, CMM, and CMF) and experimental groups (FWM, FWF, FMM, and FMF). The quantitative and qualitative analysis enabled the presentation of the effects of the water-soluble [70]fullerene derivatives on cell proliferation and degeneration. Our study presented that [70]fullerene derivative showed a cytoprotective effect and activated cell proliferation. Therefore, we could conclude that analyzed carbon nanomaterials seemed to be safe for the cells into which they have penetrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142907281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quercetin protective potential against nanoparticle-induced adverse effects.","authors":"Adelaide Sousa, Félix Carvalho, Eduarda Fernandes, Marisa Freitas","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2024.2446554","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2024.2446554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid development of nanotechnology has resulted in the widespread use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various sectors due to their unique properties and diverse applications. However, the increased exposure of humans to NPs raises concerns about their potential negative impact on human health and the environment. The pathways through which NPs exert adverse effects, including inflammation and oxidative stress, are primarily influenced by their size, shape, surface charge, and chemistry, underscoring the critical need to comprehend and alleviate their potential detrimental impacts. In this context, the natural flavonoid quercetin is a promising candidate for counteracting the toxicity induced by NPs due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review provides an overview of the existing literature on quercetin's protective effects against NPs-induced toxicity, highlighting its therapeutic benefits and mechanisms of action, focusing on its ability to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage caused by various types of NPs. Insights from both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies demonstrate the effectiveness of quercetin in preserving cellular function, modulating apoptotic pathways, and maintaining tissue integrity in the presence of NPs. The potential of quercetin as a natural therapeutic agent against NPs-induced toxicity provides valuable insights for safer use of NPs in various daily applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"28-49"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}