Materials最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Co-Diamond Composite Coatings Obtained in a Single-Step Hybrid Electrophoretic Deposition Process.","authors":"Diana Uțu, Roxana Muntean, Iasmina-Mădălina Anghel Petculescu, Iosif Hulka, Ion-Dragoș Uțu","doi":"10.3390/ma18061294","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The electrochemical co-deposition of various hard particles with metals or metal alloys has been recently studied, especially for developing wear-resistant coatings. In the current work, pure cobalt and cobalt-diamond composite coatings were electrochemically deposited onto a low-alloy steel substrate and further investigated in terms of microstructure, corrosion behavior, and tribological characteristics. The electrodeposition process was carried out using direct current, from an additive-free electrolyte containing 300 g L^-1 CoSO₄, 50 g L^-1 CoCl_2, and 30 g L^-1 H₃BO₃ with and without diamond particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used for the microstructural characterization correlated with the chemical composition identification of the resulting coatings. The pure Co coatings showed a dense microstructure with a nodular morphology. In contrast, for the Co-diamond composite coatings, more elongated grains were observed containing a uniform distribution of the reinforcing diamond particles. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiostatic polarization measurements in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, while the sliding wear resistance was assessed using the ball-on-disk testing method. The experimental results demonstrated that incorporating diamond particles into the cobalt deposition electrolyte positively impacted the tribological performance of the resulting composite coatings without significantly affecting the corrosion properties. Both cobalt and the composite coatings demonstrated substantially superior wear characteristics and corrosion resistance compared to the steel substrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite Element Simulation of Hot Rolling for Large-Scale AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless-Steel Slabs Using Industrial Rolling Schedules-Part 2: Simulation of the Roughing Stage and Comparison with Experimental Results.","authors":"Adrián Ojeda-López, Marta Botana-Galvín, Juan F Almagro Bello, Leandro González-Rovira, Francisco Javier Botana","doi":"10.3390/ma18061298","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modeling hot rolling remains a major challenge in computational solid mechanics. It demands the simultaneous consideration of geometric and material responses. Although the finite element method (FEM) is widely used, multi-pass simulations often treat each pass independently, leading to error accumulation, particularly in flat product rolling, where inter-pass interactions are crucial. Advanced models and remeshing techniques have been developed to address these issues, but substantial computational resources are required. In this study, a previously validated and simplified 3D FEM model was employed to simulate the initial stages of the hot rolling of large-scale AISI 430 ferritic stainless-steel slabs, using data from an industrial rolling schedule. Specifically, the simulations encompassed preheating and descaling, and seven passes of the roughing stage. Through these simulations, a transfer bar with an approximate length of 16,100 mm was obtained. The simulated thickness and rolling load values were compared with experimental data, demonstrating good agreement in most passes. Subsequently, the temperature, effective plastic strain, and equivalent stress distributions along the rolled material were extracted and analyzed. The results highlighted that the employed model adequately predicted the variations in the analyzed parameters throughout the volume of the rolled material during the different stages of the process. However, discrepancies were identified in the rolling load values during the final passes, which were attributed to the presence of phenomena not considered in the constitutive model used. This model will be refined in future studies to reduce the error in the rolling load estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture Modeling of QP980 Steel: Evaluating the Rice-Tracey and DF2016 Criteria Under Diverse Loading States.","authors":"Hammad Akhtar, Thamer Sami Alhalaybeh, Xucheng Fang, Salah Ud Din Asbah, Shuaijun Chao, Yanshan Lou","doi":"10.3390/ma18061303","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ductile fracture behavior of QP980 steel was studied under various loading conditions, including shear (SS), equibiaxial tension (EBT), plane strain tension (PST), and uniaxial tension (UT). The experimental results are compared to the predictions from the Rice-Tracey and DF2016 criteria. Excluding the Lode parameter restricts the Rice-Tracey criteria, which considers stress triaxiality only, from making reasonable predictions of fracture behavior under complicated loading conditions of PST and SS. However, it yields reasonable predictions for simple stress states, UT, and EBT. The DF2016 criteria take both the Lode parameter and stress triaxiality into account and lead to a reasonable prediction over the maximum range of stress states. Experimental findings verify that the DF2016 model adequately describes the fracture initiation and propagation mode under conditions of moderate and high triaxiality. The findings show that the DF2016 criterion presents a more robust and versatile approach toward modeling ductile fracture behavior in QP980 steel for applications in structural engineering and the automobile industry, where accurate failure modeling is important.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redesign of a Flange Wheel Used in an Airplane for Composite Manufacturing Made with a Mold with Removable Inserts Manufactured by Means of 3D Printing: A Comparison with the Current Conventional Alternative, a Turbine Wheel Machined out of Aluminum.","authors":"Carlos Javierre, Víctor Camañes, Julio Vidal, José Antonio Dieste, Angel Fernandez","doi":"10.3390/ma18061296","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work presents the redesign of an aircraft aluminum turbine wheel into a thermoplastic composite flange wheel with the support of 3D printing technology, which increases the turbine efficiency thanks to the introduction of the flange geometry, not possible with the current machined aluminum part. This work seeks the reduction of the aircraft's structural weight by replacing metallic components with thermoplastic alternatives and proves the feasibility of producing a complex geometry product through injection molding, paving the way for manufacturing intricate designs using removable inserts created via 3D printing. This work has been developed within the INN-PAEK project of the H2020-CLEAN SKY 2 program. The thermoplastic component is produced using an innovative process that employs removable inserts in the mold, and its development has followed following three steps: redesign of aluminum part according to functional and plastic materials requirements, design of the mold, and validation of real plastic parts by means of tomography. This paper highlights highly positive results for the project, influenced by the new plastic flange wheel's ability to achieve both weight reduction and an overall efficiency enhancement that decreases the aircraft's kerosene consumption, and proves that 3D printing is a highly potential technology for complex thermoplastic part tooling production.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Prediction of Nonlinear Effective Properties of Complex Microstructure Lattice Materials.","authors":"Jun Yan, Zhihui Liu, Hongyuan Liu, Chenguang Zhang, Yinghao Nie","doi":"10.3390/ma18061301","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lattice materials are renowned for their exceptional mechanical performance and transformative potential for aerospace and structural engineering applications. However, current research primarily focuses on the effective elastic properties of lattice microstructures, whereas there are few studies on the prediction of their effective nonlinear properties, thus limiting the practical application of lattice materials. In addition, the characterization of complex micro structured lattice materials often requires the generation of many elements and performing nonlinear finite element analysis, which involves high computational costs. To address these challenges and enable the efficient prediction of the nonlinear effective properties of complex lattice microstructures in heterogeneous materials, the FEM-Cluster-based Analysis (FCA) approach is proposed. In the offline phase, a reduced-order model and offline database are established. In the online phase, the principle of the cluster minimum complementary energy incremental algorithm is used to rapidly predict the nonlinear effective properties of heterogeneous materials. This method is applied to conduct extensive comparisons with direct numerical simulation across two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattice materials to demonstrate that FCA can achieve similar accuracy while significantly enhancing computational efficiency, thereby offering promising potential for optimizing lattice material design in structural applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying All Internal Forces in Existing Reinforced Concrete Components Using the Stress Release Method.","authors":"Liang Lu, Minghao Yin, Wanqiu Xia, Musaab Suliman, Lei Wang","doi":"10.3390/ma18061300","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The internal force state in concrete components is a crucial factor in evaluating the safety performance of existing buildings, bridges, and other concrete structures, while theoretical and numerical analysis of an ideal model may not accurately capture the actual internal forces within concrete components. This study introduces the basic principles of stress release technology for identifying internal forces in existing reinforced concrete components and provides a detailed derivation of normal and shear strains of component sections under each internal force component. It demonstrates that the internal forces of reinforced concrete sections can be accurately identified by testing the strain on the midpoint of three surface sides. A finite element model is established to investigate the relationship between groove depth and groove side length when normal or shear stress is released to zero, as well as the impact of reinforcement ratio on the stress release level. Experimental research is conducted using the grooving method to identify internal forces in reinforced concrete components under different external loads. The test results exhibit strong agreement with numerical simulation results. Additionally, the identification errors for axial forces and bending moments are within 10%, underscoring the feasibility of measuring internal forces in existing reinforced concrete components through the stress release method.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Commercially Available Sorbents.","authors":"Zhiming Zhang, Sevda Joudiazar, Anshuman Satpathy, Eustace Fernando, Roxana Rahmati, Junchul Kim, Giacomo de Falco, Rupali Datta, Dibyendu Sarkar","doi":"10.3390/ma18061299","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants of growing environmental and human health concern, widely detected across various environmental compartments. Effective remediation strategies are essential to mitigate their widespread impacts. This study compared the performance of two types of commercially available sorbent materials, granular activated carbon (GAC, Filtrasorb-400) and organoclays (OC-200, and modified organoclays Fluoro-sorb-100 and Fluoro-sorb-200) for the removal of three representative PFAS compounds: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) from water. Both organoclays and modified organoclays outperformed GAC, likely due to electrostatic interactions between the anionic PFAS compounds and the cationic functional groups of the modified organoclays. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the rapid sorption kinetics of PFOA, PFNA, and PFOS. For PFOA, OC-200 demonstrated the highest adsorption capacities (q_max = 47.17 µg/g). For PFNA and PFOS, Fluoro-sorb-100 was the most effective sorbent, with q_max values at 99.01 µg/g and 65.79 µg/g, respectively. Desorption studies indicated that the sorption of the three PFAS compounds on these commercially available sorbents was largely irreversible. This study highlights the effectiveness and sorption capacities of different types of commercial sorbents for PFAS removal and offers valuable insights into the selection of reactive media for PFAS removal from water under environmentally relevant conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention of Pediatric BioFlx Crowns Versus Stainless Steel Crowns Using Different Types of Luting Cements: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Amjad A AlMawash, Ayman M Sulimany, Latifa A Alhowaish, Abdullah S Alayad, Omar A Bawazir","doi":"10.3390/ma18061287","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BioFlx crowns (BFCs) have been introduced in the dental market, combining the flexibility of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) with the esthetic appeal of preformed zirconia crowns. However, the existing literature does not provide adequate insights regarding the retentive strength of various types of luting cement with these newly developed BFCs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the retentive strength of BFCs and SSCs with different types of luting cement (glass ionomer cement [GIC], resin-modified glass ionomer cement [RMGIC], self-adhesive resin cement [SARC], and polycarboxylate cement [PXC]). A total of 160 standardized resin dies were fabricated and divided into two groups based on the type of crown (BFCs or SSCs). Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups (20/group) based on the luting cement used for cementing the crown on the die. A pullout test was performed using a universal testing machine to measure the retentive strength required for crown dislodgement. The residual cement in the crown was scored to determine the cement failure pattern. Data were analyzed using two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to evaluate the interaction between the cement and the type of crown on retentive strength, followed by an independent <i>t</i>-test. Furthermore, Welch's ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 test were used to assess the impact of various types of luting cement on the retentive strength of each crown. The CFP was assessed by comparing the scores using descriptive statistics. Statistical significance was set at <i>p</i> < 0.05. The mean retentive strength of SSCs and BFCs was the highest with SARC (560.29 ± 8.74 N; 657.72 ± 20.60 N), followed by RMGIC (534.20 ± 22.84 N; 454.90 ± 7.95 N) and GIC (435.14 ± 8.66 N; 237.68 ± 9.37 N), while the lowest was with PXC (365.67 ± 19.11 N; 131.26 ± 5.37 N). A significant difference in retention was observed between the crowns (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Cement failure primarily manifested as adhesive failures in the SARC and RMGIC groups; however, both adhesive and cohesive failures occurred in the GIC and PXC groups. Thus, SSCs demonstrate significantly higher retention than BFCs across all types of luting cements, except when using SARC. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, SSCs emerge as the preferred choice for full-coverage restorations that require optimal retention and durability. Nevertheless, BFCs with SARC provide a viable alternative when esthetic considerations are prioritized.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavior and Performance Analysis of Fire Protection Materials Applied to Steel Structures According to Exposed Temperatures.","authors":"Hyun Kang, Oh-Sang Kweon","doi":"10.3390/ma18061285","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spray-on fireproofing materials (SFRMs) and intumescent paints are commonly used to enhance the fire resistance of steel structures. Despite extensive studies on the performance of SFRMs and intumescent paints, there remains a significant lack of research on the material properties of certified products used in real-world applications, especially according to exposed temperatures. In this study, heating experiments were conducted to investigate the material properties of two widely used certified materials in Korea, focusing on their application thickness and exposure temperature. The experiments set target temperatures ranging from room temperature to 900 °C in increments of 100 °C. Additionally, various material properties, such as changes in shape and the insulation performance of the SFRM and intumescent paint, were observed at each temperature. Notably, the moisture content and discoloration depth of the SFRM displayed a consistent trend under different exposure temperatures, a material property that has not been previously reported. Furthermore, the insulation performance of the two materials differed by approximately 17% to 25% compared to an uncoated specimen exposed to the same temperature. The findings on the properties of SFRMs and intumescent paint relative to the exposure temperature presented in this study can serve as valuable data for selecting materials to improve fire resistance performance across various construction sites in the future. Additionally, they can act as key reference data in the diagnostic evaluation process for assessing the impact of fire on steel structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibration of Cone Factor in Cone Penetration Test for Evaluating the Undrained Shear Strength of Silty Clay.","authors":"Caihong Wu, Yue Song, Jialin Dai, Lin Li, Xiaoqiang Gu","doi":"10.3390/ma18061283","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cone penetration test often uses the cone factor to calculate the undrained shear strength of silty clay base on the cone tip resistance data, but the accurate determination of the cone factor is challenging due to its wide range of values. This study conducted a laboratory cone penetration test and vane shear test to investigate and calibrate the cone factor for evaluating the undrained shear strength of silty clay at various depths. The cone factor is first identified based on the laboratory cone penetration test and vane shear test, and it is compared with the cone factor generated from the cavity expansion theory. Cone factor calibration has been performed by integrating laboratory model tests with the cavity expansion method, unlike conventional approaches relying on singular methodologies. The proposed cone factor is validated by the in situ undrained shear strength of Shanghai silty clay based on the in situ cone penetration test data. The results indicate that the cone factor varies significantly, ranging from 3 to 27. The cone factor from laboratory results shows good agreement with that based on the cavity expansion method. The calibrated cone factor predicts reasonable undrained shear strength measured from in situ tests. The refining method enables ±30% accuracy in predicting field-measured undrained shear strength values, establishing region-specific guidelines for East China Sea investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}