Materials最新文献

{"title":"Durability Assessment of Cement Mortars with Recycled Ceramic Powders.","authors":"Anna Tokareva, Danièle Waldmann","doi":"10.3390/ma18184420","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although substantial knowledge exists regarding the use of ceramic powders as pozzolanic supplementary cementitious materials, a notable gap remains in the literature concerning the durability properties of cement with ceramics. This research aims to address this gap by evaluating the effects of ceramic powders on mortar durability, specifically focusing on resistance to freeze-thaw, high temperatures, and 1% sulphuric acid. The study also investigates the use of recycled ceramic demolition waste as a replacement for calcined clay in limestone calcined clay (LC3) formulations. This research demonstrates the potential of using ceramic waste to enhance mortar durability. The results show significant improvements in freeze-thaw resistance, with strength losses of 1.91% to 2.61% for modified mortars, compared to 6.31% for the reference mortar. Fire resistance also improves, with strength gains of up to 13.9% at 200 °C for LC3 mortars with ceramic powder. At 500 °C, strength losses ranged from 2.8% to 31.9%, with ceramic-containing mortars showing better performance than the reference. At 900 °C, substantial strength losses occurred across all mixes (72.0% to 90.0%), with mortars containing ultrafine ceramic powder showing the best resistance. Resistance to 1% sulphuric acid is enhanced, with strength losses decreasing from 9.37% in the reference mortar to 1.38% in LC3 mortar with ceramic powder.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Temperature and Acid Resistance of Concrete with Recycled, Desert Sand, and Crumb Rubber Blends.","authors":"Mohammad Nadeem Akhtar, Khaldoon A Bani-Hani, Jan Nisar Akhtar","doi":"10.3390/ma18184410","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural sand extraction for concrete manufacturing is a global issue for ecological balance and environmental concerns. This study introduced three mixes with three newly developed sand types to replace natural sand in concrete manufacturing. Additionally, three more mixes were made by incorporating optimized 10% silica fume. The durability of the prepared mixes was evaluated at high temperatures of (150-750 °C) at the interval of 150 °C and against immersion in a 5% sulfuric acid solution for 28, 56, 91, and 182 days, respectively. The study's results reported the stability of the samples up to 300 °C, and then the fall of the samples started at 450 °C. Severe damage in the samples was formed at about 600 °C, and finally, a total collapse was seen at 750 °C. From (150 to 750 °C), the mix TYPE-3SSFC with a sustainable sand combination (50% recycled sand + 45% desert sand + 5% crumb rubber) and 10% silica fume showed better resistance than the other mixes. The compressive strength in the mix TYPE-3SSFC was 20.6%, 16.3%, 14.7%, 21.3%, 26.5%, and 43.2% higher than the mix TYPE-3SC with 10% silica fume. The mix TYPE-3SSFC with optimized 10% silica fume content showed better resistance against 5% sulfuric acid solution than those without silica fume. By morphological analysis, the mix TYPE-3SSFC showed that the interface improved due to the dense interconnectivity of the concrete mix between the crumb rubber paste and silica fume content. A dense calcite crystal was also seen in the mixture, which confirmed the study's results. The mix with TYPE 2-Sand (100% recycled sand) revealed inferior results, low stability, and high damage. Thus, 100% recycled sand is not recommended for structural concrete.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Dynamics Study on Silane Coupling Agent Grafting to Optimize the Interfacial Microstructure and Physical Properties of Polyimide/Nano-Si₃N₄ Composites.","authors":"Qikun Yang, Jinxin Huang, Li Zhang, Nurbek N Kurbonov, Shengrui Zhou","doi":"10.3390/ma18184425","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyimide (PI) is widely used in aerospace, electronic packaging, and other fields due to its excellent dielectric and thermophysical properties. However, the performance of traditional PI materials under extreme conditions has become increasingly inadequate to meet the growing demands. To address this, this study designed a PI/Nano-Si₃N₄ advanced composite material and, based on molecular dynamics simulations, thoroughly explored the influence of silane coupling agents with different grafting densities on the interfacial microstructure and their correlation with the overall material's physical properties. The results show that when the grafting density is 10%, the interfacial bonding of the PI/Nano-Si₃N₄ composite is optimized: non-bonded interaction energy increases by 18.4%, the number of hydrogen bonds increases by 32.5%, and the free volume fraction decreases to 18.13%. These changes significantly enhance the overall performance of the material, manifested by an increase of about 30 K in the glass transition temperature and a 49.5% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to pure PI. Furthermore, the system maintains high Young's modulus and shear modulus in the temperature range of 300-700 K. The study reveals that silane coupling agents can effectively enhance the composite material's overall performance by optimizing the interfacial structure and controlling the free volume, providing an efficient computational method for the design and performance prediction of advanced high-performance PI composites.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Optimization and Mechanical Assessment of Perovskite Solar Cells via Stacking Ensemble and SHAP Interpretability.","authors":"Ruichen Tian, Aldrin D Calderon, Quanrong Fang, Xiaoyu Liu","doi":"10.3390/ma18184429","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and material versatility. Conventional optimization of PSC architectures largely depends on iterative experimental approaches, which are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, a data-driven modeling strategy is introduced to accelerate the design of efficient and mechanically robust PSCs. Seven supervised regression models were evaluated for predicting key photovoltaic parameters, including PCE, short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF). Among these, a stacking ensemble framework exhibited superior predictive accuracy, achieving an R² of 0.8577 and a root mean square error of 2.084 for PCE prediction. Model interpretability was ensured through Shapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP) analysis, which identified precursor solvent composition, A-site cation ratio, and hole-transport-layer additives as the most influential parameters. Guided by these insights, ten device configurations were fabricated, achieving a maximum PCE of 24.9%, in close agreement with model forecasts. Furthermore, multiscale mechanical assessments, including bending, compression, impact resistance, peeling adhesion, and nanoindentation tests, were conducted to evaluate structural reliability. The optimized device demonstrated enhanced interfacial stability and fracture resistance, validating the proposed predictive-experimental framework. This work establishes a comprehensive approach for performance-oriented and reliability-driven PSC design, providing a foundation for scalable and durable photovoltaic technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Performance Analysis of Large-Format 304 Stainless Steel Surface Laser Matting Process.","authors":"Qianqian Ding, Mingdi Wang, Xihuai Wang, Peijiao Huang, Zirui Wang, Yeyi Ji","doi":"10.3390/ma18184412","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to the demand for rapid matte finishing on large-format 304 stainless steel surfaces, this study utilized four fiber laser devices (output wavelength: 1064 nm, output power: 100 W, maximum modulation frequency: 4 kHz) to simultaneously perform surface matte finishing experiments on 304 stainless steel, with the aim of fabricating anti-reflective micro-nano structures. During the experiments, by systematically investigating the influence of parameters-including laser power, scanning speed, frequency, and idle speed of a single laser head-on the matte finishing process, the optimal processing parameters for a single laser head were determined as follows: laser power of 20 W, scanning speed of 11,000 mm/s, and frequency of 80 kHz. For large-area high-speed laser matte finishing, the delay of laser on/off was adjusted to compensate for the galvanometer's motion trajectory, thereby ensuring uniform ablation at both the start and end positions of the processing path. Furthermore, in the context of large-area rapid multi-head laser matte finishing on 304 stainless steel, the overlapping of surface regions processed by different galvanometers was achieved by calibrating the motion start and end points of each galvanometer. The optimal overlapping parameters were successfully obtained. This study provides technical support for environmentally friendly matte finishing of stainless steel and offers valuable insights for its application in the stainless steel home appliance industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positron Annihilation Studies of Hydrostatically Extruded AA1050 Aluminum.","authors":"Ewa Dryzek, Mirosław Wróbel, Maciej Sarnek, Jacek Skiba","doi":"10.3390/ma18184428","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AA1050 aluminum was hydrostatically extruded at room temperature to true strains of 0.9 and 3.2, and at cryogenic temperature to a true strain of 0.9. As a result of the extrusion process, the yield strength (YS) increased by 130-160% to 120-130 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) rose by 64-81% to 125-140 MPa. The hardness reached 46-49 HV. YS and UTS values correspond to mechanical properties typical of the H6 or H8 temper designations, with unusually high elongation at break ranging from 15% to 16.4%. Differences in lattice parameters, crystallite size, and lattice strain between samples deformed under various conditions-as well as those annealed after deformation-were within the margin of measurement uncertainty. This indicated that differences in defect density between the samples were relatively small, due to dynamic recovery occurring during extrusion. However, positron annihilation spectroscopy demonstrated that the cryo-cooled material extruded at a true strain of 0.9, as well as the one extruded at RT at a true strain of 3.2, exhibited significantly higher mean lattice defect concentrations compared to the sample extruded at RT at a true strain of 0.9. The predominant defects detected were vacancies associated with dislocations. The extrusion parameters also significantly affected the crystallographic texture. In particular, they altered the relative proportions of the <111> and <100> components in the axial texture, with the <100> component becoming dominant in cryogenically extruded samples. This trend was further intensified during recrystallization, which enhanced the <100> component even more. Recrystallization of the deformed materials occurred in the temperature range of 520-570 K. The activation energy for grain boundary migration during recrystallization was estimated to be approximately 1.5 eV.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of the Fatigue Strength of Aluminium and Copper Wires Used for Power Cables.","authors":"Tadeusz Knych, Beata Smyrak, Bartosz Jurkiewicz","doi":"10.3390/ma18184426","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have demonstrated that the utilisation of aluminium in electrical applications has increased substantially, particularly in the context of power cables. The substitution of copper with aluminium in cable fabrication is predominantly driven by economic considerations. When designing such cables, it is imperative to ascertain their functional properties, including their electrical conductivity and mechanical properties, and their operational properties, which include rheological, thermal, and material fatigue resistance. This is to ensure that the aluminium and copper cables are compatible. The primary challenge confronting researchers in this domain pertains to predicting and forecasting the failure of overhead cables during their operational lifecycle. One of the most significant and prevalent operational hazards is fatigue damage. This article presents the experimental results of fatigue tests on single Al and Cu wires in various states of mechanical reinforcement. The parameters of the Wöhler curve were determined, and a comparative analysis of the morphology of fatigue damage in single copper and aluminium wires was performed. It was found that copper wires are more fatigue-resistant than aluminium wires. In the case of high-cycle fatigue, this difference can amount to 10⁶ cycles. An analysis of fatigue fracture morphology showed that fractures have a developed surface and that plastic deformation makes a significant contribution in the case of low-cycle fatigue. In the case of high-cycle fatigue, many cracks were observed in the copper wires. No such cracks were observed in the aluminium wires.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Hydration and Natural Carbonation Evolution on the Gas Permeability and Microstructure of Blended Cement Pastes.","authors":"Tomasz Tracz, Tomasz Zdeb, Krzysztof Witkowski, Daniel Szkotak","doi":"10.3390/ma18184416","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high density of the internal structure of new-generation cementitious composites, such as high-performance and ultra-high-performance concretes, necessitates the use of advanced methods for evaluating their transport properties, particularly those employing a gaseous medium. The developed gas permeability method for cement pastes, based on a modified RILEM-Cembureau approach, has proven to be highly accurate, reliable, and extremely sensitive to changes in the porosity characteristics of such composites. The article contains the results of a study of the mass transport capabilities of blended cement pastes, characterised by variable water-cement ratios. Two types of cements were used in the study: with the addition of fly ash and blast furnace slag. Ordinary Portland cement was used as the reference binder. The tests were conducted after long-term curing under natural conditions, i.e., after 90 days and 2 years. The assessment of open porosity was carried out through three techniques: helium pycnometry, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and water saturation. Permeability, on the other hand, was measured using a customized approach tailored for uniform paste materials. Microstructural changes were also analysed in the context of natural hydration carbonation progress. The results presented allowed a quantitative description of the effects of the w/c ratio, the presence of additives, and the progress of hydration and carbonation on the porosity of pastes and their permeability to gas flow. The two-year curing period of the pastes exposed to natural CO₂ resulted in a reduction of the permeability coefficient k ranging from 11% to 74%, depending on the type of cement and the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio. This decrease was caused by the continued progress of hydration and simultaneous carbonation. The results of the research presented are of interest from both an engineering and scientific point of view in the context of long-term microstructural changes and the mass transport abilities of cement pastes associated with these processes. The extensive range of materials compositions investigated makes it possible to analyse the durability and tightness of many cementitious composites over long periods of service.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ab Initio Calculations of Spin Waves: A Review of Theoretical Approaches and Applications.","authors":"Michael Neugum, Arno Schindlmayr","doi":"10.3390/ma18184431","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spin waves represent an important class of low-energy excitations in magnetic solids, which influence the thermodynamic properties and play a major role in technical applications, such as spintronics or magnetic data storage. Despite the enormous advances of ab initio simulations in materials science, quantitative calculations of spin-wave spectra still pose a significant challenge, because the collective nature of the spin dynamics requires an accurate treatment of the Coulomb interaction between the electrons. As a consequence, simple lattice models like the Heisenberg Hamiltonian are still widespread in practical investigations, but modern techniques like time-dependent density-functional theory or many-body perturbation theory also open a route to material-specific spin-wave calculations from first principles. Although both are in principle exact, actual implementations necessarily employ approximations for electronic exchange and correlation as well as additional numerical simplifications. In this review, we recapitulate the theoretical foundations of ab initio spin-wave calculations and analyze the common approximations that underlie present implementations. In addition, we survey the available results for spin-wave dispersions of various magnetic materials and compare the performance of different computational approaches. In this way, we provide an overview of the present state of the art and identify directions for further developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Thermal Activation on Mechanical Performance and Sustainability of Slag-Based Geopolymers.","authors":"Lais Alves, Nordine Leklou, Fábio de Simone E Souza, Silvio de Barros","doi":"10.3390/ma18184419","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS)-based geopolymers represent a viable binder system that combines mechanical efficiency with a significantly lower carbon footprint when compared to conventional Portland cement. This work examines how thermal curing between 20 °C and 80 °C affects setting time, mechanical performance, shrinkage, and porosity of GBFS-based geopolymers. Curing at 40 °C accelerated gel formation, yielding compressive strengths up to 71.9 MPa. This regime also reduced shrinkage and porosity. In contrast, curing at ≥60 °C caused structural degradation and reduced long-term performance. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey post hoc) confirmed significant effects of curing regime and age on performance. These findings provide key insights for optimizing thermal curing of slag-based geopolymers, supporting their deployment in environmentally responsible construction practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}