Microbial pathogenesis最新文献

{"title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE5 stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokine production via innate immune toll-like receptor 4 signaling.","authors":"Farha Naz, Mohd Arish, Sugandha Singh, Nilofer Naqvi, Anwar Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses an intricate system of virulence factors that aid in providing resilience to the pathogen within the milieu of the host. M.tb expresses unique proteins, PE/PPE, that are conserved and play a crucial role in pathogenesis. A conserved member of the PE family Rv0285 (PE5) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has been earlier characterized as an essential and secretory protein that is a critical regulator of host immune response. We have shown that the PE5 protein consists of lysosomal targeting sequences and is stable at low pH, thereby allowing the protein to be localized to the lysosome. In-silico studies suggest that PE5 interacts with TLR4. This was validated using the TLRs knockout macrophage cell lines. PE5 increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine via the TLR4 receptor. Recombinant M. smegmatis expressing M.tb-PE5 protein survives within the macrophage as compared to control M. smegmatis, suggesting its role in providing resilience to survive within the macrophage. FDA drugs were screened for that interaction with the PE5 protein. Interaction of Nystatin and Conivaptan hydrochloride with PE5 results in stable binding and provides proof of concept about the possibility of repurposing these molecules as an anti-tubercular drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A shift towards Th2 and changes in the distribution into T_naϊve, T_CM, T_EM, and T_EMRA subsets in HIV-infected non-responders.","authors":"Olga Loginova, Violetta Vlasova, Nadezhda Shmagel, Evgeniya Saidakova","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The decrease in CD4⁺ T-cell count, as well as a shift of Th1/Th2 towards Th2, are typical for HIV-infected people before treatment and associated with increased mortality risks. Studies of Th2 frequencies in HIV-infected patients receiving highly-active antiretroviral therapy (ART) have shown conflicting results and did not take into account CD4⁺ T-cell counts. We qualified the frequencies of Th1 (CD4⁺T-bet⁺IFNγ⁺) and Th2 (CD4⁺GATA-3⁺IL-4⁺) in HIV-infected individuals on ART using flow cytometry, considering the efficiency of CD4⁺ T-cell recovery. Additionally, we assessed the expression of CCR7 and CD45RO to determine the effector potential of the studied cells. We found that immunological non-responders (INRs), with CD4⁺ T-cell count <350 cells/μL, have increased frequencies of Th2 (Median (Me) = 3.35 %) compared to complete responders (CRs), with CD4⁺ T-cell count >500 cells/μL (Me = 2.52 %, p = 0.035) and HIV-negative individuals (Me = 2.19 %, p = 0.007). This, along with a decrease in the number of Th2 in INRs (Me = 6.9 cells/μL), compared to CRs (Me = 14.0 cells/μL, p = 0.027) and HIV-negative individuals (Me = 15.8 cells/μL, p = 0.009), indicates differential regulatory processes that ensure the Th2 survival not only in the early stages of HIV infection, but also during long-term ART. Furthermore, the distribution of peripheral blood CD4⁺, Th1 and Th2 cells into T_naϊve/T_CM/T_EM/T_EMRA subsets varied significantly: approximately half of CD4⁺ T-cell are naive, the majority of Th1 are T_EM and the most numerous population of Th2 is T_CM. INRs demonstrated a decrease in naive CD4⁺ T-cells (Me = 38.9 %, p = 0.041), compared to CRs Me = 57.7 %) and reduction of naive Th2 cells (Me = 11.4 %, p = 0.049), compared to CRs Me = 16.9 %). In addition, we note some minor expansion of T_EM cells among Th1 and Th2 in INRs. Correlation analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between Th1 and Th1 T_EM (r = 0.85, p = 0.003) frequencies, as well as negative correlations between Th2 and Th2 T_CM (r = -0.71, p = 0.027), Th1 and Th1 naive (r = -0.92, p = 0.0004) and CD4⁺ and CD4⁺T_EM (r = -0.66, p = 0.044) frequencies in INRs. Evidently, the CD4⁺ T-cell deficiency in INRs is associated with subset-specific alterations, which may include shifts in the cell frequencies and effector potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107964"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144794831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chrysin inhibits PEDV replication by antagonizing apoptosis via the ROS/JNK/p53 axis.","authors":"Yupeng Zhi, Yupeng Ren, Xuemei Xia, Qiao Tian, Yingshi Meng, Siyu Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) remains a significant threat to global swine industry, with immunization strategies limited by viral genome variation and a lack of effective therapeutic drugs. The flavonoid compound chrysin has shown potential anti-PEDV activity, but its specific antiviral mechanisms remain unclear. This study validated the inhibitory effect of chrysin on PEDV using IFA and qPCR. Additionally, Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on PEDV-infected Vero cells with and without chrysin treatment to reveal its antiviral mechanism. The results showed that 5813 DEGs at 12 hpi and 3374 DEGs at 24 hpi, with enrichment in pathways related to transcription, translation, metabolism, innate immunity, and apoptosis. Notably, KEGG analysis indicated that Chrysin regulate PEDV-induced apoptosis by modulating the TNF, MAPK, and p53 signaling pathways, which might antagonize PEDV infection. Subsequent results confirmed that chrysin can significantly downregulate the reactive ROS levels and cell apoptosis rate induced by PEDV infection (P<0.05), and inhibit the activation of the JNK and p53 pathways, including the phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK, and p53. Chrysin also significantly reduced cleaved caspase 3/8/9 levels and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, thereby affecting PEDV N protein expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, similar inhibitory effects on PEDV can also be achieved through the JNK inhibitor SP600125 and the p53 inhibitor PFT-α. These findings revealed that chrysin can antagonize PEDV-induced apoptosis through the ROS/JNK/p53 signaling axis, thereby inhibiting viral replication. This study provides a scientific basis for developing chrysin as a novel anti-PEDV drug and offers insights into the screening and research of antiviral drug targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144794833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lumpy skin disease virus ORF142 suppresses the cGAS/STING-mediated IFN-I pathway through NBR1-mediated STING autophagic degradation.","authors":"Jingyu Wang, Zhen Wang, Shaobing Wan, Shaotang Ye, Qi Li, Yongbo Liu, Xing Liu, Zihan Chen, Shizhe Liu, Qingmei Xie, Heng Wang, Kun Jia, Shoujun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lumpy skin disease (LSD), caused by the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), poses a significant threat to the global cattle farming industry. Viral proteins evolved the ability to escape host immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that LSDV infection inhibits interferon-β (IFN-β) production in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, even in the presence of Sendai virus (SEV) inducers. Through further investigation, we identify multiple genes at both ends of the LSDV genome that strongly inhibit IFN-β or NF-κB activation of the promoter. Notably, ORF142 selectively inhibits IFN-β promoter activity but fails to inhibit NF-κB promoter activity. Subsequently, we reveal that ORF142 negatively regulate the cGAS/STING-mediated IFN-I production. Overexpression of ORF142 suppresses IFN-β and interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) activity, while the absence of ORF142 upregulates the transcription levels of IFN-β and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in MDBK cells. Mechanistically, ORF142 interacts with STING to facilitate autophagy-lysosomal degradation by recruiting NBR1, thereby impeding the activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as IRF3, and inhibiting IFN-I production. In conclusion, our findings elucidate the immune evasion mechanism of ORF142 encoded by LSDV, offering insights for the development of antiviral drugs or attenuated live vaccines to mitigate LSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107959"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platinum nanoparticles with photocatalytic binders for swift virus inactivation on textiles and surfaces.","authors":"Yoshiyasu Takefuji","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Platinum nanoparticles combined with photocatalytic binders enable rapid virus inactivation on diverse surfaces, achieving 99.97 % reduction of Influenza A and 99.9 % of Feline Calicivirus in 15 s. This eco-efficient approach ensures uniform nanoparticle distribution, minimizing waste and offering sustainable antiviral protection for healthcare and other settings, dramatically outperforming existing solutions that require up to 5 min. We tested against Influenza A and Feline Calicivirus, with potential implications for norovirus due to similar viral structures, pending further validation. The binders' role in ensuring uniform nanoparticle distribution represents a breakthrough in sustainable protection technologies, enabling rapid virus inactivation while minimizing material usage across diverse materials including plastics, metals, ceramics, glass, and composites. In healthcare settings such as ICUs, this green technology significantly reduces waste generation and environmental impact while maintaining optimal protection against both current and emerging viral threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107965"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, characterization, therapeutic potential and depolymerase identification of a lytic bacteriophage Kpp-9 against Klebsiella pneumoniae with capsule serotype K2.","authors":"Menglu Wang, Jiayi Liu, Xin Jiao, Yanxia Liu, Shuqi Yang, Wenbin Gong, Jinjuan Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most threatening multidrug-resistant bacteria, and its inherent capsule and extensive biofilm formation pose a significant barrier to the treatment of infection. Bacteriophages (or phages) and phage-derived depolymerases are attracting attention as potential alternatives to antibiotics. Here, we isolated a lytic phage, named Kpp-9, using a capsule-type K2 strain, Kp09. Kpp-9 could inhibit bacterial biofilm formation, eradicate the mature biofilm in vitro, improve the survival rate of Kp09-infected mice, and alleviate the symptoms of pneumonia in mice. Morphological and genomic analyses showed that phage Kpp-9 belonged to the class Caudoviricetes and no virulence or resistance genes were found in the genome, indicating potential therapeutic applications of phage Kpp-9. Furthermore, two depolymerases (Kp9042 and Kp9050) were predicted and shown to be able to digest the capsule and improve the susceptibility of K. pneumoniae to complement-mediated serum killing. In addition, Kpp-9 and two depolymerases showed high selectivity for capsule-type K2 K. pneumoniae strains and exhibited robust thermal and pH stability. These results demonstrate that phage Kpp-9 and its encoded depolymerases Kp9042 and Kp9050 may serve as alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of capsule-type K2 K. pneumoniae infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107950"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of chemical composition, antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties, and cytotoxicity of essential oils from four plant fruits","authors":"Xu-Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Jia-Li Bai ,&nbsp;Zhen-Jia Ma ,&nbsp;Jie Fan ,&nbsp;Wei-Bao Kong ,&nbsp;Jun-Long Wang ,&nbsp;Ji Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun-Yu Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid growing concerns about milk safety and antimicrobial resistance, the development of antibiotic alternatives for bovine mastitis has become increasingly important. Essential oils (EOs) derived from the fruits of four medicinal plants were extracted using steam distillation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed distinct chemical profiles: <em>Wurfbainia vera</em> EO (WvEO, 84.00 % eucalyptol), <em>Cnidium monnieri</em> EO (37.47 % d-limonene/34.49 % α-pinene), <em>Alpinia oxyphylla</em> EO (51.64 % o-cymene), and <em>Lanxangia tsao-ko</em> EO (LtEO, 50.02 % eucalyptol). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that both WvEO and LtEO inhibited key pathogens associated with bovine mastitis, including <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em>, and <em>Streptococcus dysgalactiae</em>. Notably, LtEO exhibited lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (1.875–7.5 mg/mL). When combined, WvEO and LtEO showed synergistic antibacterial activity. Antioxidant activity assays further indicated that LtEO possessed stronger antioxidant capacity than WvEO, while the two oils together produced synergistic antioxidant effects (combination index &lt;1). Cytotoxicity testing in bovine mammary epithelial cells revealed that LtEO had a superior safety profile (EC₅₀: 0.091 vs 0.531 mg/mL). Molecular docking analysis confirmed strong binding affinities between EO components and critical targets, including dihydrofolate reductase, glutathione reductase, and lipoxygenase. Taken together, these findings highlight WvEO and LtEO as promising phytotherapeutic candidates for the prevention and management of bovine mastitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 108133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotype-dependent cell tropism of EV-A71 at the human blood cerebrospinal fluid and blood brain barrier","authors":"Alina Hügel ,&nbsp;Christel Weiss ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ishikawa ,&nbsp;Carolin Stump-Guthier ,&nbsp;Christian Schwerk ,&nbsp;Horst Schroten ,&nbsp;Ortwin Adams ,&nbsp;Sindy Boettcher ,&nbsp;Sabine Diedrich ,&nbsp;Tobias Tenenbaum ,&nbsp;Henriette Rudolph","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Enterovirus A 71 (EV-A71) has caused major epidemics worldwide. While it is most commonly associated with Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (HFMD) or nonspecific presentations as upper or lower respiratory tract infection, it can also lead to severe neurologic manifestations especially in young children. Detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of EV-A71 CNS invasion as well as of the neurotropic subgenotypes is currently lacking.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>EV-A71 infection at the level of the brain barriers was assessed with human <em>in vitro</em> models of the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCSFB) using Human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells and the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) using Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Six clinically relevant genotypes, namely BrCr, B5, C1, C1-like, C2 and C4 were compared. Besides BrCr, the reference strain for EV-A71 and C2, which is known for its worldwide presence, C1 and C1-like were chosen as they are mainly circulating in Europe whereas C4 and B5 are mainly known from the Asian-Pacific region. Infection was analyzed qualitatively via cytopathic effect (CPE) with light microscopy and immunofluorescence staining. Quantification of viral genome copies was performed via qPCR. In parallel, barrier integrity of the BCSFB was monitored via measurement of transepithelial resistance. LIVE/DEAD assays were applied for viability controls.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HIBCPP cells and HBMEC differed in their susceptibility to infection with different genotypes of EV-A71 namely BrCr, B5, C1, C1-like, C2 and C4. None of the strains caused a lytic infection in either model, in contrast to infection in RD cells. In HIBCPP cells as a model for the BCSFB, B5 led to the highest infection rates. Significant differences in the polar release of viral progeny to the CSF side were detected for B5 (56.42 ± 7.13 %) compared to BrCR (30.39 ± 8.11 %), C1 (8.73 ± 8.89 %), C1-like (23.90 ± 17.28 %), C2 (16.89 ± 8.95 %) and C4 (21.46 ± 3.16 %). In HBMEC as a model for the BBB, BrCr showed significantly higher apical release compared to the other genotypes. The minimum p-value (0.0019) was recorded for p_BrCr _vs.B5 at 24 h and 48 h, while the maximum p-value (0.0379) was observed for p_BrCr _vs.B5 at 72 h.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings reveal that different genotypes of EV-A71 exhibit distinct tropisms at the level of the brain barriers, which may correlate with variations in the clinical course of infection. Clinical and molecular surveillance of EV infections beyond those currently established in the Asia-Pacific region is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 108129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EUGENOL AS A SYNERGISTIC ADJUVANT TO CONVENTIONAL ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Klebsiella pneumoniae: AN INTEGRATED in vitro AND QUANTUM-BASED in silico APPROACH.","authors":"Amanda Vieira de Barros, Bruno Oliveira de Veras, Gabriela de Lima Menezes, Katyanna Sales Bezerra, Patryck Érmerson Monteiro Dos Santos, Rafael Artur de Queiroz Cavalcanti de Sá, Umberto Laino Fulco, Douglas Soares Galvão, Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva, Guilherme Malafaia, Márcia Vanusa da Silva, Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho, Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The escalating antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae poses a critical public health challenge, demanding innovative therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of eugenol (EOL) and its potential as a resistance-modulating agent when combined with conventional antibiotics-amoxicillin (AXL), azithromycin (AZT), cephalexin (CEF), and ciprofloxacin (CIP)-against clinical multidrug-resistant isolates. EOL exhibited intrinsic antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 1024 to 2048 μg/mL. Checkerboard assays revealed synergistic interactions between EOL and AXL or AZT (FICI ≤ 0.5), while combinations with CEF and CIP were indifferent. These synergistic effects were corroborated by growth inhibition curves, time-kill kinetics, and biofilm suppression assays, all of which demonstrated a marked reduction in bacterial viability and biofilm formation. Molecular docking and quantum mechanical calculations further elucidated the enhanced binding affinities and intermolecular interactions between AXL-EOL complexes and key resistance-related targets (KPC, LpxC, and particularly the quorum-sensing regulator SdiA), with interaction energies reaching up to -52.06 kcal/mol. Altogether, the findings underscore the potential of EOL as a potent adjuvant that augments the efficacy of conventional antibiotics, offering a promising pathway toward the development of targeted therapies against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145355292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling rice defense against bacterial blight: Molecular pathways, resistance genes and breeding perspectives","authors":"Zukhruf Tauqeer ,&nbsp;Arfa Tauqeer ,&nbsp;Saima Parveen Memon ,&nbsp;Muhammad Usama Younas ,&nbsp;Guangda Wang ,&nbsp;Waqar Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacterial blight, caused by <em>Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae</em> (<em>Xoo</em>), is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.), threatening food security across major rice-growing regions, particularly in Asia. The pathogen is known for its rapid transmission, high mutation rate, and ability to cause yield losses of up to 40 to 50 percent under favorable conditions. Developing and deploying resistant rice varieties remains the most effective strategy for disease management. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity to <em>Xoo</em>, focusing on the two major defense layers: pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). We categorize and analyze 44 reported bacterial blight resistance (R) genes, detailing their structure, classification, and regulatory roles in immune signaling. Furthermore, we highlight advances in the identification, functional characterization, and breeding applications of these genes. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future prospects in engineering durable resistance through a deeper understanding of host–pathogen interactions and integrated immune responses. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and breeders working toward sustainable control of rice bacterial blight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 108128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145355293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}