Nanotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"A meta-analysis and systematic review on the association between air pollution and chronic liver diseases.","authors":"Sibo Gao, Li Tian, Yao Zeng, Huili Wang, Yang Yu","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2565212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2025.2565212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Air pollution represents the second most significant global health burden, and existing epidemiological studies have reported that air pollution is harmful to the liver. To comprehensively understand the relationship between air pollution and liver health, this study quantitatively assessed the effects of air pollutants on liver diseases based on published population studies.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>46 papers from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were included in this study. The study we included covered Asia, Europe, and the Americas, mainly from China (23/46), the United States (7/46), and the United Kingdom (3/46). This study has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024515689). A WHO-approved risk of bias (ROB) assessment tool specialized for air quality research was applied to evaluate the bias in the included studies. Statistical analyses were performed in R 4.3.2 with fixed/random-effects models (threshold: <i>I</i>²>50%). Effect values (odds ratio [ORs]/weighted mean differences [WMDs]) were standardized per 10 μg/m³ increment, with sensitivity analysis (leave-one-out), and publication bias tests (Begg/Egger) at <i>P</i> < 0.05. The results indicated that each 10 μg/m³ increment in particulate matter 2.5 mum (PM_2.5) was associated with increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (3.25%, 95% CI: 0.87-5.68), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (1.82%, 95% CI: 0.60-3.04), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (1.86%, 95% CI: 0.70-3.01); as well as increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21-1.44), liver cancer incidence (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11-1.35), and liver cancer mortality (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.14-1.90). Particulate matter 10 mum (PM₁₀) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure also correlated with elevated liver enzymes. The present study has demonstrated that long-term exposure to air pollutants was associated with a higher risk of developing liver diseases in comparison to short-term exposure. The cohort study yielded more statistically significant findings than the cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The evidence presented in this study suggested that air pollution was associated with an increased risk of liver enzyme abnormality, incidence of MAFLD, as well as incidence and mortality of liver cancer, reminding the public, environmental and clinical experts, to pay attention to the liver health associated with air pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effect of short-term exposure to non-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles on selected chromatin determinants in human immune cells and plasmid DNA integrity.","authors":"Kinga Malinowska, Kateryna Tarhonska, Karolina Górecka, Paulina Tokarz, Ewa Jabłońska, Aneta Balcerczyk, Edyta Reszka, Paulina Sicińska, Katarzyna Mokra, Bożena Bukowska","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2556865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2025.2556865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of non-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) with diameters of 29, 44, and 72 nm on plasmid DNA integrity and the expression of genes involved in the architecture of chromatin was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The cells were incubated with PS-NPs at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 µg/mL for 24 hours. Gene expression profiling was carried out using quantitative real-time PCR for the following genes: those involved in DNA methylation (<i>DNMT1</i>, <i>DNMT3A</i>), DNA demethylation (<i>TET2</i>, <i>TET3</i>), and chromatin remodeling, including histone methylation (EHMT1, EHMT2) and histone deacetylation (<i>HDAC3</i>, <i>HDAC5</i>). Furthermore, the expression of selected epigenetic markers related to histone acetylation and methylation (H3ac, H3K4me3, H3K9me3) at the protein level was examined using Western blotting. To assess the potential direct interaction of PS-NPs with DNA, a plasmid relaxation assay was performed in an extracellular system. The results demonstrated that PS-NPs do not cleave plasmid DNA directly. The gene expression analysis indicated that PS-NPs did not alter the expression of <i>DNMT1</i>, <i>TET2</i>, <i>TET3</i>, <i>EHMT1</i>, <i>EHMT2</i>, <i>HDAC3</i>, or <i>HDAC5</i> in PBMCs. However, statistically significant changes in the expression of the <i>DNMT3A</i> gene were observed after exposure to 29 nm nanoparticles (<i>p</i> = 0.016, Kruskal-Wallis test), although post hoc comparisons did not reveal significant differences between individual treatment groups, and no clear dose-dependent trend was evident. PS-NPs induced a statistically significant decrease in post-translational histone modifications, specifically H3ac and H3K4me3. These findings suggest that PS-NPs may influence the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of chromatin architecture.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nrf2 promotes MWCNT-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice.","authors":"Wenting Wu, Gaku Ichihara, Akihiko Ikegami, Yuka Suzuki, Kiyora Izuoka, Saleh Ahmed, Cai Zong, Ken Itoh, Masayuki Yamamoto, Sahoko Ichihara","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2529471","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2529471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used to reinforce plastics, but recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to MWCNTs via inhalation or intratracheal instillation induced lung cancer in rats. The present study was designed to determine the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in MWCNT-induced inflammatory response in the lung of mice. Anesthetized male Nrf2 null mice and age-matched wild-type mice were exposed once to MWCNTs at either 0, 10, or 20 µg/mouse by pharyngeal aspiration. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected after 7 days to evaluate pulmonary inflammation. Exposure to MWCNTs significantly increased BALF total cell counts and total protein level in wild-type mice, but not in Nrf2 null mice. MWCNT-exposed wild-type mice showed the significant increases in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and keratinocyte-derived chemokines (KC) levels in BALF, but these were not seen in BALF of Nrf2 null mice. Exposure to MWCNTs at 10 and 20 μg/mouse for 7 days did not significantly increase oxidative stress in both genotypes, but exposure to MWCNTs increased the levels of IL-1β and caspase-1 only in the lungs of wild-type mice. Our results demonstrate that Nrf2 promotes MWCNT-induced pulmonary inflammation, probably through inflammasome activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"475-488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the PET micro/nanoplastics as an environmental stressor on pancreatin enzyme: leaching and binding characterization by multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking examination, and the resulting impact on <i>Escherichia coli</i>.","authors":"Hasan Saygin, Asli Baysal, Batuhan Tilkili, Emre Apaydin, Pemra Ozbek","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2544587","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2544587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The deformation and leaching of substances from micro/nanoplastics under biotic and abiotic conditions is an important yet often overlooked issues for the environment and human health. Furthermore, their interaction with biomolecules can result in corona formation and the surface deformation of micro/nanoplastics. However, the interaction between micro/nanoplastics and biomolecules, e.g. pancreatin, and the resulting deformation/leaching mechanisms, as well as their biological impact, remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study aims to examine the deformation/leaching processes of micro/nanoplastics due to the action of the pancreatin. The interaction mechanism between micro/nanoplastics and pancreatin was investigated using multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking approaches. The deformation of micro/nanoplastics was tested based on their functional groups and structure, and their leaching into the pancreatin solution was assessed by measuring aromaticity and oxidative inputs. In addition, deformation and leaching effects of micro/nanoplastics on pancreatin were investigated using its structural characteristics (e.g. aromatic side chains, activity, and agglomeration), as well as bacterial toxicity using <i>Escherichia coli</i> (e.g. viability, biofilm, and oxidative stress). The Fluorescence and UV-VIS spectroscopic results, as well as molecular docking simulations, revealed interactions between micro/nanoplastics and pancreatin. Deformation of the micro/nanoplastics was confirmed using higher carbonyl and hydroxyl indices by ATR-FTIR, and removal and introduction signals by ¹H-NMR. The higher aromaticity and oxidative potential of the pancreatin indicated the leaching of chemicals from the micro/nanoplastics. Furthermore, the metabolic and oxidative responses of <i>E. coli</i> exposed to leachates were influenced by the deformation and leaching of micro/nanoplastics, as well as by the structural characteristics of the pancreatin.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"508-527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The protective effect of sodium selenite against silver nanoparticles induced oxidative stress and autophagy in cardiomyocytes is associated with AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.","authors":"Wanrui Ma, Qingping He, P Andy Li, Zhizhong Wang","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2552788","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2552788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selenite(Se) is a trace mineral that is essential for cardiac health. This study aims to investigate the beneficial effects of Se on cardiomyocyte damage induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to explore the underlying protective mechanisms. H9C2 cells were incubated with AgNPs with or without Se . Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, NAD⁺/NADH ratios, ATP levels, the mTOR signaling pathway, and autophagic proteins were measured. The results showed that AgNPs exposure significantly decreased cell viability, inhibited cell proliferation, and changed cell morphology. AgNPs dramatically elevated ROS production and descended mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, the NAD⁺/NADH ratio and ATP level of the AgNPs exposure group were significantly lower than those of the control group. AgNPs activated AMPK, depressed mTOR, and increased LC3 II/I and P62(P < 0.05). Interestingly, treatment with Se effectively salvaged AgNPs-induced cardiomyocyte damage, reduced ROS accumulation, stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, restored the NAD⁺/NADH ratio and ATP level, and prevented the activation of mTOR and autophagy dysfunction induced by AgNPs. Se mitigates AgNPs-induced cardiomyocyte damage by utilizing antioxidative properties and suppressing mitochondrial dysfunction mediated autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"541-551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144961953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The inherited story: multigenerational reversible effects of graphene oxide from F1 to F4 generations of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Avnika Singh Anand, Kalyani Verma, Amitabh, Dipti N Prasad, Ekta Kohli","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2549545","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2549545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With advances in the application of graphene oxide (GO), the major hindering factor is its toxicity. It is crucial to understand the immediate effects on the parent generation as well as the long-term multigenerational effects on subsequent generations. In this paper we investigated the multigenerational effect of GO from the parent to subsequent generations (F0, F1, F2, F3 to F4) in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> model organism. Flies were exposed to GO through the ingestion method at concentrations ranging from 50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, and 250 µg/mL. The effects of GO were studied at different levels via climbing assay, longevity assay, oxidative stress and phenotypic screening in subsequent generations. Significant declines were observed in the climbing ability, an increase in oxidative stress (F2), and a decrease in lifespan of the parent (F0) to progeny (F1, F2) flies exposed to GO. Critically, the reversal of these toxic effects in the later generations (F3-F4), suggests the development of adaptive mechanisms through which flies overcome the detrimental impacts of prolonged GO exposure. These findings underscore the importance of examining the multigenerational effects of nanomaterials (NMs), as the initial toxicity may not persist over time due to the emergence of adaptive responses in subsequent generations. Understanding and mitigating the toxicity of GO over generations is essential for its safe application in various fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"528-540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144961967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A meticulous biocompatibility and toxicological assessment of a self-assembling peptide nanofiber-nanoceramic biomimetic nanocomposite, per ISO 10993 guidelines.","authors":"Solmaz Chegeni, Hani Tavakol, Seyed Mahdi Rezayat, Shima Tavakol","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2538479","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2538479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone, a complex nanocomposite, has yet to be successfully replicated in a commercially available bone regenerative product that fully recapitulates this dual-phase nanoscale architecture. This study investigated the biocompatibility and safety of a nanoalloplastic composed of spherical nanohydroxyapatite (nHA; 30-45 nm)/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and osteogenic, angiogenic and immunomodulatory self-assembling peptide nanofibers (15-20 nm), designed to mimic the natural nanocomposite structure of bone. Adhering to ISO 10993 protocols, the nanocomposite was subjected to rigorous biocompatibility evaluation by IFDA laboratories. This assessment encompassed cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, hemocompatibility, sensitization, and irritation, as well as acute and chronic systemic toxicity studies. Results demonstrated the material's non-cytotoxic nature, with no significant reduction in cell viability. Hemocompatibility testing revealed acceptable hemolytic activity, while genotoxicity assays showed no evidence of DNA damage. Neither irritation nor sensitization was observed. Systemic toxicity studies in mice revealed no adverse clinical signs, weight changes, or organ pathologies. Bone regeneration study showed complete and osteoinductive potential over one month in rabbits. The peptide nanofibers contribute to the material's biocompatibility through their ECM-mimicking sequences, nanofibrous architecture, biodegradability, and toxic- and solvent-free nature. TCP and spherical nHA with an optimum particle size, morphology, crystallinity, dissolution rate, and significant pH stability, collectively ensure its biocompatibility and vascularized bone formation. These findings validate the biocompatibility and safety of this osteoinductive nanocomposite. The integration of spherical nHA and self-assembling peptide nanofibers appears to generate a biomimetic microenvironment that improves cellular interactions, thereby accelerating bone regeneration and confirming its biocompatibility, positioning it as a revolutionary solution for bone regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"489-507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic effects of aluminum nanoparticles: a review.","authors":"Michael Aschner, Anatoly V Skalny, Rongzhu Lu, Abel Santamaria, Monica M B Paoliello, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Anatoly A Kirichuk, Yu-Feng Li, Jose L Domingo, Alexey A Tinkov","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2511694","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2511694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this state-of-the-art review is to summarize contemporary data on the potential toxic effects of aluminum nanoparticles (AlNPs) and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms. <i>In vivo</i> studies using laboratory rodents demonstrate that lungs, liver, brain, and the immune system are the primary targets for AlNPs toxicity. Specifically, inhalation exposure to AlNPs induces lung damage by promoting inflammatory infiltration, airway remodeling, septal thickening, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. AlNPs-induced liver damage is characterized by hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, liver sinusoid congestion, inflammation, and fibrosis. AlNPs induces neurotoxicity resulting in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, altered neurotransmitter metabolism, and subsequent adverse neurobehavioral outcome. In turn, immunotoxicity of AlNPs is characterized by promotion of systemic inflammation along with impaired phagocytosis. In addition to the toxicity exerted by Al₂O₃NPs itself, the observed toxic effects of AlNPs may be attributed to Al³⁺ release from the particles with the subsequent induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxicity, cell cycle dysregulation, and cell death due to apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis. It is also evident that both the size and the form of AlNPs significantly affect its cytotoxicity. However, further studies are required to explore the mechanisms of toxic effects of AlNPs, as well as its potential adverse effects on human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"413-452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2512660","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2512660","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"474-477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of lanthanum and yttrium oxide nanoparticles and bulk forms on <i>Folsomia candida</i>: a study of single <i>versus</i> mixture exposures.","authors":"Joana Santos, Ana Capitão, Manuel Barbosa, Thomás Pires, Edgar Pinto, Ana L Daniel-da-Silva, Angela Barreto, Vera L Maria","doi":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2506586","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17435390.2025.2506586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intensive use of rare earth elements (REEs) raises concerns about their effects on soil organisms, particularly under mixture exposure scenarios. This study evaluated the toxicity of lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) and yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) nanoparticles (NPs) and bulk forms on <i>Folsomia candida</i>. Single (0-2500 mg/kg) and dual mixture exposures were tested for effects on survival, reproduction, avoidance behavior, and biochemical markers. No effects on survival and avoidance behavior were observed. NPs were more toxic than bulk forms. La₂O₃ NPs reduced reproduction (≥ 1250 mg/kg) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (2500 mg/kg), whereas Y₂O₃ NPs exhibited greatest toxicity, reducing reproduction (≥ 313 mg/kg) and increasing catalase (CAT) (156 and 625 mg/kg) and glutathione reductase (GR) (625 and 2500 mg/kg) activities. Mixture exposures revealed complex interactions (synergism, antagonism, or no interaction), with toxicity depending on concentration, endpoint, and material form. Besides, higher number of biochemical endpoints were affected by mixture exposures, but dissimilar responses were observed with different concentrations: 2500 mg/kg Y₂O₃ NPs + 2500 mg/kg La₂O₃ NPs decreased reproduction and increased GR, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and AChE activities; 2500 mg/kg Y₂O₃ NPs + 625 mg/kg La₂O₃ NPs increased CAT, GR, GST and AChE activities; 625 mg/kg Y₂O₃ NPs + 625 mg/kg La₂O₃ NPs increased GR activity; 156 mg/kg Y₂O₃ NPs + 2500 mg/kg La₂O₃ NPs decreased AChE activity, increased GR activity and lipid peroxidation levels. This study highlights that REE exposures, particularly mixtures, can pose risks to soil organisms and emphasizes the need to include mixture interactions in risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18899,"journal":{"name":"Nanotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"399-412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}