{"title":"Activation of inflammasomes and mechanisms for intracellular recognition of Listeria monocytogenes","authors":"Yasuyuki Matsuda, Hajime Yamauchi, Hideki Hara","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13091","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The high mortality rate associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> can be attributed to its ability to invade the body systemically and to activate inflammasomes. Both of these processes are facilitated by expressing a major virulence factor known as listeriolysin O, a 56 kDa pore-forming protein encoded by the <i>hly</i> gene. Listeriolysin O plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the bacterium by facilitating the escape of the pathogen from the phagosome into the cytosol. This process is essential for the successful establishment of infection. In addition, listeriolysin O is known as an immunomodulator that activates host signal transduction. In addition to listeriolysin O, <i>Listeria</i> expresses a variety of bacterial ligands, such as lipoteichoic acid, nucleotide, and flagellin, that are recognized by host intracellular pattern-recognition receptors including Nod-like receptors, AIM2-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors. This review introduces intracellular recognition of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> since recent studies have revealed that the activation of inflammasome exacerbates Gram-positive bacteria infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 10","pages":"429-437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1348-0421.13091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10204041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rheotaxis in Mycoplasma gliding","authors":"Daisuke Nakane","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13090","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13090","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review describes the upstream-directed movement in the small parasitic bacterium <i>Mycoplasma</i>. Many <i>Mycoplasma</i> species exhibit gliding motility, a form of biological motion over surfaces without the aid of general surface appendages such as flagella. The gliding motility is characterized by a constant unidirectional movement without changes in direction or backward motion. Unlike flagellated bacteria, <i>Mycoplasma</i> lacks the general chemotactic signaling system to control their moving direction. Therefore, the physiological role of directionless travel in <i>Mycoplasma</i> gliding remains unclear. Recently, high-precision measurements under an optical microscope have revealed that three species of <i>Mycoplasma</i> exhibited rheotaxis, that is, the direction of gliding motility is lead upstream by the water flow. This intriguing response appears to be optimized for the flow patterns encountered at host surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the morphology, behavior, and habitat of <i>Mycoplasma</i> gliding, and discusses the possibility that the rheotaxis is ubiquitous among them.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 9","pages":"389-395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10205035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Establishment of a new reverse genetics system for respiratory syncytial virus under the control of RNA polymerase II","authors":"Tatsuki Takahashi, Shiori Ueno, Yoshiro Sugiura, Kenta Shimizu, Wataru Kamitani","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13088","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A reverse genetics system for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes acute respiratory illness, is an effective tool for understanding the pathogenicity of RSV. To date, a method dependent on T7 RNA polymerase is commonly used for RSV. Although this method is well established and recombinant RSV is well rescued from transfected cells, the requirement for artificial supply of T7 RNA polymerase limits its application. To overcome this, we established a reverse genetics system dependent on RNA polymerase II, which is more convenient for the recovery of recombinant viruses from various cell lines. First, we identified human cell lines with high transfection efficiency in which RSV can replicate effectively. Two human cell lines, Huh-7 and 293T, permitted the propagation of recombinant green fluorescent protein–expressing RSV. Our minigenome system revealed that efficient transcription and replication of RSV occurred in both Huh-7 and 293T cells. We then confirmed that recombinant green fluorescent protein–expressing RSV was rescued in both Huh-7 and 293T cells. Furthermore, the growth capability of viruses rescued from Huh-7 and 293T cells was similar to that of recombinant RSV rescued using the conventional method. Thus, we succeeded in establishing a new reverse genetics system for RSV that is dependent on RNA polymerase II.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 9","pages":"413-421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10521913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anke Neidig, Nikola Strempel, Nadine Bianca Waeber, Waleska Stephanie da Cruz Nizer, Joerg Overhage
{"title":"Knock-out of multidrug efflux pump MexXY-OprM results in increased susceptibility to antimicrobial peptides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Anke Neidig, Nikola Strempel, Nadine Bianca Waeber, Waleska Stephanie da Cruz Nizer, Joerg Overhage","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13089","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multidrug efflux systems of the resistance-nodulation-cell division family play a crucial role in resistance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> to a large variety of antibiotics. Here, we investigated the role of clinically relevant efflux pumps MexAB<sup>−</sup>OprM, MexCD<sup>−</sup>OprJ, and MexXY<sup>−</sup>OprM in resistance against different cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Our results indicate that a knock-out in efflux pump MexXY-OprM increased susceptibility to some AMPs by two- to eightfold. Our data suggest a contribution of MexXY-OprM in resistance to certain AMPs in <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, which should be considered in the future development of new and highly active antimicrobial peptides to fight multidrug resistant infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 9","pages":"422-427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1348-0421.13089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10521912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiajing Li, Yining Wang, Sajjan Rajpoot, Marla Lavrijsen, Qiuwei Pan, Pengfei Li, Mirza S. Baig
{"title":"Investigating theobromine as a potential anti-human coronaviral agent","authors":"Jiajing Li, Yining Wang, Sajjan Rajpoot, Marla Lavrijsen, Qiuwei Pan, Pengfei Li, Mirza S. Baig","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13086","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coronaviruses (CoVs) have long been known to infect humans, mainly alpha-CoV and beta-CoV. The vaccines developed for SARS-CoV-2 are likely not effective against other coronavirus species, whereas the risk of the emergence of new strains that may cause the next epidemic/pandemic is high. The development of antiviral drugs that are effective across different CoVs represents a viable strategy for improving pandemic preparedness. In this study, we aim to identify pan-coronaviral agents by targeting the conserved main protease (Mpro). For drug screening, the catalytic dyad of four human CoVs (HCoVs: SARS-CoV-2, and seasonal CoV NL63, OC43, and 229E) was targeted by molecular docking. The identified leading candidate theobromine, a xanthine derivative, was further tested in cell culture models of coronavirus infection. Theobromine binds strongly with the catalytic dyad (His41 and Cys144/145) of SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 Mpro, mildly with HCoV-OC43, but not with HCoV-229E. However, theobromine only shows dose-dependent inhibition in Calu3 cells inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, but not in cells inoculated with seasonal CoVs. Theobromine exerts antiviral activity against coronavirus infections potentially through targeting Mpro. However, the antiviral potency is distinct among different CoVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 9","pages":"404-412"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10205028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xia Chuai, Yaya Zhou, Junhua Feng, Menghan Yu, Yan Wu, Lujuan Han, Yan Zhao, Hongxiu Qiao, Zhiyun Gao, Jian Li, Lixin Xie, Wenting Zhao, Changle Wang
{"title":"Analysis of multidrug-resistant determinants of clinically isolated Acinetobacter baumannii CYZ via whole genome sequencing","authors":"Xia Chuai, Yaya Zhou, Junhua Feng, Menghan Yu, Yan Wu, Lujuan Han, Yan Zhao, Hongxiu Qiao, Zhiyun Gao, Jian Li, Lixin Xie, Wenting Zhao, Changle Wang","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13087","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> is a multidrug-resistant coccobacillus responsible for severe nosocomial infectious diseases. This study mainly focuses on investigating the antimicrobial resistance features of a clinically isolated strain (<i>A. baumannii</i> CYZ) using the PacBio Sequel II sequencing platform. The chromosomal size of <i>A. baumannii</i> CYZ is 3,960,760 bp, which contains a total of 3803 genes with a G + C content of 39.06%. Functional analysis performed using the Clusters of Orthologous Groups of Proteins (COGs), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, as well as the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) revealed a complicated set of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the genome of <i>A. baumannii</i> CYZ, which were mainly classified into multidrug efflux pumps and transport systems, β-lactamase relative and penicillin-binding proteins, aminoglycoside modification enzymes, alternation of antibiotic target sites, lipopolysaccharide relative, and other mechanisms. A total of 35 antibiotics were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility of <i>A. baumannii</i> CYZ, and the organism exhibited a stronger antimicrobial resistance ability. The phylogenetic relationship indicated that <i>A. baumannii</i> CYZ has high homology with <i>A. baumannii</i> ATCC 17978; however, the former also exhibited its specific genome characteristics. Our research results give insight into the genetic antimicrobial-resistant features of <i>A. baumannii</i> CYZ as well as provide a genetic basis for the further study of the phenotype.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 9","pages":"396-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10205016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Information – Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.12999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Cover photograph</b>: Electron microscopy of lectin-treated SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 was concentrated by using a porous membrane-filter unit and incubated with saline or 9 μM OAA, ESA-2, or HypninA-2 for 10 min. The sample was negative-stained and observed by transmission electron microscopy. The left panel for each lectin is a 2000x view, and the right panel is a magnified view of the designated region. The area of n viruses on the electron micrographs was measured and divided into groups corresponding to less than 2 viral particles (~2), 2-5 (2~5), and 5 or more (5~), and the percentages were plotted on a pie chart. For HypninA-2, all virus particles made up about 10 huge clumps, and nothing that appeared to be free virus particles was found. Therefore, no pie chart was drawn. <i>Microbiol Immunol: 67:334–344</i>. Article link here\u0000 \u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 7","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1348-0421.12999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50119237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruno Rivas-Santiago, Jeny de Haro-Acosta, Adrian Rodríguez Carlos, Mariana H. Garcia-Hernandez, Carmen J. Serrano, Irma Gonzalez-Curiel, Cesar Rivas-Santiago
{"title":"Nicotine promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv growth and overexpression of virulence genes","authors":"Bruno Rivas-Santiago, Jeny de Haro-Acosta, Adrian Rodríguez Carlos, Mariana H. Garcia-Hernandez, Carmen J. Serrano, Irma Gonzalez-Curiel, Cesar Rivas-Santiago","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tobacco consumption increases the susceptibility to develop infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). Nicotine (Nc) is the main component of cigarette smoke with immunomodulatory properties, however, its effect on <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>) has been scarcely investigated. The present study evaluated the effect of nicotine on the growth of <i>Mtb</i> and on the induction of virulence-related genes. Mycobacteria were exposed to different concentrations of nicotine then <i>Mtb</i> growth was evaluated. Subsequently, the expression of the virulence-related genes <i>lysX, pirG, fad26, fbpa, ompa, hbhA, esxA, esxB, hspx, katG, lpqh</i>, and <i>caeA</i> was evaluated by RT-qPCR. The effect of nicotine on intracellular <i>Mtb</i> was also evaluated. The results showed that nicotine promotes the growth of <i>Mtb</i> both extracellularly and intracellularly and increases the expression of genes related to virulence. In summary, nicotine promotes the growth of <i>Mtb</i> and the expression of virulence-related genes that could be correlated with the increased the risk of smokers developing TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 8","pages":"365-376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10317991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiangxi Xu, Zhengdong Shen, Yun Du, Shai Zhang, Yajing Xi, Yuting Zhang, Dan Wang, Yuelan Zhu
{"title":"Huoxue Jiedu Recipe represses mitochondrial fission to alleviate submandibular gland inflammation in Sjögren's syndrome","authors":"Jiangxi Xu, Zhengdong Shen, Yun Du, Shai Zhang, Yajing Xi, Yuting Zhang, Dan Wang, Yuelan Zhu","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13084","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is the second most common autoimmune rheumatism. Huoxue Jiedu Recipe (HXJDR) is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine with a variety of pharmacological functions; however, its biological function in SS has not been studied yet. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum samples were isolated from healthy controls and patients with SS. NOD/Ltj mice were used for developing the SS mouse model. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome–related markers as well as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were determined by ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot analysis, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining detected the pathological damage. A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the mitochondrial microstructure. Inflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-1β, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), BAFF-receptor (BAFF-R), IL-6, and TNF-α in serum samples and NLRP3 inflammasome–related makers (NLRP3, cysteinyl aspartate–specific proteinase 1 [caspase-1], apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain [ASC], IL-1β) in PBMCs were greatly upregulated in patients with SS. Furthermore, cytoplasmic phosphorylation of Drp1 and mitochondrial Drp1 level were significantly increased in PBMCs, while mitochondrial swelling and fuzzy inner ridge were observed in PBMCs of patients with SS, suggesting increased mitochondrial fission. Compared with control mice, SS mice showed decreased salivary flow rate, increased submandibular gland index, and more severe inflammatory infiltration and damage as well as mitochondrial fission in submandibular gland tissues. After HXJDR administration, these effects were significantly reversed. HXJDR treatment could alleviate the inflammatory infiltration and pathological damage in submandibular glands of SS mice by inhibiting Drp-1–dependent mitochondrial fission.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 8","pages":"377-387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9944275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Re-recognition of innate immune memory as an integrated multidimensional concept","authors":"Chang Tang, Shoichiro Kurata, Naoyuki Fuse","doi":"10.1111/1348-0421.13083","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1348-0421.13083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past decade, the concept of immunological memory, which has long been considered a phenomenon observed in the adaptive immunity of vertebrates, has been extended to the innate immune system of various organisms. This de novo immunological memory is mainly called “innate immune memory”, “immune priming”, or “trained immunity” and has received increased attention because of its potential for clinical and agricultural applications. However, research on different species, especially invertebrates and vertebrates, has caused controversy regarding this concept. Here we discuss the current studies focusing on this immunological memory and summarize several mechanisms underlying it. We propose “innate immune memory” as a multidimensional concept as an integration between the seemingly different immunological phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":18679,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"67 8","pages":"355-364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1348-0421.13083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9934646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}