Microbial pathogenesis最新文献

{"title":"Comparative antifungal efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde and nystatin against biofilm-forming Candida Species: Structural insights and drug susceptibility","authors":"Dang Anh Tuan","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofilm-associated infections caused by <em>Candida</em> species present significant therapeutic challenges due to their resistance to conventional antifungal agents. This study compared the antifungal efficacy of <em>trans</em>-Cinnamaldehyde—a natural compound extracted and purified from Cinnamon Tra My (Vietnam)—with nystatin against <em>Candida albicans</em>, <em>C. glabrata</em>, and <em>C. tropicalis</em> in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Planktonic Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (PMIC) and Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC) values were determined using the CLSI M27-A3 protocol and MTT assay, while biofilm structure was assessed via light microscopy. Nystatin demonstrated superior efficacy across all species, with MBIC₁₀₀ values of 0.008 mg/mL for <em>C. albicans</em> and <em>C. glabrata</em>, and 0.032 mg/mL for <em>C. tropicalis</em>. In contrast, <em>trans</em>-Cinnamaldehyde required 0.32 mg/mL to achieve MBIC₁₀₀ in <em>C. albicans</em> and <em>C. glabrata</em>, and 0.63 mg/mL in <em>C. tropicalis</em>. Microscopic analysis confirmed pronounced biofilm disruption in <em>C. albicans</em> post-treatment with <em>trans</em>-Cinnamaldehyde, whereas <em>C. tropicalis</em> biofilms remained structurally resilient. These findings highlight the species-dependent susceptibility of <em>Candida</em> biofilms and underscore nystatin's continued role as a frontline antifungal. <em>Trans</em>-Cinnamaldehyde, while less potent, shows promise as a natural adjunct, particularly against <em>C. albicans</em> and <em>C. glabrata</em> biofilms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 107763"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral delivery of recombinant outer membrane protein 23-based nanovaccine can minimize Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oreochromis niloticus.","authors":"Mave Harshitha, Dincy Lourdh D'souza, Banada Thimmappa Rakshitha, Indrani Karunasagar, Anirban Chakraborty, Biswajit Maiti","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant financial losses are incurred annually in commercial aquaculture due to the opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila outbreaks in warm-water fish species. Thus, an appropriate vaccine and an efficient delivery system must be developed to combat such infectious diseases effectively. This study focused on developing an outer membrane protein (OMPs)-based nanovaccine employing the double emulsion method, integrating it in a biodegradable polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer. The resultant nanoparticle, carrying the recombinant protein Omp23 (rOmp23), had a size of 346.5nm, an impressive 74.45 % encapsulation efficiency, and a polydispersity index of 0.318. Additionally, the spherical shape of the PLGA-Omp23 nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning electron microscope. Further, to evaluate their in vivo efficacy, tilapia fish were administered the vaccine-incorporated feed orally for 21 days post-challenge with the target pathogen. Cytokine expression levels were monitored at intervals to track the activation of targeted immune genes and to assess nonspecific immune response parameters. The obtained relative percentage survival of 73%, highlighted the therapeutic promise of the PLGA-encapsulated OMP-based nanovaccine. This study demonstrates the utility of nanoparticle system designed to encapsulate the outer membrane protein as a potential oral fish vaccine for infectious diseases. This strategy could be an efficient, cost-effective, and least stressful mode of vaccination to manage infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107765"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on the neurological impact of parasitic infections","authors":"Firooz Shahrivar ,&nbsp;Ata Moghimi ,&nbsp;Ramin Hosseinzadeh ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hasan Kohansal ,&nbsp;Ali Mortazavi ,&nbsp;Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh ,&nbsp;Ehsan Ahmadpour","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasitic infections continue to receive little attention in research and health care policy, despite their high prevalence and potential to cause serious neurological complications. For instance, neurocysticercosis, caused by the larval form of <em>Taenia solium</em>, is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic areas, affecting more than 2 million people worldwide. <em>Toxoplasma gondii,</em> a widespread protozoan parasite, has been linked to behavioral changes, mental health disorders, and an increased risk of schizophrenia, especially in individuals with prior exposure. Importantly, <em>Toxoplasma</em> infection can cause encephalitis, a serious inflammation of the brain, highlighting its critical role in central nervous system diseases. Another striking example is <em>Naegleria fowleri</em>, the brain-eating amoeba, which causes a rare but often fatal infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Although rare, PAM has a mortality rate of over 95 %. The neglect of these infections, combined with diagnostic challenges, often leads to delayed or incorrect diagnoses, resulting in avoidable complications and long-term consequences. These parasitic diseases contribute substantially to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), chronic neurological sequelae, and socioeconomic burdens in affected communities. In this comprehensive review, we focus on a subset of neurotropic parasites and explore their complex interactions with the central nervous system, offering insights into their epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations. By emphasizing their neurological impact, we aim to underscore the urgent need for increased awareness, research investment, and healthcare prioritization of these neglected tropical diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 107762"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of blood and urine microbiome temporal variability in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.","authors":"Wanying Liu, Shaozhen Chen, Jiajie Yang, Yanxin Chen, Qinwen Yang, Lihua Lu, Jiazheng Li, Ting Yang, Guanbin Zhang, Jianda Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Investigating the microbiota of blood and urine from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients is essential to unravel the complex role of microbiota in systemic host-microbe interactions and implications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a longitudinal observational study to characterize the temporal dynamics of blood and urine microbiota in 27 AML patients, utilizing metagenomic analysis pipeline for microbial identification to identify disease-associated microbial signatures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The composition of blood and urine microbiota of AML was dominated by Proteobacteria phylum in blood, Firmicutes phylum in urine. The species and diversity of blood and urine microbiota did not have difference between AML patients and healthy controls. Restitution of alpha and beta diversity of blood microbiota and urine microbiota to resemble that of healthy controls occurred after cessation of treatment. Temporal variation of urine microbiome was higher than blood after treatment which was closely related to pathogenic bacteria and beneficial bacteria measured by coefficient of variation (CV) of alpha diversity. The temporal variability of urine microbiota was significantly correlated with platelet and exposure of levofloxacin. The variation of microbiome of AML patients with infection was found that the relative abundance of Burkholderia significantly enriched in blood and urine which had high accuracy and sensitivity. The correlation between blood microbiota and serum amino acid metabolites was similar to that between gut microbiota and serum metabolites.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study represents the first comprehensive investigation to quantify the longitudinal variability of blood and urine microbiota in AML patients, revealing distinct patterns compared to gut microbiota and associations with adverse clinical outcomes. Our findings highlight the potential of leveraging stabilizing taxa as a target for microbiome restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein families and related pathogenesis.","authors":"Senlin You, Jiao Li, Eng Guan Chua, Alfred Tay, Mohammed Benghezal, Barry Marshall, Hong Tang, Hong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide and a major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of H. pylori play crucial roles in its pathogenesis, acting as key mediators of bacterial adhesion, immune evasion, and interactions with the host. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various OMPs involved in H. pylori pathogenesis, including their roles as adhesins, porins, and in biofilm formation. Additionally, this review explores the involvement of OMPs in triggering proinflammatory responses that contribute to the development and progression of severe gastric diseases. By summarizing the current knowledge on H. pylori OMPs, this review highlights their significance as potential targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing or mitigating H. pylori-associated diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of hypotensive drugs on mouse macrophage response to Staphylococcus aureus depends on the type of cell line","authors":"Dominik Felkle ,&nbsp;Konrad Kaleta ,&nbsp;Wiktoria Sobocińska ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Zięba ,&nbsp;Julia Czaja ,&nbsp;Amanda Zyzdorf ,&nbsp;Mateusz Jarczyński ,&nbsp;Maria Walczewska ,&nbsp;Bernadeta Nowak ,&nbsp;Paulina Skalska ,&nbsp;Angelika Fedor ,&nbsp;Magdalena Gębicka ,&nbsp;Angelika Domagała ,&nbsp;Anna Białecka ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Bryniarski ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Nazimek","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing prevalence of hypertension forces the widespread use of hypotensive drugs that are suspected to exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, their action on anti-infective immunity remains a subject of speculation. Therefore, our current study aimed to investigate the effects of selected hypotensive drugs, namely amlodipine, verapamil, captopril, olmesartan, carvedilol and propranolol, on the response of two mouse macrophage cell lines to <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> by assessing their viability, secretory activity and expression of selected markers. Comparison of both cell lines, i.e., RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 macrophages, revealed the differences in their reactivity to <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and drug treatment, with RAW cell being more susceptible to the stimulation. Furthermore, bacteria more potently stimulated oxidative burst and cytokine release in RAW macrophages, and propranolol most efficiently modulated these processes. In addition, higher percentage of CD11b⁺ and CD86⁺ J774A.1 cells was detected, while expression level of these markers was upper on RAW macrophages. Both cell lines differed in cyclooxygenase-2 expression after bacterial stimulation. Moreover, the lack of arginase-1 expression with simultaneous iNOS expression suggested that RAW cells may be more prone to M1 polarization when exposed to bacteria. Interestingly, captopril, propranolol and verapamil were found to induce their effects more potently than olmesartan, carvedilol and amlodipine. However, in general all drugs exerted rather anti-inflammatory effects on naive macrophages and have not impaired macrophage response to <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Thus, our findings provide a new perspective on the safety of antihypertensive therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 107760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.F. biomembranes with silver nanoparticles in the clinical experimental treatment of skin lesions of dogs with leishmaniasis","authors":"Daiana do C.S. Batista ,&nbsp;Mateus R. de Oliveira ,&nbsp;João V. de Jesus ,&nbsp;Anne C.L.A.S. de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Venâncio A. Amaral ,&nbsp;Rachel L. Andrade ,&nbsp;Wanessa Santana Mota ,&nbsp;Juliana C. Cardoso ,&nbsp;Eliana B. Souto ,&nbsp;Patrícia Severino ,&nbsp;Victor F.S. Lima","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of global impact, exhibiting a variety of symptoms, including skin lesions. In dogs, the primary reservoirs of the disease, these lesions can worsen due to increased exposure to other harmful agents. Implementing strategies to address this issue is essential, particularly in socio-economically disadvantaged geographical areas. This work describes an uncontrolled pilot study to evaluate an innovative therapeutic formulation, patented under number BR 10 2023 019708 6. This formulation, composed of <em>Aloe vera</em> and silver nanoparticles, was tested for its effectiveness in treating skin lesions in dogs affected by leishmaniasis. Out of the 22 dogs assessed, 9 were included in the study. During the clinical evaluation, the most common additional symptoms observed were lymphadenomegaly (88.89 %) and alopecia/hypotrichosis (77.78 %). In the control group, the skin lesions showed a slight reduction between day 15 (D15) and day 30 (D30). In the treated groups, there was a significant lesion contraction, with averages of 68.1 % on D15 and 85.3 % on D30 when treated with biomembrane and systemic medication (based on allopurinol 10 mg/kg and domperidone 1 mg/kg), and of 55.4 % on D15 and 94.8 % on D30 when treated with biomembrane only. The reduction of exudate and the transition from granulation tissue to epithelial tissue were signs of recovery. Cytological analysis showed cell evolution in the treated groups, with a reduction in bacteria, erythrocytes and neutrophils in the test groups which, microscopically, confirmed the evolution of the healing process. The results suggest that the biomembranes made from <em>Aloe vera</em> and silver nanoparticles have high potential for promoting tissue healing in dogs with leishmaniasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 107759"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complement C1q inhibits the immune escape of mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with macrophage inflammation levels and glycolytic activation","authors":"Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Yonglan Pu ,&nbsp;Shenjie Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The pathogenic mechanism of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex, and the immune mechanism of the host against Mtb infection and the escape mechanism of Mtb are not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying complement C1q and Mtb immune escape.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Functional experiments, using RAW264.7 cells as the focus cell line and applying CCK-8, western blotting, qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry, were carried out to uncover the exact role of C1q in macrophages, glycolytic activation, immune escape, and Mtb.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>C1q promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7, suppressed cell apoptosis, and regulated the secretion of M1/M2 type molecular markers in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, C1q induced glycolytic activation in macrophages, and the immune escape of Mtb in the macrophages was accompanied by the activation of glycolysis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Complement C1q inhibited the immune escape of Mtb associated with macrophage inflammation and glycolytic activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 107757"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexamethasone disrupts skull bone marrow-dura mater border, prolonging parameningeal infection in mice intranasally inoculated with E. coli","authors":"Hanxiao Cai ,&nbsp;Wenmian Huang ,&nbsp;Yicheng Li ,&nbsp;Yutao Du ,&nbsp;Fanfan Ye ,&nbsp;Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Yiyi Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaochang Xue ,&nbsp;Guodong Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidence of parameningeal infection (PI) is increasing in the context of therapy-induced immunosuppression. PI often presents with atypical symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis and intervention, and can result in severe neurological sequelae. However, current understanding of PI remains limited due to a lack of basic research on host-pathogen interactions. Here, we first established a transient PI model in immunocompetent adult mice by intranasally administering <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>), without inducing bacteraemia or systemic infection. When dexamethasone, an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent, was co-administered, the model transitioned into a prolonged state. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analyses revealed that dexamethasone prolonged PI by impairing innate immune-mediated clearance of <em>E. coli</em> at the skull bone marrow-dura mater border, which we identified as the initial immune barrier of the central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, dexamethasone inhibited the proliferation of Ly6C⁺ monocytes in the skull bone marrow and subsequently their influx to the dura mater, while also suppressing the functional shift of macrophages. These effects collectively hindered pathogen clearance and prolonged PI. Overall, our work established both transient and prolonged PI mouse models and explored how dexamethasone promotes PI progression. Our findings highlight the skull bone marrow-dura mater border as a critical frontline defence of the CNS, offering a potential target for the prophylaxis and therapy of PI and other CNS infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 107752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotics integrated to cancer vaccines and their potential for cancer management.","authors":"Abdul Arif Khan, Anis A Choudhary, HariOm Singh, Mirza Saqib Baig","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms involved in providing valuable effects under several ailments. The beneficial potential of probiotics in cancer prevention and management is already reviewed in a number of studies. However, recent trends are indicating immense potential of cancer immunotherapy in its prevention and management. Cancer vaccine is an emerging field and getting substantial scientific interest due to its potential. Cancer vaccines are primarily categorized into preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Preventive cancer vaccine against HPV has shown remarkable influence in the reduction of HPV associated cancer, similarly, vaccine against HBV is also emerging as an important breakthrough in cancer management. In contract, therapeutic cancer vaccines are still undergoing through development and face several challenges for eliciting required immune response. Probiotics are important element, with immunomodulatory activity. Recent researches are focusing on using probiotics with cancer vaccine in order to improve their efficacy. The current article tries to focus on this emerging field where integration of probiotics with cancer vaccine may offer valuable effects on cancer immunotherapy. The development of cancer vaccine using probiotics is effective strategy but needs careful considerations for such patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107742"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}