Materials最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of Varying Abutment Heights on Stress Distribution in Different Bone Densities: A Finite Element Analysis Study.","authors":"Mario Ceddia, Tea Romasco, Giulia Marchioli, Alessandro Cipollina, Luca Comuzzi, Adriano Piattelli, Natalia Di Pietro, Bartolomeo Trentadue","doi":"10.3390/ma18194561","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biomechanical performance of dental implants is affected by both abutment height and bone quality, which influence stress distribution around the implant and the preservation of surrounding bone. This study used three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) to assess the combined effects of these factors. Two implants with abutment heights of 3 mm and 6 mm were modeled and placed in mandibular bone blocks representing class II and class IV bone, according to Lekholm and Zarb's classification. A static load of 150 N, inclined at 6° buccolingually, was applied during the analysis. The simulation results showed that increasing the abutment height raises stress on the implant, leading to greater stress transfer to the peri-implant bone. The von Mises stress levels were higher in the crestal cortical bone of the class IV model with a 6 mm abutment (126 MPa). Notably, peak stresses exceeding 300 MPa were localized at the implant-abutment connection. These findings suggest that abutment height is a critical factor that negatively affects the biomechanical response, especially in low-density bone, although longer abutments offer biological benefits. This highlights the importance of minimizing the crown-to-implant ratio to reduce overload, preserve bone, and prevent mechanical failure complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12526349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Homogenisation and Identification of Auxetic Structures with Interval Parameters.","authors":"Witold Beluch, Marcin Hatłas, Jacek Ptaszny, Anna Kloc-Ptaszna","doi":"10.3390/ma18194554","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The subject of this paper is the computational homogenisation and identification of heterogeneous materials in the form of auxetic structures made of materials with nonlinear characteristics. It is assumed that some of the material and topological parameters of the auxetic structures are uncertain and are modelled as interval numbers. Directed interval arithmetic is used to minimise the width of the resulting intervals. The finite element method is employed to solve the boundary value problem, and artificial neural network response surfaces are utilised to reduce the computational effort. In order to solve the identification task, the Pareto approach is adopted, and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is used as the global optimisation method. The results obtained from computational homogenisation under uncertainty demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in capturing material behaviour, thereby underscoring the significance of incorporating uncertainty into material properties. The identification results demonstrate the successful identification of material parameters at the microscopic scale from macroscopic data involving the interval description of the process of deformation of auxetic structures in a nonlinear regime.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12525686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic Daytime Radiative Cooling Technology: Prospects and Challenges for Practical Application.","authors":"Jiale Wang, Haiyang Chen, Xiaxiao Tian, Dongxiao Hu, Yufan Liu, Jiayue Li, Ke Zhang, Hongliang Huang, Jie Yan, Bin Li","doi":"10.3390/ma18194556","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomimetic structures inspired by evolutionary optimized biological systems offer promising solutions to overcome current limitations in passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technology, which efficiently scatters solar radiation through atmospheric windows and radiates surface heat into space without additional energy consumption. While structural biomimicry provides excellent optical performance and feasibility, its complex manufacturing and high costs limit scalability due to micro-nano fabrication constraints. Material-based biomimicry, utilizing environmentally friendly and abundant raw materials, offers greater scalability but requires improvements in mechanical durability. Adaptive biomimicry enables intelligent regulation with high responsiveness but faces challenges in system complexity, stability, and large-scale integration. These biologically derived strategies provide valuable insights for advancing radiative cooling devices. This review systematically summarizes recent progress, elucidates mechanisms of key biological structures for photothermal regulation, and explores their application potential across various fields. It also discusses current challenges and future research directions, aiming to promote deeper investigation and breakthroughs in biomimetic radiative cooling technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12525690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured NiCoCrFe_yMo_x High-Entropy Alloys in Chloride Environments.","authors":"Chaoqun Xie, Yaqing Hou, Youpeng Song, Zhishan Mi, Fafa Li, Wei Guo, Dupeng He","doi":"10.3390/ma18194544","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to determine the optimal Mo content for corrosion resistance in two alloys, FeCoCrNiMo_x and Fe_0.5CoCrNiMo_x. The alloys were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology with varying Mo contents (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15). The corrosion behavior of these alloys was investigated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature and 60 °C using electrochemical testing and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that all alloys exhibit good corrosion resistance at room temperature. However, at 60 °C, both alloys without Mo addition exhibit severe corrosion, while the Fe_0.5CoCrNiMo_0.1 alloy demonstrates the best corrosion resistance while maintaining the highest strength. The enhanced corrosion resistance is attributed to the optimal molybdenum addition, which refines the passive film structure and promotes the formation of Cr₂O₃. Furthermore, molybdenum oxide exists as MoO₄^2- ions on the surface of the passive film, significantly improving the alloy's corrosion resistance in chloride-containing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12526225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Subsurface Damage Based on K9 Glass Grinding.","authors":"Yao Liu, Jingjing Xie, Ruiliang Li, Jiankun Gao, Ming Li, Lin Sun","doi":"10.3390/ma18194558","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the grinding process of K9 glass, various forms of surface damage-such as indentations and pitting-as well as subsurface damage-including cracks and residual stress-are generated. This paper focuses on the planetary grinding method utilizing bonded abrasives for both process research and subsurface damage detection. It examines the timeliness of grinding duration and analyzes the effects of abrasive grain size and grinding pressure on surface quality. Building upon the principle of differential etching, an improved HF chemical etching method is proposed to establish a relationship model that correlates the depth of subsurface damage with abrasive grain size, applied pressure, and surface roughness.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12526018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing FDM Rapid Prototyping for Industry 4.0 Applications Through Simulation and Optimization Techniques.","authors":"Mihalache Ghinea, Alex Cosmin Niculescu, Bogdan Dragos Rosca","doi":"10.3390/ma18194555","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern manufacturing is increasingly shaped by the paradigm of Industry 4.0 (Smart Manufacturing). As one of its nine pillars, additive manufacturing plays a crucial role, enabling high-quality final products with improved profitability in minimal time. Advances in this field have facilitated the emergence of diverse technologies-such as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)-allowing the use of metallic, polymeric, and composite materials. Within this context, Klipper v.0.12, an open-source firmware for 3D printers, addresses the performance limitations of conventional consumer-grade systems. By offloading computationally intensive tasks to an external single-board computer (e.g., Raspberry Pi), Klipper enhances speed, precision, and flexibility while reducing prototyping time. The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to identify and analyze bottlenecks in low-cost 3D printers and second, to evaluate how these shortcomings can be mitigated through the integration of supplementary hardware and software (Klipper firmware, Raspberry Pi, additional sensors, and the Mainsail interface). The scientific contribution of this study lies in demonstrating that a consumer-grade FDM 3D printer can be significantly upgraded through this integration and systematic calibration, achieving up to a 50% reduction in printing time while maintaining dimensional accuracy and improving surface quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12525614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the Y Content of Welding Wire for TIG Welding of Sand-Cast Mg-Y-RE-Zr Alloy.","authors":"Yikai Gong, Guangling Wei, Xin Tong, Guonan Liu, Yingxin Wang, Wenjiang Ding","doi":"10.3390/ma18194549","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread application of WE43 (Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.5Zr) alloy castings in aerospace components is hindered by the frequent formation of defects such as cracks, pores, and especially yttria inclusions. These defects necessitate subsequent welding. However, using homologous WE43 filler wires often exacerbates these issues, leading to high crack susceptibility and reintroduction of inclusions. Herein, we propose a novel strategy of tailoring Y content in filler wires to achieve high-quality welded joint of WE43 sand castings. Systematic investigations reveal that reducing Y content to 2 wt.% (WE23) effectively suppresses oxide inclusion formation and significantly enhances the integrity of the joint. The fusion zone microstructure evolves distinctly with varying Y levels: grain size initially increases, peaking at 24 μm with WE43 wire, then decreases with further Y addition. Moreover, eutectic compounds transition from a semi-continuous to a continuous network structure with increasing Y content, deteriorating mechanical performance. Notably, joints welded with WE23 filler exhibit minimal performance loss, with ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation reaching 93.0%, 98.0%, and 97.4% of the sand-cast base metal, respectively. The underlying strengthening mechanisms and solute-second phase relationships are elucidated, highlighting the efficacy of optimizing Y content in welding wire design. This study provides valuable insights toward defect-free welding of high-performance Mg-RE alloy castings.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12525958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Application Prospects of Biomass-Based Organic Binders for Pellets Compared with Bentonite.","authors":"Yu Liu, Wenguo Liu, Zile Peng, Jingsong Wang, Qingguo Xue, Haibin Zuo","doi":"10.3390/ma18194553","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the low-carbon transformation of the steel industry, using low-carbon raw materials is one of the important ways to achieve the \"dual carbon\" goals. Pellets have great physical and chemical properties as low-carbon furnace materials, which can significantly reduce blast furnace carbon emissions, exhibiting favorable overall environmental benefits. Increasing their proportion in the furnace is one of the important measures the steel industry can take to reduce carbon emissions. Binders play a critical role in the pelletizing process, and their properties directly influence pellet quality, thereby affecting the subsequent blast furnace smelting process. Compared with traditional bentonite, organic binders have become a potential alternative material due to their environmental friendliness, renewability, and ability to significantly reduce silica and alumina impurities in pellets while improving the iron grade. This work systematically elucidates the mechanism of organic binders, which primarily rely on the chemical adsorption of carboxyl groups and the hydrogen bonding of hydroxyl groups to enhance pellet strength, and then provides three typical examples of organic binders: lignosulfonate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and carboxymethyl starch (CMS). The common characteristic of these organic binders is that they are derived from renewable biomass through chemical modification, which is a derivative of biomass with renewable and abundant resources. However, the main problem with organic binders is that they burn and decompose at high temperatures. Current research has achieved technological breakthroughs in pellet quality by combining LD sludge, low-iron oxides, and nano-CaCO₃, including improved iron grade, reduced reduction swelling index (RSI), and enhanced preheating/roasting strength. Future studies should focus on optimizing the molecular structure of organic binders by increasing the degree of substitution of functional groups and the overall degree of polymerization. This approach aims to replace traditional bentonite while exploring applications of composite industrial solid wastes, effectively addressing the high-temperature strength loss issues in organic binders and providing strong support for the steel industry to achieve the green and low-carbon goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12526317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Al and Cu Effect on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HEA Based on the AlCoCuFeNi System.","authors":"Konrad Chrzan, Barbara Kalandyk, Małgorzata Grudzień-Rakoczy, Łukasz Rakoczy, Kamil Cichocki, Robert Żuczek, Filip Kateusz, Aleksandra Bętkowska, Adelajda Polkowska, Justyna Kasińska","doi":"10.3390/ma18194564","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194564","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three variants of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) from the AlCoCuFeNi group, containing different amounts of Al and Cu, were developed and produced via induction melting and casting into ceramic moulds. The ingots were homogenized at 1000 °C for 10 h. Analyses revealed that variations in Al and Cu concentrations led to significant changes in the material's microstructure, hardness, strength, and impact strength. In the equiatomic variant, differential scanning calorimetry revealed a peak associated with the phase transformation, indicating that this alloy's microstructure consists of two distinct phases. In contrast, when the concentrations of Al and Cu are reduced, a single-phase microstructure is observed. The equiatomic variant (used as a reference) is characterized by its hardness and brittleness, exhibiting slight ductility, with a tensile strength of 80 MPa, a hardness of 400 HV5, and an impact strength of 1.9 J/cm². However, with adjusted Al contents of 1/2 and Cu contents of 1/4, the alloy displays exceptional strength combined with good plasticity, achieving a tensile strength of up to 450 MPa with 60% elongation, and an impact strength of 215 J/cm². The non-equiatomic variants exhibit a comparatively more straightforward microstructure and enhanced ductility, which may facilitate easier processing of these alloys. Fractography investigation revealed a ductile mode of fracture in the samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12526104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Titanium Alloy Titanflex® Compared to Conventional Materials for Removable Denture Bases: An Experimental Study.","authors":"Ana Šango, Janoš Kodvanj, Petra Tariba Knežević, Davor Vučinić, Petra Besedić, Višnja Katić","doi":"10.3390/ma18194563","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18194563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the mechanical properties of titanium (Titanflex®) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys for potential use in removable denture bases. Titanium alloys have gained attention due to their biocompatibility and regulatory concerns surrounding Co-Cr, which has been classified as a carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic to reproduction (CMR) substance under EU MDR (2017/745). Using selective laser melting (SLM), test specimens of Titanflex® and Co-Cr alloys were 3D-printed at different angles (0°, 45°, 90°) and compared to conventionally cast Co-Cr samples. Tensile testing was conducted to assess modulus of elasticity (E), proof stress (Rp_0.2), ultimate tensile strength (Rm), elongation parameters (Ag, Agt, At), and maximum load (Fm). Results showed that Titanflex® printed at 45° (Ti45) exhibited the highest Rp_0.2, Rm, and Fm, indicating superior strength and plastic resistance. Ti0 displayed the greatest elongation properties, highlighting titanium's ductility. Co-Cr alloys demonstrated higher stiffness but lower ductility. Printing orientation significantly influenced mechanical properties, particularly in 3D-printed samples. Overall, Ti45 presented a balanced profile of strength and flexibility, making it a promising candidate for denture bases, while Co-Cr remains a rigid alternative with established clinical use. Future research should explore long-term performance under functional and biological conditions to guide clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12525546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145301819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}