Olga Loginova, Violetta Vlasova, Nadezhda Shmagel, Evgeniya Saidakova
{"title":"A shift towards Th2 and changes in the distribution into T<sub>naϊve</sub>, T<sub>CM</sub>, T<sub>EM</sub>, and T<sub>EM</sub>RA subsets in HIV-infected non-responders.","authors":"Olga Loginova, Violetta Vlasova, Nadezhda Shmagel, Evgeniya Saidakova","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107964","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The decrease in CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell count, as well as a shift of Th1/Th2 towards Th2, are typical for HIV-infected people before treatment and associated with increased mortality risks. Studies of Th2 frequencies in HIV-infected patients receiving highly-active antiretroviral therapy (ART) have shown conflicting results and did not take into account CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell counts. We qualified the frequencies of Th1 (CD4<sup>+</sup>T-bet<sup>+</sup>IFNγ<sup>+</sup>) and Th2 (CD4<sup>+</sup>GATA-3<sup>+</sup>IL-4<sup>+</sup>) in HIV-infected individuals on ART using flow cytometry, considering the efficiency of CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell recovery. Additionally, we assessed the expression of CCR7 and CD45RO to determine the effector potential of the studied cells. We found that immunological non-responders (INRs), with CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell count <350 cells/μL, have increased frequencies of Th2 (Median (Me) = 3.35 %) compared to complete responders (CRs), with CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell count >500 cells/μL (Me = 2.52 %, p = 0.035) and HIV-negative individuals (Me = 2.19 %, p = 0.007). This, along with a decrease in the number of Th2 in INRs (Me = 6.9 cells/μL), compared to CRs (Me = 14.0 cells/μL, p = 0.027) and HIV-negative individuals (Me = 15.8 cells/μL, p = 0.009), indicates differential regulatory processes that ensure the Th2 survival not only in the early stages of HIV infection, but also during long-term ART. Furthermore, the distribution of peripheral blood CD4<sup>+</sup>, Th1 and Th2 cells into T<sub>naϊve</sub>/T<sub>CM</sub>/T<sub>EM</sub>/T<sub>EM</sub>RA subsets varied significantly: approximately half of CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell are naive, the majority of Th1 are T<sub>EM</sub> and the most numerous population of Th2 is T<sub>CM</sub>. INRs demonstrated a decrease in naive CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells (Me = 38.9 %, p = 0.041), compared to CRs Me = 57.7 %) and reduction of naive Th2 cells (Me = 11.4 %, p = 0.049), compared to CRs Me = 16.9 %). In addition, we note some minor expansion of T<sub>EM</sub> cells among Th1 and Th2 in INRs. Correlation analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between Th1 and Th1 T<sub>EM</sub> (r = 0.85, p = 0.003) frequencies, as well as negative correlations between Th2 and Th2 T<sub>CM</sub> (r = -0.71, p = 0.027), Th1 and Th1 naive (r = -0.92, p = 0.0004) and CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup>T<sub>EM</sub> (r = -0.66, p = 0.044) frequencies in INRs. Evidently, the CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell deficiency in INRs is associated with subset-specific alterations, which may include shifts in the cell frequencies and effector potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"107964"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Microbial pathogenesis","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107964","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/8/5 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The decrease in CD4+ T-cell count, as well as a shift of Th1/Th2 towards Th2, are typical for HIV-infected people before treatment and associated with increased mortality risks. Studies of Th2 frequencies in HIV-infected patients receiving highly-active antiretroviral therapy (ART) have shown conflicting results and did not take into account CD4+ T-cell counts. We qualified the frequencies of Th1 (CD4+T-bet+IFNγ+) and Th2 (CD4+GATA-3+IL-4+) in HIV-infected individuals on ART using flow cytometry, considering the efficiency of CD4+ T-cell recovery. Additionally, we assessed the expression of CCR7 and CD45RO to determine the effector potential of the studied cells. We found that immunological non-responders (INRs), with CD4+ T-cell count <350 cells/μL, have increased frequencies of Th2 (Median (Me) = 3.35 %) compared to complete responders (CRs), with CD4+ T-cell count >500 cells/μL (Me = 2.52 %, p = 0.035) and HIV-negative individuals (Me = 2.19 %, p = 0.007). This, along with a decrease in the number of Th2 in INRs (Me = 6.9 cells/μL), compared to CRs (Me = 14.0 cells/μL, p = 0.027) and HIV-negative individuals (Me = 15.8 cells/μL, p = 0.009), indicates differential regulatory processes that ensure the Th2 survival not only in the early stages of HIV infection, but also during long-term ART. Furthermore, the distribution of peripheral blood CD4+, Th1 and Th2 cells into Tnaϊve/TCM/TEM/TEMRA subsets varied significantly: approximately half of CD4+ T-cell are naive, the majority of Th1 are TEM and the most numerous population of Th2 is TCM. INRs demonstrated a decrease in naive CD4+ T-cells (Me = 38.9 %, p = 0.041), compared to CRs Me = 57.7 %) and reduction of naive Th2 cells (Me = 11.4 %, p = 0.049), compared to CRs Me = 16.9 %). In addition, we note some minor expansion of TEM cells among Th1 and Th2 in INRs. Correlation analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between Th1 and Th1 TEM (r = 0.85, p = 0.003) frequencies, as well as negative correlations between Th2 and Th2 TCM (r = -0.71, p = 0.027), Th1 and Th1 naive (r = -0.92, p = 0.0004) and CD4+ and CD4+TEM (r = -0.66, p = 0.044) frequencies in INRs. Evidently, the CD4+ T-cell deficiency in INRs is associated with subset-specific alterations, which may include shifts in the cell frequencies and effector potential.
期刊介绍:
Microbial Pathogenesis publishes original contributions and reviews about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of infectious diseases. It covers microbiology, host-pathogen interaction and immunology related to infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It also accepts papers in the field of clinical microbiology, with the exception of case reports.
Research Areas Include:
-Pathogenesis
-Virulence factors
-Host susceptibility or resistance
-Immune mechanisms
-Identification, cloning and sequencing of relevant genes
-Genetic studies
-Viruses, prokaryotic organisms and protozoa
-Microbiota
-Systems biology related to infectious diseases
-Targets for vaccine design (pre-clinical studies)