Microbial pathogenesis最新文献

{"title":"Emerging Therapeutic Paradigms in Tuberculosis: Nanocarriers, Host-Directed Strategies, and Translational Pharmacology.","authors":"Anjali Saxena, Summer Bhagra, Shuvayoo Das, Naveen Kaushik, Biswajit Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>TB remains a significant global health burden due to protracted therapeutic courses, poor patient compliance, and toxicities associated with drug treatment, as well as concerns arising from increasingly prevalent multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. The escalating prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains, compounded by the pathogen's extraordinary capacity to survive within host macrophages and pharmacologically impenetrable granulomas, has rendered conventional chemotherapy progressively insufficient, exposing an urgent and unmet need for transformative therapeutic innovation. This review comprehensively addresses that need by critically examining three converging paradigms redefining tuberculosis management: nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, host-directed therapeutic strategies, and translational pharmacology. We systematically evaluate the structural and molecular determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis underpinning drug resistance and intracellular persistence, alongside an in-depth analysis of diverse nanocarrier platforms-polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanocarriers, dendrimers, biomimetic membrane-coated systems, and inhalable formulations, and host-directed approaches targeting autophagy, macrophage reprogramming, miRNA regulation, and antimicrobial peptide pathways. Receptor-mediated active targeting strategies, translational pharmacology frameworks, manufacturing challenges, and regulatory barriers are critically appraised, with an emerging roadmap encompassing artificial intelligence, CRISPR genomics, and mRNA-LNP vaccine platforms. This review equips researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical scientists with an integrated, evidence-based framework to accelerate the development and clinical translation of next-generation anti-tuberculosis therapeutics, ultimately contributing to the global ambition of ending tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147863928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of a VSV-Based ASFV Pseudovirus Platform Enabling Safe Evaluation of Envelope Protein-Mediated Entry and Host Innate Immune Responses.","authors":"Hao Wang, Zhuo Li, Qinghua Geng, Ling Ma, Yihan Zhang, Shouhua Feng, Jinling Liu, Zuofeng Yang, Shu Wei, Zeliang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains a global threat to the swine industry, yet research is hampered by the requirement for high-containment biosafety facilities. To facilitate investigation into ASFV entry mechanisms under Biosafety Level 2 conditions, we engineered a robust vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudotype system. Five envelope-associated proteins p17 (D117L), p54 (E183L), pE248R (E248R), p22 (KP177R), and p30 (CP204L) were systematically evaluated. Through optimization of plasmid transfection ratios and packaging kinetics, we demonstrated that dual-envelope combinations particularly those involving E248R and KP177R significantly enhanced entry efficiency compared to single-protein pseudotypes, suggesting a synergistic role in viral attachment and membrane fusion. Functional assays across diverse cell lines including PAMs, Vero, and BHK-21 revealed distinct species and cell-line specific tropism dictated by specific envelope compositions. Notably, while the system exhibited minimal cytotoxicity in permissive cells, pseudovirus entry triggered early modulation of the host innate immune landscape. Specifically, we observed a consistent upregulation of IL-10 and cell-type-dependent regulation of IFN-γ, indicating that envelope-mediated attachment and internalization can transiently alter early cytokine secretion prior to viral replication. Ultimately, this multivalent platform provides a high-titer, safe experimental alternative for dissecting ASFV entry mechanisms and potentially serves as a foundational model that could likely assist in the future preliminary evaluation of entry-targeted antivirals and neutralizing antibodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147863923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPECIFIC ANTI-STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B IgE LEVELS IN INTENSIVE CARE COVID-19 PATIENTS.","authors":"Mete Tez, Gülseren Yilmaz, Ülkü Oral Zeytinli, Nesrin Gareayaghi, Mustafa Özyurt","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A significant number of studies on coronaviruses have demonstrated that certain regions of the spike (S) protein of the virus responsible for the recent pandemic bear a structural resemblance to enterotoxin B (SEB) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. This similarity is particularly noteworthy in light of the superantigenic property of SEB, which has been observed to lead to severe clinical manifestations following severe inflammation, resulting in multi-system inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children and cytokine storms in adults at risk. In light of this information, the present study investigated whether there was a difference in the specific anti-SEB IgE antibody levels in serum samples taken from 46 patients who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 50 blood donors from the just before pandemic period. The study concluded that the increase in specific anti-SEB IgE antibody levels in ICU patients was statistically significant. This finding supports an immunological interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and pre-existing anti-SEB immune responses, possibly due to molecular mimicry or cross-reactivity; however, it should be evaluated as hypothesis-forming rather than causal interpretation. Study signifies the inaugural investigation of its kind in our country.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147864045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between the morphoanatomy of Juglans regia L. leaves and the intensity of bacterial disease in walnut trees.","authors":"A A Chorolque, M C Pozzo Ardizzi, L F Hernández, G I Pellejero, F J García-Navarro, R Jiménez-Ballesta","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The morphological and anatomical differences that exist among cultivars of the same species can constitute barriers or obstacles to the invasion and development of certain pathogens in the host.</p><p><strong>Objetives: </strong>The objectives of this study were to determine the level of damage caused by bacterial blight on the leaves of walnut cultivars, to compare the foliar morphological and anatomical characteristics of the selected cultivars, and to relate these morphological and anatomical differences to the severity of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sampling was carried out on plantations of Chandler and Franquette cultivars during two growing seasons (2018/19 and 2019/20) in the Lower and Middle Valleys of Río Negro Province, Argentina. Leaf disease intensity (I_h) was determined on leaflets, and the percentage of affected area on each leaflet was quantified using ImageJ software. The samples were then grouped according to a seven-point severity scale. Using various methods, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the leaf material sampled in December (2018 and 2019) were described and compared. To relate the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the leaves to I_h, correlations between each leaf parameter and I_h were calculated, followed by principal component analysis (PCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Differences were observed between the cultivars in some morphological and anatomical aspects in both valleys. The I_h analysis determined that the Franquette cultivar was less affected by the pathogen than the Chandler cultivar under conditions conducive to disease development. Using PCA, the parameters associated with greater susceptibility were determined to be: leaves with thicker cell layers, higher density of undifferentiated epidermal cells, larger stomata, and greater stomatal density. Conversely, the same PCA correlated the lower I_h in Franquette with thinner cell layers, larger epidermal cells, smaller stomata, and lower stomatal density.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data suggest that some of the variability observed in the behavior of the studied walnut cultivars against the pathogen population is due to differences in certain morphological and anatomical characteristics. These discrepancies could constitute pre-existing passive defense mechanisms that inhibit or reduce pathogen activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Cryptococcus Neoformans Promoted Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.","authors":"Zhenming Cai, Tianhao Wu, Qing Xu, Enrui Zhang, Yuan Tao, Ting Wang, Yuwei Li, Yonglin Yang, Denghua Ren, Mingshun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), an opportunistic fungal pathogen with a worldwide distribution, is responsible for fatal meningitis in immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from C. neoformans embody bioactivities that contribute to fungal interaction and survival. In the present study, we demonstrated that EVs from the encapsulated strain H99 increased CD44 expression while decreasing occludin expression. In contrast, EVs from acapsular strains were ineffective in CD44 and occludin expression. Furthermore, we discovered that H99 EVs could induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Mechanistically, the inhibition of PAD4 and p65 and the use of an NADPH inhibitor reduced the formation of NETs induced by H99 EVs. However, Δcap59 EVs and Δcap67 EVs failed to induce NETs. Moreover, NETs induced by H99 EVs disrupted tight junctions (TJs) in brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3), leading to a reduction in the expression of claudin-5 and occludin. This disruption was accompanied by the activation of STAT3, NF-κB, and MyD88-MAPK (p38/JNK) signaling pathways. Consequently, using an in vitro blood‒brain-barrier (BBB) model, we demonstrated that H99-derived EVs and H99 EVs-induced NETs contributed to the adhesion to and penetration of brain endothelial cells by C. neoformans. In summary, we have revealed that EVs derived from C. neoformans induce the formation of NETs, potentially facilitating fungal infection by disrupting tight junctions in brain endothelial cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification and phenotypic characterization of Flavobacterium spp. from Brazilian aquaculture fish.","authors":"Daniel de Abreu Reis Ferreira, Amarildo Petim Siragi Ussene, Elielma Lima Sousa, Carolina de Souza Pereira, Zacarias Junior Vilanculo, Daiane Vaneci da Silva, Inácio Mateus Assane, Diogo Teruo Hashimoto, Fabiana Pilarski","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus Flavobacterium comprises several emerging and reemerging fish pathogens responsible for significant economic losses in global aquaculture. In this study, molecular and phenotypic characterization of isolates from Brazilian native fish and tilapia revealed significant taxonomic diversity, with Flavobacterium oreochromis representing most of the isolates (six of eleven isolates). Other identified species included F. davisii, F. indicum, F. inkyongense, and Chryseobacterium indicum, with metadata further linking several atypical isolates to clinical disease. Results showed a clear temperature influence on pathogenicity, with biofilm production and biomass accumulation under both static and agitated conditions being significantly optimized at 28 °C relative to 20 °C and 35 °C. While gliding motility was generally enhanced at 35 °C across the genus, notable phenotypic divergence was observed specifically; F. davisii (strain PiMG24) exhibited a loss of motility at 35 °C, which correlated with a significant increase in biofilm formation. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA supported distinct species delineation, confirming the presence of multiple emerging pathogens within the Brazilian production chain. These findings demonstrate a high degree of phenotypic plasticity and interspecific variation among Flavobacterium species, highlighting the critical need for sustained epidemiological surveillance to inform targeted biosecurity measures and host-specific vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotypic diversity and zoonotic potential of Salmonella enterica from multiple hosts: implications for One Health.","authors":"Maria Eduarda de Souza Teixeira Campos, Dircéia Aparecida da Costa Custódio, Carine Rodrigues Pereira, Jéssica Luana Felix Moreira, Bruno Borges Silva, Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo, Bertram Brenig, Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva, Angelica Terezinha Barth Wouters, Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salmonella enterica is a major zoonotic pathogen with significant impact on human and animal health. In this study, 28 isolates obtained from 20 domestic and wild animals in Brazil were characterized using phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, epidemiological profiling, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The isolates were obtained from a diversity of host species and included globally relevant serotypes such as Newport, Typhimurium, and Dublin, as well as three strains classified as subsp. houtenae, two of which were associated with fatal septicemic disease in dogs. Pangenome, mobilome, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses revealed pronounced genomic plasticity, with only one-third of genes classified as core and the majority comprising accessory or strain-specific repertoires, reflecting a high adaptive potential. Plasmid analysis identified a diverse set of replicon types, including conjugative elements associated with horizontal gene transfer, indicating a central role of mobile genetic elements in shaping the accessory genome. High levels of resistance to clinically important antimicrobials, notably tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, were observed, together with a substantial proportion of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant isolates. Genomic analyses detected 58 resistance-associated genes (including both intrinsic and acquired determinants) and 127 virulence-associated genes, with associations observed between key determinants (e.g., tetA and bla_TEM-1) and corresponding phenotypic resistance, supporting the potential utility of WGS-based resistance prediction. The frequent co-occurrence of resistance and virulence determinants, often linked to mobile genetic elements, may enhanced capacity of these strains to persist, disseminate, and cause disease across different host species. Although limited by sample size and geographic scope, this study provides insights into the genetic diversity and potential epidemiological relevance of S. enterica within the studied context circulating among domestic and wild animals in Brazil. The findings highlight the circulation of genetically diverse and potentially high-risk strains, including non-enterica subspecies associated with severe systemic infection, and emphasize the value of integrated phenotypic and genomic surveillance to support risk assessment and inform prevention and control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Antimicrobial potency and biocompatibility of biogenic selenium nanoparticles by Prosopis farcta\" [Microbial Pathogenesis 216 (2026) 108495].","authors":"Fairuz Hassan Abdullah Tawgozy, Rezhin Ali Mohammed, Rebwar Muhammed Hamasalih, Sayran Sabr Qadr, Shayma Farooq Mala, Shahrokh Mojarradgandoukmolla, Zirak Faqe Ahmed Abdulrahman","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108525","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vancomycin-resistant gut commensal Clostridium innocuum emerges as a pathobiont through synergy with toxigenic Clostridioides difficile.","authors":"Chia-Jung Kuo, Tsui-Shan Hsu, Chin-Ming Hsu, Hui-Yu Wu, Chyi-Liang Chen, Puo-Hsien Le, Chuan Chiang-Ni, Yi-Ywan M Chen, Cheng-Hsun Chiu, Chih-Ho Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clostridium innocuum is increasingly detected in patients with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), particularly following vancomycin treatment, and is associated with delayed clinical recovery and poor outcomes. Although C. innocuum lacks classical toxins, its lipopolysaccharide-like cytotoxic activity and emerging pathogenic role remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted co-infection models to explore the interactions between toxigenic C. difficile and C. innocuum in human intestinal epithelial cells. Our results showed that C. innocuum alone exhibited minimal cytotoxicity; however, its presence significantly enhanced cell death and barrier disruption during co-infection with toxigenic C. difficile. Pre-infection with toxigenic C. difficile promoted C. innocuum translocation across epithelial monolayers, indicating that toxin-mediated barrier damage facilitates deeper colonization. Co-infection further activated p53-mediated stress signaling and altered the BAX/BCL-2 ratio, driving apoptosis through PARP1 activation. Notably, the organism's intrinsic vancomycin resistance enables its survival and expansion during CDI treatment, fostering its emergence as a pathobiont. Our results demonstrate that toxigenic C. difficile facilitates C. innocuum epithelial invasion and exacerbates host cell damage through synergistic interactions. These findings highlight C. innocuum as a clinically relevant pathobiont, emphasizing the need for improved diagnostics and targeted strategies in CDI management.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Threats to Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Production: A Synthesis of Pathogen Diversity, Epidemiology and Control Strategies.","authors":"Gökhan Erarslan, Aziz Karakaya","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial diseases are increasingly constraining blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) production as cultivation expands into new regions and intensifies under greater climatic variability. This review synthesizes the major bacterial pathogens reported on blueberry (Xylella fastidiosa, the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, tumorigenic Agrobacterium/Rhizobium lineages, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, and Xanthomonas arboricola) and integrates evidence on taxonomy, symptomatology, epidemiology, diagnostics, and management. By coordinating reports from different continents and various production contexts, we created risk profiles for specific pathogens. These profiles were influenced by factors such as population diversity, host range, and the timing and duration of latent infections. Additionally, they were intensified by triggers like cold injury, prolonged leaf wetness or high humidity, and the source and handling of irrigation water. Two cross-cutting gaps limit risk forecasting and decision-making: (i) yield/quality losses and economic impacts are rarely quantified using comparable metrics, reflecting incomplete knowledge of key epidemiological parameters and virulence determinants; and (ii) field-validated rapid diagnostics and standardized, epidemiology-informed integrated disease management programs remain insufficient, particularly for detecting latent infections in nursery stock. We therefore prioritized prevention-centered, integrated disease management built on certified pathogen-free planting material, nursery and irrigation-water hygiene, canopy microclimate and wound-risk mitigation, and vector management, where relevant, supported by the integration of molecular diagnostics, biological control, host resistance, and decision-support tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"108494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}