NanoImpact最新文献

{"title":"Impact of titanium dioxide and cerium dioxide nanoparticle mixtures on the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata","authors":"Mariam Bakir ,&nbsp;Isabel Abad-Alvaro ,&nbsp;Francisco Laborda ,&nbsp;Vera I. Slaveykova","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) occur as mixtures in the environment, making the study of their combined toxicity more realistic than the assessment of individual NPs. Interactions between NPs can alter toxicity profiles, producing synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects, yet current environmental assessments often overlook these cocktail effects. This study investigated the effects of titanium dioxide NPs (TiO₂-NPs) and cerium dioxide NPs (CeO₂-NPs) mixtures on the green alga <em>Raphidocelis subcapitata</em> compared individual NP exposures. Four mixtures with varying NP ratios were designed based on the toxicity units (TUs) concept and EC₅₀ growth-inhibition values for TiO₂-NPs of 28.3 ± 1.16 mg L⁻¹, and EC₅₀ for CeO₂-NPs of 13.6 ± 0.57 mg L⁻¹. Growth inhibition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and membrane damage were assessed using flow cytometry (FCM), while uptake was analyzed by single-cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-MS). Single-particle (SP) -ICP-MS distinguished NP size distribution and dissolution in mixtures.</div><div>Results revealed antagonistic interactions in mixtures, with growth inhibition lower than expected based on individual treatments. The difference between predicted and measured TUs in the mixture treatments, used as a measure for the extent of antagonistic interaction ranged from 0.66 to 1.76. Cells with elevated ROS generation showed a two- to four-fold reduction in the mixtures versus single NP treatments. SC-ICP-MS indicated reduced bioavailability of NPs in mixtures: intracellular TiO₂-NP content decreased from 15.7 to 24.3 fg cell⁻¹ (single) to 12.9–15.9 fg cell⁻¹ (mixture), and CeO₂-NP content dropped from 3.6 to 8.6 fg cell⁻¹ to 2.7–3.8 fg cell⁻¹. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing NP mixture toxicity using advanced single-event techniques, such as FCM, SP- and SC-ICP-MS, to discriminate the fate and bioavailability of NPs present in mixtures and to better understand their environmental impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100608"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145781604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘Beyond the ink: Cellular and molecular effects of iron-based pigments on macrophages’ [NanoImpact 39 (2025) 100578]","authors":"Marianne Vitipon ,&nbsp;Esther Akingbagbohun ,&nbsp;Fabienne Devime ,&nbsp;Hélène Diemer ,&nbsp;Aurélie Hirschler ,&nbsp;Daphna Fenel ,&nbsp;Stéphane Ravanel ,&nbsp;Christine Carapito ,&nbsp;Thierry Rabilloud","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100591","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100591"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145458918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic exposure and female reproductive health: A scientific review","authors":"Zhuoya Zhao,&nbsp;Yun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a global pollutant, microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the natural environment and human tissues, and their potential threat to female reproductive health has gradually become an important issue in the field of public health. The distribution, health effects and toxic mechanisms of MPs in female reproductive system were reviewed in this paper. MPs can penetrate the placental barrier, interfere with fetal development, and increase the risk of pregnancy complications. In ovaries, MPs induce granulosa cell apoptosis and disrupt follicular development, leading to hormonal imbalance and decreased fertility. In utero, the accumulation of MPs can cause endometrial inflammation and reduced receptivity, significantly inhibiting embryo implantation. This study provides a scientific basis for revealing the female reproductive toxicity of MPs, and has important reference value for formulating environmental health standards and improving female reproductive health protection strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145513320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food grade titanium dioxide is related to gut dysbiosis, but not markers of intestinal inflammation nor permeability in healthy, young adults","authors":"Lisa C. Merrill ,&nbsp;Evan Thomas ,&nbsp;Justin R. Wright ,&nbsp;Regina Lamendella ,&nbsp;Suresh Bhandari ,&nbsp;Dhimiter Bello ,&nbsp;Shannon L. Kelleher ,&nbsp;Katherine L. Tucker ,&nbsp;Kelsey M. Mangano","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium dioxide is a white pigment used in products such as foods and pharmaceuticals. Limitations exist in our understanding of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) oral exposure by adults and whether chronic exposure impacts gut health. The aims of this study were to estimate oral exposure of TiO₂ by quantifying stool content, and determine its association with the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability, and gut inflammation among healthy adults. This longitudinal analysis included stool collection at three time points from adults (18–30 y). TiO₂ concentration in stool was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Gut microbiota were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbiome Multivariate Association with Linear Models (MaAsLin2) identified gut microbiota associated with stool TiO₂. Intestinal inflammation was assessed from stool concentrations of calprotectin, lactoferrin, and myeloperoxidase and gut permeability from alpha-1-antitrypsin using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays. Dietary intake was assessed from three 24-h dietary recalls. Differences in intestinal biomarkers between high and low TiO2 groups (stratified at median, 0.22 μg/mg stool) were tested by student's <em>t</em>-test, and across quartiles of TiO2 by ANCOVA. Beta diversity showed clustering between the lowest and highest quartiles of TiO₂, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.02. Thirteen microbial taxa were differentially abundant in any of the quartiles of TiO₂ compared to the lowest. No differences in biomarkers of gut health were detected following adjustment. In healthy adults, higher stool TiO2 concentration is related to gut dysbiosis, but not to higher levels of gut inflammation nor permeability. Future studies should evaluate TiO2 in the stool of adults with impaired gut health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145505894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyvinyl chloride microplastics modulate behavioral and biochemical phenotypic heterogeneity in Tribolium castaneum","authors":"Raíssa de Oliveira Ferreira ,&nbsp;Thiarlen Marinho da Luz ,&nbsp;Bruna de Oliveira Mendes ,&nbsp;Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigies ,&nbsp;Wesley Rodrigues Soares ,&nbsp;Rafaela Ribeiro de Brito ,&nbsp;Guilherme Malafaia","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic (MP) pollution poses an emerging threat to biodiversity, yet most studies focus on mean effects, overlooking the role of intraspecific variability in determining population resilience. From this perspective, we investigated whether exposure to polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) reorganizes phenotypic heterogeneity in <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>, a terrestrial model of both ecological and experimental relevance. To this end, adults were exposed for seven days to a diet contaminated with PVC-MPs and compared with individuals maintained under baseline (control) conditions. We assessed survival rate, particle accumulation, and distinct behavioral biomarkers (across different paradigms), as well as biochemical endpoints predictive of oxidative stress, bioenergetic, neurochemical, and enzymatic alterations. Statistical analyses prioritized dispersion and structural metrics, including Gini's Mean Difference (GMD), entropy, heterogeneity tests (Fligner–Killeen and Energy distance), and the Multivariate Dispersion Network (MDN). The main results revealed that survival was higher in exposed individuals (92.2 %) despite pronounced particle accumulation, suggesting phenotypic modulation. Locomotor variability decreased (−24.7 %; 99.9 % PP), while spatial exploration, feeding response, and righting time increased in dispersion (+42–68 %; &gt;97 % PP). At the biochemical level, we observed increased GMD in 5-HT, ROS, and AChE, accompanied by reduced digestive proteases and higher entropy, as well as integrated signatures linking behavioral responses to distinct physiological mechanisms. The MDN revealed collapsed modularity (≈ 0) and negative assortativity (−0.45), reflecting unstable covariance. Integrated heterogeneity metrics (GMD, CV, Shannon entropy) linked behavioral dispersion to physiological variation in 5-HT, ROS, total proteins, DA, and AChE activity. Thus, our findings indicate that PVC-MPs acted not only as toxic stressors but also as agents of intraspecific diversity reorganization, simultaneously promoting instability and canalization across different phenotypic axes. This reinforces the importance of heterogeneity-centered analyses in understanding the links between MP exposure, vulnerability, and population resilience, and further recommends their incorporation into ecotoxicological risk assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multigenerational effects of nanoplastics on life-history traits and physiological responses in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Chloé M.C. Richard ,&nbsp;Hervé Colinet ,&nbsp;Mélanie Boël ,&nbsp;Stéphane A.P. Derocles ,&nbsp;Clémentine Goupil ,&nbsp;Théo Laguilliez ,&nbsp;David Renault","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ubiquitous presence of nanoplastics (NP) in the environment has emerged as a global concern. Their impacts have been mostly studied in aquatic ecosystems and species, and more recently, in terrestrial species. In addition, the toxicity of NP on organisms exposed continuously to this pollutant and over multiple generations remains poorly considered. Our study focused on the effects of chronic exposure of a polydisperse mix of polystyrene NP (20, 80, and 200 nm) on the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> to four NP concentrations (0, 1, 100, and 500 μg NP.g⁻¹ of food) over 10 generations. Their toxicity was assessed at the first (F1) and tenth (F10) generations by evaluating phenotypic (viability, development time, body size and body weight) and physiological responses, through enzyme activities related to oxidative stress and the expression of specific target genes (<em>e.g.</em> apoptosis, immunity). Our results showed a decrease in organisms' key traits in the first and tenth generations, with a reduced viability and body size. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was altered, with a decrease observed in the F1 generation, followed by an increase in F10, in flies exposed to 500 μg NP.g⁻¹. Finally, the expressions of target genes involved in apoptosis and immune responses were either up- or down-regulated, depending on the generation. These results highlighted the effects NP can have on life-history or physiological traits without higher effect across generations. In addition, the study reveals the complex response across generation and highlights the importance to study long-term exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100597"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145596842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size effect of graphene oxide on vanadium cytotoxicity: From aggravation to mitigation","authors":"Qiangqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shi-Ying Tan ,&nbsp;Yuan-Yuan Liu ,&nbsp;Aoneng Cao ,&nbsp;Sheng-Tao Yang ,&nbsp;Haifang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vanadium-containing compounds and materials are widely used in industry, unavoidably leading to environmental contamination. Whether other pollutants released into the environment, e.g. the star material graphene oxide (GO), affect the threat that vanadium poses to human health is still unknown. This study investigated the combined toxicity of vanadium ions and GO of different sizes (S-GO: ∼229 nm; L-GO: ∼1082 nm) to A549 cells. Exposure to vanadium ions (0–400 μM) for 24 h caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, where V(V) was more toxic than V(IV). The toxicity of vanadium was manifested as impaired proliferation and cell death. Vanadium toxicity was attributed to the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased intracellular ATP and the apoptosis. Importantly, co-exposure to vanadium ions and different-sized GO (200 μg·mL⁻¹) resulted in distinct effects: S-GO and vanadium ions displayed the synergistic toxicity, whereas L-GO and vanadium ions exhibited an antagonistic effect. Co-exposure to vanadium ions and S-GO caused more severe cell damage, which was associated with a significant increase in vanadium uptake. In contrast, L-GO adhered to the cell surface and reduced vanadium uptake, alleviating vanadium toxicity. The results collectively indicated that vanadium pollutants might interact with other contaminants to alter the environmental safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Titanium carbide MXenes – Early identification of safety, sustainability and regulatory issues","authors":"Samia Ouhajji ,&nbsp;Elmer Swart ,&nbsp;Doris Völker ,&nbsp;Kathrin Schwirn ,&nbsp;Bengt Fadeel ,&nbsp;Agnes G. Oomen","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional (2D) carbides and nitrides, collectively known as MXenes, are advanced materials known for their unique properties, including exceptional electrical conductivity, large surface area, and tuneable surface functionalities. MXenes have gained significant attention, due to their potential in energy storage, biomedicine, and environmental remediation. However, the safe and sustainable implementation of these materials is hindered by critical gaps in safety, sustainability, and regulatory data. This study applies the OECD's Early4AdMa anticipatory risk governance tool to systematically identify potential risks and challenges associated with titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂) MXenes, the most extensively studied of the MXenes. We highlight critical uncertainties around human health and environmental impacts, stemming from discrepancies in acute toxicity studies, insufficient data on pulmonary exposure, genotoxicity, and long-term effects, and limited understanding of environmental fate and ecotoxicity. These knowledge gaps are sustained by the lack of harmonised guidance on sample preparation and dosimetry tailored to the unique morphology of MXenes. Moreover, life-cycle assessments demonstrate the high environmental cost of conventional synthesis methods, underlining the need for greener, energy-efficient alternatives and sustainable innovation approaches. In addition to addressing these knowledge gaps, a key follow-up action is the evaluation of the need to update regulatory guidance documents related to material characterization relevant for such 2D materials (e.g., lateral size, layers, and terminal groups) to ensure comprehensive risk assessment. The present study not only identifies actions to improve the safety and sustainability of Ti₃C₂ MXenes, but also provides a basis for the evaluation of other emerging materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100588"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro- and nanoplastic exposure and metabolic disruption: A review on their emerging role in the pathogenesis of diabetes","authors":"Yuqing Song ,&nbsp;Shun Lyu ,&nbsp;Ruoxi Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaotong Hou ,&nbsp;Xingyao Tong ,&nbsp;Yuting Fang ,&nbsp;Zhuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Anqi Liu ,&nbsp;Man Yang ,&nbsp;Yanbo Li ,&nbsp;Ji Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have emerged as pervasive environmental pollutants with potential implications for metabolic health. Increasing evidence indicates that chronic exposure to MNPs may impair glucose homeostasis and contribute to diabetes pathogenesis by inducing oxidative stress (e.g., ROS overproduction), insulin resistance (e.g., IRS1/PI3K/AKT damage), mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., reduced ATP synthesis and membrane potential), and pancreatic β-cell damage (e.g., apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion). A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, employing the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We analyzed 127 peer-reviewed articles published from the last five years using the search terms “microplastics” OR “nanoplastics” AND (“diabetes mellitus” OR “insulin resistance”) AND (“metabolic syndrome” OR “glucose intolerance”). This review systematically evaluates the exposure routes of MNPs, including dietary ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, their biodistribution and accumulation in human tissues, and the mechanistic pathways through which they may exacerbate metabolic dysregulation. Special emphasis is placed on the synergistic interactions between MNPs and high-fat diets, as well as their contribution to diabetic complications, particularly nephropathy. Given that MNPs exacerbate metabolic disorders through environmental exposure, this paper proposes a tiered prevention strategy that encompasses both policy regulation(distal) and clinical intervention(proximal) to mitigate MNP-induced metabolic risk. Although compelling in vitro and animal evidence exists, human epidemiological data remain limited. Future research should prioritize standardized detection methodologies, real-world exposure assessment, and longitudinal cohort studies to elucidate the causal relationship between MNP exposure and diabetes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100590"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-technique approach for the characterization of titanium dioxide color additive","authors":"Sadia Afrin Khan ,&nbsp;Sheng Dong ,&nbsp;Martine Ferguson ,&nbsp;Betsy Jean Yakes ,&nbsp;Raymond P. Briñas","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has recently gained attention after the European Union banned its use as a food additive, due to a concern for potential genotoxicity of TiO₂ particles that cannot be ruled out. Thus, particle size distribution and other physicochemical properties were a crucial part of TiO₂'s safety evaluation. This study compares the physicochemical properties of TiO₂ used to color food in the US (i.e. TiO₂ color additive) with those similar to Unitane® O220 grade TiO₂ samples used in a 2-year oral carcinogenicity study. A combination of various analytical techniques (dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy) and different sample preparation methods (shaking and sonication of the aqueous dispersions) were used for the characterization. Although differences in particle size distributions based on DLS analysis were observed between the shaken Unitane ® O220 samples and the shaken TiO₂ color additive, no distinct differences were found in sonicated samples. Regardless of the sample type and sample preparation method, TEM image analysis revealed the minimum particle size ranges from 14 nm to 73 nm and the maximum particle size ranges from 292 nm to 704 nm. SEM analysis showed similarity in the morphology of all the samples, although elemental impurities were observed in the Unitane ® O220 samples. Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed all TiO₂ samples were in anatase form. A pH-dependent zeta potential analysis showed similarities among TiO₂ color additives and one of the Unitane® O220 samples. Despite some differences, the physicochemical properties of all TiO₂ samples were comparable. These results fill existing knowledge gaps regarding the presence of nanoparticles in TiO₂ color additive, guiding regulatory decisions and safety evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100599"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}