MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.3390/ma18112658
Catherine Ortega, Manami Nomura, Mizuki Ohtomo, Florencio Arce, Gerard Lee See, Yutaka Inoue
{"title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Capacity of Xanthone-Urea Complex.","authors":"Catherine Ortega, Manami Nomura, Mizuki Ohtomo, Florencio Arce, Gerard Lee See, Yutaka Inoue","doi":"10.3390/ma18112658","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xanthones are a group of polyphenolic compounds widely known to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. To fully utilize their therapeutic potential, this study aimed to enhance the solubility of a poorly soluble xanthone by preparing a 1:1 molar ratio of xanthone-urea complex utilizing a cogrinding method via a vibration rod mill. DSC analysis revealed the disappearance of the characteristic endothermic peaks of xanthone (177 °C) and urea (136 °C) in the ground mixture (GM), along with the appearance of a new endothermic peak at 185 °C, indicating potential complexation. Additionally, new peaks were observed in the PXRD patterns of the GM at 9.1°, 12.0°, 14.0°, 18.6°, 19.6°, and 24.6°, suggesting structural changes that were also observed in SEM morphology. FTIR spectroscopy revealed significant shifts in the -NH and C=O peaks of xanthone and urea, as well as the disappearance of a -CN peak. Altered diffusion coefficients for both xanthone and urea were measured using DOSY-NMR, accompanied by notable improvements in solubility and dissolution profiles. The GM exhibited nearly a 2-fold increase in solubility, reaching 88.08 ± 1.25 µg/mL at 24 h and 90.97 ± 0.98 µg/mL at 72 h, alongside a 2-fold and 5-fold increase in dissolution at 0.21 µg/mL and 0.51 µg/mL for the physical mixture (PM) and GM, respectively. Furthermore, an enhanced antioxidant capacity was observed, as demonstrated in the calculated Trolox equivalent (TE) value, which increased from 1.48 ± 1.12 for xanthone alone to 1.65 ± 1.03 in the xanthone-urea complex. These findings confirm the successful complexation of xanthone and urea in a 1:1 molar ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.3390/ma18112655
Ivona Jerkovic, Agnes Psikuta, Sahar Ebrahimi, Joyce Baumann, Martin Camenzind, Simon Annaheim, René M Rossi
{"title":"Drying Performance of Fabrics on the Human Body.","authors":"Ivona Jerkovic, Agnes Psikuta, Sahar Ebrahimi, Joyce Baumann, Martin Camenzind, Simon Annaheim, René M Rossi","doi":"10.3390/ma18112655","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When developing fabrics for applications in which evaporative cooling and drying play an important role, e.g., sports or occupational applications, the drying performance of fabrics is commonly determined using fast and easy-to-perform benchmark methods. The measurement conditions in these methods, however, differ significantly from the drying conditions on the human body surface, where drying is obstructed on one side of the fabric through contact with the skin and at the same time enhanced due to contact with the heated surface (skin). The aims of this study were to understand and quantify the fabric drying process at the skin interface considering these real-use effects based on tests applying two-sided drying, one-sided drying, one-sided drying on a heated surface, and one-sided drying on a heated surface in the stretched state, and to relate these to existing standard methods. The findings showed that contact with a solid heated surface such as the skin and the stretched state of the fabric both make a significant contribution (<i>p</i> < 0.05) to the drying rate compared to two-sided drying in standard climatic conditions. The corresponding drying rates observed for a range of typical fabrics used in leisure and sports as a first layer next to the skin were found to be 1.6 (±0.2), 1.1 (±0.2), 7.9 (±2.1), and 10.6 (±0.8) g/m<sup>2</sup> min for two-sided drying, one-sided drying, one-sided drying on a heated surface, and one-sided drying on a heated surface in the stretched state, respectively. These findings are of great importance for human thermal modelling, including clothing models, where the drying process significantly contributes to the heat and mass transfer in the skin-clothing-environment system.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Synthesis and Processing Conditions on the Sintering Behavior and Total Conductivity of High-Entropy Fluorite/Bixbyite Oxides (RE-HEOs).","authors":"Luca Spiridigliozzi, Viviana Monfreda, Antonello Marocco, Filippo Milano, Antonio Vendittelli, Gianfranco Dell'Agli","doi":"10.3390/ma18112663","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the influence of two different synthesis methods on the sintering behavior of three novel high-entropy oxides possibly suitable for thermal barrier applications: (Ce<sub>0.2</sub>Zr<sub>0.2</sub>Yb<sub>0.2</sub>Er<sub>0.2</sub>Nd<sub>0.2</sub>)O<sub>2-δ</sub>, (Ce<sub>0.2</sub>Zr<sub>0.2</sub>Yb<sub>0.2</sub>Er<sub>0.2</sub>La<sub>0.2</sub>)O<sub>2-δ</sub>, and (Ce<sub>0.2</sub>Nd<sub>0.2</sub>Yb<sub>0.2</sub>Er<sub>0.2</sub>La<sub>0.2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3+δ</sub>. Rare-Earth-based High-Entropy Oxides (RE-HEOs), recently known for their exceptional thermal stability and compositional flexibility, have gained increasing attention as potential candidates for many advanced technological applications. Thus, our current work focuses on the specific effects of synthesis techniques, namely co-precipitation and hydrothermal treatment, on the entropy-driven stabilization, microstructure, electrochemical properties, and sintering behavior of three novel RE-HEOs. The obtained results reveal significant differences in terms of densification yield and of the obtaining of the designed entropy-stabilized single phase depending on the adopted synthesis route, underscoring the critical role of synthesis in optimizing RE-HEOs for near-future technological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.3390/ma18112650
Shuai Li, Fuheng Nie, Jiyuan Ding, Guijun Mao, Yang Guo, Tianlan Cao, Chong Xiang, Honggang Dong
{"title":"Influence of Laser Power on CoCrFeNiMo High-Entropy Alloy Coating Microstructure and Properties.","authors":"Shuai Li, Fuheng Nie, Jiyuan Ding, Guijun Mao, Yang Guo, Tianlan Cao, Chong Xiang, Honggang Dong","doi":"10.3390/ma18112650","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work studies the fabrication of CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings via coaxial powder-fed laser cladding, addressing porosity and impurity issues in conventional methods. The HEA coatings exhibited eutectic/hypereutectic microstructures under all laser power conditions. A systematic investigation of laser power effects (1750-2500 W) reveals that 2250 W optimizes microstructure and performance, yielding a dual-phase structure with FCC matrix and dispersed σ phases (Fe-Cr/Mo-rich). The coating achieves exceptional hardness (738.3 HV<sub>0.2</sub>, 3.8× substrate), ultralow wear rate (4.55 × 10<sup>-5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N·m), and minimized corrosion current (2.31 × 10<sup>-4</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl. The friction mechanism of the CoCrFeNiMo HEA coating is that in high-speed friction and wear, the oxide film is formed on the surface of the coating, and then the rupture of the oxide film leads to adhesive wear and abrasive wear. The corrosion mechanism is the galvanic corrosion caused by the potential difference between the FCC phase and the σ phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.3390/ma18112646
Lu Lu, Rongyu Chen, Mingming Wang, Wenjia Xi, Shan Yun, Haodong Wang
{"title":"Study on Freeze-Thaw Cycle Performance and Regional Service Life Prediction of Hydrophobic Aerogel-Modified ACEPS Boards.","authors":"Lu Lu, Rongyu Chen, Mingming Wang, Wenjia Xi, Shan Yun, Haodong Wang","doi":"10.3390/ma18112646","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to systematically investigate the influence of hydrophobic aerogel on the performance of aerogel cement-based expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation board (ACEPS board) under freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) and to predict its service life in four typical climate zones: Beijing, Harbin, Urumqi, and Nanjing. The effects of aerogel content on compressive strength, volumetric water absorption, thermal conductivity, and pore structure evolution of ACEPS were thoroughly analyzed through FTC testing. The results demonstrated that aerogel significantly reduced the volumetric water absorption of ACEPS due to its excellent hydrophobicity, thereby decreasing the compressive strength attenuation from 40% to 24%, suppressing the increase in thermal conductivity from 0.0130 to 0.0055 W/(m·K), and mitigating pore structure degradation. In the regional service life prediction, aerogel-modified ACEPS exhibited significantly improved freeze-thaw resistance in the cold climates of Harbin and Urumqi, as well as in the high freeze-thaw frequency environment of Beijing. Notably, specimens with high aerogel content demonstrated outstanding structural and functional durability. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for incorporating aerogel in the optimized designs and applications of thermal insulation building materials in cold regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anisotropic Photoelectric Properties of Aligned P3HT Nanowire Arrays Fabricated via Solution Blade Coating and UV-Induced Molecular Ordering.","authors":"Qianxun Gong, Jin Luo, Chen Meng, Zuhong Xiong, Sijie Zhang, Tian Yu","doi":"10.3390/ma18112649","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper reports on the anisotropic optoelectronic properties of aligned poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanowire (NW) arrays fabricated via blade coating and UV irradiation, exhibiting a remarkably high electrical resistance anisotropy ratio of up to 8.05 between the parallel (0°) and perpendicular (90°) directions. This resistance anisotropy originates from the advantage of directional charge transport. Optimized 5 mg/mL P3HT solutions under 32 min UV irradiation yielded unidirectional π-π*-stacked NWs with enhanced crystallinity. Polarized microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirmed high alignment and dense NW networks. The angular dependence of polarization exhibits a cosine-modulated response, while the angular anisotropy of the measured photocurrent points to structural alignment rather than trap-state control. The scalable fabrication and tunable anisotropy demonstrate potential for polarization-sensitive organic electronics and anisotropic logic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.3390/ma18112648
Ke Han, Vince Toplosky, Rongmei Niu, Yan Xin
{"title":"Comparison of Cu Strengthened by Ionic Bonded Particles and Cu Strengthened by Metallic Bonded Particles.","authors":"Ke Han, Vince Toplosky, Rongmei Niu, Yan Xin","doi":"10.3390/ma18112648","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cu matrix composites, because of their high mechanical strength, are often used as conductors in high-performance electrical applications. These composites are manufactured through thermomechanical processing, which introduces a high density of particles that act as obstacles to dislocation motion. Increasing the density of these particles enhances the mechanical strength of the conductors, which we tested under static loading. Under cyclic loading, especially pulsed electrical mechanical loading, conductors may soften, harden, or even fail. Failure is likely to occur whenever the applied stress exceeds the flow stress of the conductors. Understanding and predicting the performance of conductors under cyclic loading can help researchers estimate the lifespan of any apparatus made from these conductors. The performance of conductors depends on whether the strengthening particles are characterized by ionic interatomic bonding or metallic bonding. During fabrication, we observed both the accumulation of dislocations and the dissolution of particles (which added more solute atoms to the matrix). Because both dislocations and solute atoms tend to migrate at room temperature or higher, the complexity of microstructure changes increases in composites under cyclic loading. To minimize such complexity, we designed our test to determine fatigue properties at 77 K. We subjected the conductors to cyclic fatigue tests using a load-controlled mode (the mode most commonly used in applications). This work sheds light on the correlation between tensile properties and fatigue properties in our composite conductors. We found that the correlation varied, depending on whether the conductors had been strengthened by ionic bond or metallic bond particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.3390/ma18112645
Mohammed Iqbal Shueb, Noraiham Mohamad, Syarfa Zahirah Sapuan, Yee See Khee, Dewi Suriyani Che Halin, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrica Vizureanu
{"title":"Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced ABS Nanocomposite Films by Sonication-Assisted Cast Film Technique for Emission Shielding Application.","authors":"Mohammed Iqbal Shueb, Noraiham Mohamad, Syarfa Zahirah Sapuan, Yee See Khee, Dewi Suriyani Che Halin, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrica Vizureanu","doi":"10.3390/ma18112645","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid proliferation of electronic devices has heightened the demand for efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, as conventional alternatives increasingly fall short in mitigating harmful electromagnetic radiation. In this study, we report the fabrication of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) nanocomposite films reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), offering a promising solution to this growing challenge. A persistent issue in incorporating GNPs into the ABS matrix is their poor wettability, which impedes uniform dispersion. To overcome this, a sonication-assisted casting technique was employed, enabling effective integration of GNPs at loadings of 1, 3, and 5 wt%. The resulting nanocomposite films exhibit uniform dispersion and enhanced functional properties. Comprehensive characterization using FESEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, FTIR, and dielectric/EMI analyses revealed significant improvements in thermal stability, UV absorption, and dielectric behavior. Notably, the films demonstrated moderate EMI shielding effectiveness, reaching 0.0064 dB at 4 MHz. These findings position the developed GNP-reinforced ABS nanocomposites as promising candidates for advanced applications in the automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review of <i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Films: Fabrications and Photoelectric Properties.","authors":"Siwei Wang, Jie Jian, Cong Xu, Xiaoheng Dong, Jielong Yang, Maolin Zou, Wangwang Liu, Qinglong Tu, Mengyao Li, Cheng Cao, Xiangli Liu","doi":"10.3390/ma18112630","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gallium oxide (Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), as an ultra-wide bandgap semiconducting material, has attracted extensive research interest in recent years. Owing to its outstanding electrical and optical properties, as well as its high reliability, Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> shows great potential in power electronics, optoelectronics, memory devices, and so on. Among all the different polymorphs, <i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is the second most thermally stable phase. It has a hexagonal crystal structure, which contributes to its isotropic physical properties and its suitable growth on low-cost commercial substrates, such as Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Si (111). However, there are far fewer research works on <i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in comparison with the most thermally stable β phase. Aiming to provide a comprehensive view on the current works of <i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and support future research, this review conducts detailed summarizations for the fabrication processes of <i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films and the photoelectrical properties of <i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based photodetectors. The effects of different deposition parameters on film phases and qualities are discussed. The forming mechanisms of <i>ε</i> phase prepared by chemical vapor depositions (CVDs) and physical vapor depositions (PVDs) are analyzed, respectively. Conclusions are made concerning the relationships between film microstructures and properties. In addition, strategies for further improving <i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> film performance are briefly summarized.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.3390/ma18112640
Wei Zhang, Zhilin Long, Xiaowei Liu
{"title":"A Constitutive Equation and Numerical Study on the Tensile Behavior of Reinforcing Steel Under Different Mass Loss Ratios.","authors":"Wei Zhang, Zhilin Long, Xiaowei Liu","doi":"10.3390/ma18112640","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the mechanical degradation of HRB400 corroded reinforcing steel induced by corrosion and introduces a tailored constitutive model to capture the influence of mass loss ratios. A series of tensile tests were conducted following chloride-driven wet-dry cycles combined with a simulated marine corrosion environment, enabling the quantification of the relationship between mass loss ratios and mechanical performance. A degradation equation based on mass loss ratios was derived and benchmarked against both experimental data and the existing Hooputra's Ductile Damage (HDD) model. The proposed equation achieved approximately 80% accuracy in predicting strength reduction across varying corrosion levels. A finite element model incorporating the HDD framework was developed to simulate tensile failure, successfully capturing key degradation characteristics, including reduced yield strength, diminished ductility, and a shortened yield plateau. Unlike other models, it maintained high predictive accuracy even under severe corrosion. These findings demonstrate the model's potential for structural analysis and reinforcement design in corrosion-prone environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}