Materials最新文献

{"title":"The Influence of Ti and Al on the Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Medium-Entropy and High-Entropy Alloys Based on Al_xTi_xCrFe₂Ni₂.","authors":"Róbert Kočiško, Patrik Petroušek, Karel Saksl, Ivan Petryshynets, Ondrej Milkovič, Dávid Csík","doi":"10.3390/ma18061382","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study focuses on the cobalt-free medium-to-high-entropy alloys Al_xCrFe₂Ni₂ and Al_xTi_xCrFe₂Ni₂, investigating the influence of Al_x and Ti_x (where x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) on the development of microstructural and mechanical properties in as-cast and annealed states. Structural changes were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, while mechanical properties were evaluated through Vickers hardness testing and compression testing. X-ray diffraction analysis of the Al_xCrFe₂Ni₂ alloys confirmed that increasing the Al content in the as-cast state leads to the formation of a BCC phase, which completely dissolves into the FCC matrix after homogenization annealing. These single-phase alloys exhibit good ductility with relatively high strain hardening, such as the Al_0.6CrFe₂Ni₂ alloy, which achieved a maximum compressive strength of σmax=1511 MPa at 50% deformation. A significant strengthening effect of Ti was observed in the Al_xTi_xCrFe₂Ni₂ alloys, the mechanical properties of which are closely linked to the higher BCC phase content in the homogenized structure. The highest compressive strength, σmax=2239 MPa, was achieved by the Al_0.5Ti_0.5CrFe₂Ni₂ alloy, which fractured via a transcrystalline brittle fracture at 43% deformation. All alloys investigated offer an excellent balance between strength and ductility, which could meet the requirements of demanding structural applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewing Additive Manufacturing Techniques: Material Trends and Weight Optimization Possibilities Through Innovative Printing Patterns.","authors":"Arturo Ramos, Virginia G Angel, Miriam Siqueiros, Thaily Sahagun, Luis Gonzalez, Rogelio Ballesteros","doi":"10.3390/ma18061377","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Additive manufacturing is transforming modern industries by enabling the production of lightweight, complex structures while minimizing material waste and energy consumption. This review explores its evolution, covering historical developments, key technologies, and emerging trends. It highlights advancements in material innovations, including metals, polymers, composites, and ceramics, tailored to enhance mechanical properties and expand functional applications. Special emphasis is given to bioinspired designs and their contribution to enhancing structural efficiency. Additionally, the potential of these techniques for sustainable manufacturing and industrial scalability is discussed. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of Additive Manufacturing's impact on design optimization and material performance, offering insights into future research and industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Al Doping Effect on Enhancement of Nonlinear Optical Absorption in Amorphous Bi₂Te₃ Thin Films.","authors":"Tengfei Zhang, Shenjin Wei, Shubo Zhang, Menghan Li, Jiawei Wang, Jingze Liu, Junhua Wang, Ertao Hu, Jing Li","doi":"10.3390/ma18061372","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) has attracted significant attention due to its broadband ultrafast optical response and strong nonlinearity at high laser fluence in the field of optoelectronic materials. The objective of this work is to study the effect of Al doping on the structure, linear optical properties, and nonlinear optical absorption behavior of Bi₂Te₃ thin films. The amorphous Al-doped Bi₂Te₃ thin films with varying Al doping concentrations were prepared using magnetron co-sputtering. The structure and linear optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometry. The third-order nonlinear optical absorption properties of Al: Bi₂Te₃ thin films were investigated using the open-aperture Z-scan system with a 100 fs laser pulse width at a wavelength of 800 nm and a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The results indicate that Al dopant reduces both the refractive index and extinction coefficient and induces a redshift in the optical bandgap. The optical properties of the films can be effectively modulated by varying the Al doping concentration. Compared with undoped Bi₂Te₃ thin films, Al-doped Bi₂Te₃ thin films exhibit larger nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and higher damage thresholds and maintaining high transmittance. These findings provide experimental evidence and a reliable approach for the further optimization and design of ultrafast nonlinear optical devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Strategy for the High-Value Utilization of Cobalt Slag: A Solid-State Reaction for the Preparation of Microwave-Absorbing Composite Materials with Excellent Properties.","authors":"Xuanzhao Shu, Zeying Wang, Rifan Chen, Yangyang Fan","doi":"10.3390/ma18061373","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abundant valuable metals such as manganese and cobalt are present in cobalt-rich slags from the hydrometallurgical zinc industry. However, due to the high cost of traditional hydrometallurgical separation methods, these metals cannot be effectively recovered. In this paper, a novel recycling strategy based on mineral phase recovery was proposed, utilizing cobalt-rich slags as raw materials to fabricate microwave-absorbing composite materials. A feasible solid-phase thermochemical method has been developed to recover the mineral phase from cobalt-rich slags, with calcination temperature 800 °C and duration 90 min, yielding MnCo₂O₄ spinel. The results demonstrated that under the conditions of a ball-to-material ratio of 20:1 and ball milling time of 4 h, the MnCo₂O₄ powder and graphene materials, after being ball-milled and compounded, exhibited appropriate electromagnetic parameters and impedance matching. At 5.2 GHz, the minimum reflection loss of the composite material reached -40 dB. This study provides a new approach for the value-added utilization of valuable metal resources in cobalt-rich slags.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction Models for Radiological Characterization of Natural Aggregates Based on Chemical Composition and Mineralogy.","authors":"Andrés Caño, María Del Mar Alonso, Alicia Pachón-Montaño, Queralt Marzal, Guillermo Hernáiz, Luís Sousa, José Antonio Suárez-Navarro","doi":"10.3390/ma18061369","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The radiological characterization of aggregates used in construction materials is essential to determine their suitability from a radiological protection perspective and to ensure their safety for health and the environment. While the activity concentrations of radionuclides present in construction materials are typically determined using gamma spectrometry, an alternative approach involves the development of statistical methods and predictive models derived from the chemical composition of the material. A total of 39 aggregates used in construction of various types (siliceous, carbonatic, volcanic, and granitic) have been analyzed, correlating their chemical compositions obtained through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides measured via gamma spectrometry using principal component analysis (PCA). The results obtained allowed for the observation of an inversely proportional relationship between the chemical composition of the grouping of siliceous and carbonatic aggregates and the content of radionuclides. However, the set of granitic aggregates showed a strong correlation with the natural radioactive series of uranium, thorium, and ⁴⁰K. Conversely, the radionuclide content of volcanic aggregates was independent of their chemical composition. The results obtained from the PCA facilitated the development of different models using multiple regression analysis. The chemical parameters obtained in the proposed models were related to the typical mineralogy in each grouping, ranging from primary minerals such as feldspars to accessory minerals such as anatase, apatite, and pyrolusite. Finally, the models were validated using independent samples from those used to determine the models, achieving RSD (%) values ≤ 30% in 50% of the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th(²¹²Pb), and ⁴⁰K, as well as the estimated ACI.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Schmidt Hammer Rebound Hardness Test and Concrete Strength Tests for Limestone Aggregate Concrete Based on Experimental and Statistical Study.","authors":"Esra Tugrul Tunc","doi":"10.3390/ma18061388","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the mechanical properties of concrete specimens produced with a limestone aggregate through laboratory testing. Destructive tests, specifically concrete compressive strength and splitting tensile strength tests, were conducted. Additionally, the Schmidt hammer rebound hardness test, a non-destructive method, was performed on the same specimens. The experimental results, obtained from varying water-to-cement and limestone aggregate-to-cement ratios, yielded the following ranges: compressive strength from 23.6 to 42.6 MPa, splitting tensile strength from 3.2 to 5.1 MPa, and Schmidt hammer rebound values from 18 to 43 N. The correlation between the non-destructive and destructive test results was analyzed experimentally and statistically. Utilizing the experimental data, statistical models were developed, resulting in equations with a high determination coefficient (R² > 0.95) for accurately predicting concrete compressive and splitting tensile strengths. This approach offers the potential for significant labor and time savings in the production of sustainable conventional concrete that meets relevant standards. Furthermore, it aims to facilitate the estimation of concrete strength in existing structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional-Printed Biomimetic Structural Ceramics with Excellent Tribological Properties.","authors":"Zhaozhi Wang, Yajie Liu, Biao Jiang, Zhiheng Xin, Zhibin Jiao","doi":"10.3390/ma18061376","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inspired by the ventral scale structure of the oriental sand boa, this study successfully fabricated multiscale bioinspired alumina (Al₂O₃) ceramics by combining the excellent mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance, and high hardness of ceramic composites with direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing technology and femtosecond laser processing. A MoS₂ thin film was then deposited on the ceramic surface via radio frequency magnetron sputtering (PVD) to systematically investigate the impact of bioinspired structures on the tribological properties of ceramic composites under both dry and lubricated conditions. Experimental results demonstrated that bioinspired structures at different scales exhibited significant friction-reducing and wear-resistant characteristics compared to blank structures. Specifically, under room-temperature conditions, the friction coefficients of bioinspired ceramic composites with solid lubricants and oil lubrication were 0.3 and 0.148, respectively, indicating excellent tribological performance. These findings confirm the synergistic lubrication effect between bioinspired structures, two-dimensional solid lubricants, and lubricating oil, which significantly enhanced the friction-reducing and wear-resistant properties of ceramic components. Therefore, the synergistic design of multiscale bioinspired structures and solid lubricants provides an innovative strategy for the advanced application of ceramic components.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Optimization Algorithms and Computational Complexity on Concrete Compressive Strength Prediction Machine Learning Models for Concrete Mix Design.","authors":"Patryk Ziolkowski","doi":"10.3390/ma18061386","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The proper design of concrete mixtures is a critical task in concrete technology, where optimal strength, eco-friendliness, and production efficiency are increasingly demanded. While traditional analytical methods, such as the Three Equations Method, offer foundational approaches to mix design, they often fall short in handling the complexity of modern concrete technology. Machine learning-based models have demonstrated notable efficacy in predicting concrete compressive strength, addressing the limitations of conventional methods. This study builds on previous research by investigating not only the impact of computational complexity on the predictive performance of machine learning models but also the influence of different optimization algorithms. The study evaluates the effectiveness of three optimization techniques: the Quasi-Newton Method (QNM), the Adaptive Moment Estimation (ADAM) algorithm, and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). A total of forty-five deep neural network models of varying computational complexity were trained and tested using a comprehensive database of concrete mix designs and their corresponding compressive strength test results. The findings reveal a significant interaction between optimization algorithms and model complexity in enhancing prediction accuracy. Models utilizing the QNM algorithm outperformed those using the ADAM and SGD in terms of error reduction (SSE, MSE, RMSE, NSE, and ME) and increased coefficient of determination (R²). These insights contribute to the development of more accurate and efficient AI-driven methods in concrete mix design, promoting the advancement of concrete technology and the potential for future research in this domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the Failure Behavior and Force Transmission of Composite Skin-Stringer Structures Under a Compressive Load.","authors":"Guoyang Zhao, Jian Shi, Wei Xu, Nan Sun, Jianjiang Zeng, Guang Yang, Kun Song, Jie Zheng","doi":"10.3390/ma18061380","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbon fiber-reinforced composite stringers, which support aircraft skins in resisting tensile, compressive, and shear loads, are widely used in aircraft structures. These composite structures play a crucial role in enhancing the performance and safety of the structural integration of aircrafts. To better understand the load-bearing capacity of composite stringer structures, this study developed a novel model to study the complex failure and load transmission behavior of T800/3900S-2B fiber-reinforced composite skin-stringer structures under compressive loading. Compression strength tests were conducted on a composite stringer/skin structure, and a three-dimensional FEM was developed using Abaqus/Standard 2022. The model incorporated the modified 3D Hashin initiation criteria and Tserpes degradation law through a UMAT subroutine, which can effectively capture the in-plane ply failure and interlaminar damage. The results revealed a high degree of similarity between the load-displacement curves and failure modes (i.e., matrix compressive cracking, fiber compressive failure, and fiber-matrix shear-out failure) obtained from the simulations and those from the experiments. This study provides an efficient and accurate model to simulate the failure and load transfer of composite skin-stringer structures, offering significant advancements in understanding and predicting the behavior of these critical components.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Residual Compressive Strength in 3D Four-Directional Braided Composites After Hygrothermal Aging.","authors":"Yongxin Niu, Lingze Bu, Shi Yan, Songming Cai, Zixiang Meng","doi":"10.3390/ma18061368","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the effect of hygrothermal environments on the compressive properties of three-dimensional four-directional braided composites through experiments and finite element simulations, revealing the degradation behavior under various hygrothermal conditions. The results indicate that the moisture absorption behavior of the material conforms to Fick's law. The longer the hygrothermal aging duration and the higher the temperature, the more significant the reduction in compressive performance, as evidenced by the continuous decline in ultimate stress. The hygrothermal environment primarily affects material performance through moisture absorption and thermal expansion characteristics of the epoxy resin, while the carbon fibers exhibit high stability in such conditions, maintaining the integrity of the three-dimensional four-directional structure. Microscopic observations reveal that hygrothermal aging exacerbates damage at the resin-fiber interface, leading to more pronounced stress concentration. Finite element simulations further quantify the internal stress distribution under hygrothermal conditions, demonstrating that moisture-induced expansion stress is more significant than thermal expansion stress, providing theoretical support and design guidance for improving the performance of composites in extreme environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}