MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.3390/ma18061379
Pan Lu, Jiuhao Gong, Xiaona Liu, Yuanxi Cao, Anxue Zhang, Sen Yan
{"title":"ITO Meta-Absorber-Loaded Conformal UHF Monopole Antenna with Wide-Angel RCS Reduction.","authors":"Pan Lu, Jiuhao Gong, Xiaona Liu, Yuanxi Cao, Anxue Zhang, Sen Yan","doi":"10.3390/ma18061379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, a conformal UHF antenna with a wide-angle radar cross section (RCS) reduction capability is proposed. The radiator of the design is a planar monopole antenna. Since the large physical size of the antenna in UHF band can generate a scatter beam with a large RCS in the high operating frequency of radars and other sensing applications, i.e., the X band, two types of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) meta-absorber are proposed and loaded onto the monopole antenna to suppress the scatter. For the incident beam around the direction orthogonal to the radiator plane, the periodical meta-absorber can realize around a 20 dB RCS reduction in the X band. The incident wave around the parallel direction of the radiator is absorbed by the taper meta-absorber, which can greatly suppress the surface and then reduce the RCS in the horizontal plane. The combined effect means the antenna can achieve a wide-angle RCS reduction. It should be noted that the antenna can still produce a high-efficiency omnidirectional beam after the lossy meta-absorber is loaded. In our opinion, the advantages of the proposed antenna design, including good radiation performance in UHF band and high RCS reduction in X band, make it a suitable candidate for airborne and drone applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.3390/ma18061374
Tao Chen, Qingwei Chen, Yang Yu, Erlei Bai, Li Wang, Yanqin Guo, Ang Li
{"title":"Research on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Silicon Carbide-Modified Concrete.","authors":"Tao Chen, Qingwei Chen, Yang Yu, Erlei Bai, Li Wang, Yanqin Guo, Ang Li","doi":"10.3390/ma18061374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research investigates the dynamic mechanical properties of silicon carbide-modified concrete using a ∅ 100 mm large-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The effects of silicon carbide content, particle size, and strain rate on dynamic compressive strength, deformation, and energy dissipation characteristics were examined. The results indicate that both ordinary concrete and silicon carbide-modified concrete exhibit significant strain rate effects, with peak stress, impact toughness, and fracture degree progressively increasing as strain rate rises. The peak strain and ultimate strain of ordinary concrete decreased with increasing strain rate, while those of silicon carbide-modified concrete decreased initially before increasing again. At a strain rate of 180 s<sup>-1</sup>, the concrete fracture morphology showed almost no occurrence of cement paste connecting adjacent aggregates. The addition of silicon carbide directly increased the strength of aggregates at the micron scale, thereby enhancing the concrete's load-bearing ability under high-velocity impact loads. Therefore, the modifying effect of coarse-fineness high-strength silicon carbide particles on the strength and deformation characteristics of concrete was more evident under high strain rate conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061356
Barbara Zbyrad, Małgorzata Zaborniak, Łukasz Kochmański, Katarzyna Jasik, Janusz Kluczyński, Grzegorz Budzik, Paweł Turek
{"title":"Evaluation of High-Temperature Sterilization Processes: Their Influence on the Mechanical Integrity of Additively Manufactured Polymeric Biomaterials.","authors":"Barbara Zbyrad, Małgorzata Zaborniak, Łukasz Kochmański, Katarzyna Jasik, Janusz Kluczyński, Grzegorz Budzik, Paweł Turek","doi":"10.3390/ma18061356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continuous advancement of medical technologies and the increasing demand for high-performance medical devices have driven the search for innovative solutions in biomaterials engineering. However, ensuring the sterility of polymeric biomaterials while maintaining their mechanical integrity remains a significant challenge. This research examines how steam sterilization impacts the mechanical properties of four polymeric biomaterials frequently utilized in medical applications: MED610, PEEK, PET-G HT100, and RGD720. Samples were produced using additive manufacturing (AM), specifically Material Jetting (MJT) and Material Extrusion (MEX) processes, and exposed to steam sterilization at 121 °C and 134 °C. A comprehensive verification process was conducted to ensure the effectiveness of sterilization, including pre-sterilization cleaning, disinfection procedures, and the use of process indicators such as the Bowie-Dick test. Mechanical evaluation included bending tests and Rockwell hardness measurements to assess changes in structural integrity and mechanical strength after sterilization. The results revealed that, while some materials exhibited significant alterations in mechanical properties, others demonstrated high resistance to thermal and humidity exposure during sterilization. These findings provide critical insights into the selection and optimization of polymeric biomaterials for sterilizable medical applications, ensuring their durability and safety in clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061365
Minsu Lee, Hohyeong Kim, Jinho Ahn
{"title":"Superplastic Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Electroformed Nickel Foils Determined by Thermomechanical Analysis.","authors":"Minsu Lee, Hohyeong Kim, Jinho Ahn","doi":"10.3390/ma18061365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Superplastic deformation, which occurs when fine-grained metals exhibit high ductility (often exceeding 300%) under specific conditions at approximately half of their melting temperature, allows the creation of complex shapes required by the aerospace and electronic material industries. Typically, superplastic characteristics are evaluated using universal testing machines (UTMs). However, nickel (Ni) and its alloys, which are applied as electrodeposits in the fabrication of electronic materials, are nanocrystalline in nature and exhibit superplasticity under specific temperatures and deformation conditions. Electrodeposited foils are very thin, making traditional UTM testing challenging; therefore, a new approach is required. In this study, we used a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) to analyze the superplastic properties of electrodeposited nickel foils simply and precisely. TMAs are particularly appropriate when evaluating thin foils because they yield detailed thermal deformation data, whereas UTMs do not. A TMA reveals thermal deformation of electrodeposited nickel foils across various temperatures, as well as microstructures and grain growth. We performed superplastic analysis at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C at a strain rate of 1 × 10<sup>-3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, and microstructural data were obtained through X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. Superplastic deformation was apparent at 400 °C. The data obtained through our systematic analysis using a TMA will guide future studies on the application of superplastic properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel foils.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061359
Bingbing Li, Qixing Xia, Wenqiang Dong
{"title":"Comparative Study of the Corrosive Behaviors of Rust Layers on Bronze Ware in Different Corrosive Environments.","authors":"Bingbing Li, Qixing Xia, Wenqiang Dong","doi":"10.3390/ma18061359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is of great significance to clarify the corrosion mechanism of rust layers on bronze ware for appropriate conservation measures. In this study, the corrosion behavior of Cu-Sn bronze alloys in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and a simulated archaeological soil solution was studied and compared using electrochemical measurements, microscopic observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the presence of Cl<sup>-</sup> was the key factor leading to the formation of harmful rust such as Cu<sub>2</sub>(OH)Cl<sub>3</sub>. In the NaCl solution, the rapid accumulation of Cl-containing corrosion products provided a certain degree of protection to Cu-Sn alloys, but the products easily fell off, thus increasing the continuous corrosion reactions again. This resulted in a significant increase in the corrosion rate of the alloy (<i>i</i><sub>corr</sub> from 4.845 μA·cm<sup>-2</sup> to 27.21 μA·cm<sup>-2</sup>) and a decrease in polarization resistance (<i>R</i><sub>p</sub> from 5.17 kΩ·cm<sup>2</sup> to 3.27 kΩ·cm<sup>2</sup>). In contrast, the corrosion reactions of the Cu-Sn alloy were dominated by complex ions other than Cl<sup>-</sup> in archaeological soil environments, and the corrosion products tended to form stable and dense rust layers (<i>i</i><sub>corr</sub> was always lower than 1.6 μA·cm<sup>-2</sup>, and <i>R</i><sub>p</sub> was maintained above 24 kΩ·cm<sup>2</sup>), which improved corrosion resistance by two orders of magnitude compared to the unstable rust layer that formed in NaCl solution. In addition, Cl-containing corrosion products boosted the wettability of rust layers, thereby facilitating penetration of corrosive media that strengthened corrosion reactions. This study deepens our understanding of the degradation mechanisms of bronze artifacts and provides a scientific basis for developing bronze conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061362
Ruobing Wu, Kai Zhuang, Yuchao Yang, Zhijie Wu, Feng Liu
{"title":"Dynamic Response of Buried Pressurized Pipelines When Subjected to Transverse Impact Loading: Experimental Study.","authors":"Ruobing Wu, Kai Zhuang, Yuchao Yang, Zhijie Wu, Feng Liu","doi":"10.3390/ma18061362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the dynamic behavior of pressurized pipelines under impact loads in various burial environments. A total of 60 tests were conducted using a drop-weight impact testing apparatus, with high-speed cameras and sensors used to collect data throughout the experiments. This approach enabled a thorough investigation of the effects of the soil type, burial depth, and internal pressure on pipeline behavior. The results show that pipeline deformation decreases as burial depth and soil stiffness increase. Under similar conditions, unpressurized pipelines exhibit significantly greater plastic deformation than pressurized pipelines, indicating superior energy absorption. The application of internal pressure leads to a marked increase in the peak impact force compared to scenarios without internal pressure. Fluctuations in internal volume cause pressure variations, affecting the response of the pipeline. Additionally, higher soil stiffness results in increased peak impact force, particularly in loess environments, suggesting that stiffer soils improve pipeline impact resistance. It is important to note that deeper burial does not always lead to reduced impact forces. In stiff soil conditions, greater burial depth may even amplify the impact force. These effects are closely associated with stress concentration under impact loads, changes in soil support capacity, and the influence of internal pressure. The test data and analysis provided in this paper will contribute to optimizing pipeline design and protective strategies, thereby enhancing their safety and reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061367
Angel T Apostolov, Iliana N Apostolova, Julia M Wesselinowa
{"title":"Magnetic, Phonon, and Optical Properties of Pure and Doped Ba<sub>2</sub>FeReO<sub>6</sub> and Sr<sub>2</sub>CrReO<sub>6</sub>-Bulk Materials and Nanoparticles.","authors":"Angel T Apostolov, Iliana N Apostolova, Julia M Wesselinowa","doi":"10.3390/ma18061367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On the basis of a microscopic model and employing Green's function technique, the effects of temperature, size, and ion doping on the magnetization and phonon energy of the A<sub>1<i>g</i></sub> mode in double perovskites Ba<sub>2</sub>FeReO<sub>6</sub> and Sr<sub>2</sub>CrReO<sub>6</sub>-both in bulk and nanoscale samples-are investigated for the first time. The Curie temperature <i>T<sub>C</sub></i> and magnetization <i>M</i> decrease as nanoparticle size is reduced. Doping with rare-earth ions such as Sm, Nd, or La at the Ba or Sr sites further reduces <i>M</i>. This behavior originates from the compressive strain induced by the smaller ionic radii of the dopant ions compared to the host ions. As a result, the antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction between Fe or Cr and Re ions is enhanced, along with an increase in the magnetic moment of the Re ion. The dependence of the band gap energy of Sr<sub>2</sub>CrReO<sub>6</sub> on temperature, size, and doping is also studied. Near the magnetic-phase-transition temperature <i>T<sub>C</sub></i>, anomalies in phonon energy and damping indicate strong spin-phonon coupling. The theoretical calculations show good qualitative agreement with experimental data.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061358
Eduard Riemschneider, Ion Mitelea, Ilare Bordeașu, Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu, Ion Dragoș Uțu
{"title":"The Effects of Certain Processing Technologies on the Cavitation Erosion of Lamellar Graphite Pearlitic Grey Cast Iron.","authors":"Eduard Riemschneider, Ion Mitelea, Ilare Bordeașu, Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu, Ion Dragoș Uțu","doi":"10.3390/ma18061358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lamellar graphite pearlitic grey cast irons are frequently used in the manufacturing of components that operate under cavitation erosion conditions. Their poor performance regarding cavitation erosion limits their use in intense cavitation environments. The physical modification of the surface layer offers a flexible and cost-effective way to combat cavitation attacks without altering the core properties. This paper comparatively analyzes the effects of four technological processing methods on the cavitation erosion resistance of grey cast irons. Cavitation erosion tests were conducted on a vibrating device with piezoceramic crystals in accordance with the ASTM G32-2016 standard. Surface hardness tests were carried out using a Vickers hardness tester, while roughness measurements were performed using a Mitutoyo device. The microstructures generated by the applied technologies and the surface wear mechanisms were analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the TIG local surface remelting process provides the most significant improvement in cavitation erosion resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061354
Zheng Wei, Bin Suo, Chunping Zhou, Yueqi Li, Feng Zhang
{"title":"Research into the Failure Mechanism and Reliability of an Active Frequency-Selective Surface in Complex Environments.","authors":"Zheng Wei, Bin Suo, Chunping Zhou, Yueqi Li, Feng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/ma18061354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents research into the failure modes and mechanisms of active electromagnetic functional structures. An active electromagnetic functional structure is usually achieved by loading active devices on a frequency-selective surface and designing an active frequency-selective surface (AFSS) structure with adjustable transmission and cutoff characteristics through feeding. This has shown significant advantages in electromagnetic countermeasures for fighter jets and has become one of the key technologies for the future development of such equipment in the context of integration and intelligence. The active electromagnetic functional structure is different from the traditional composite material structure because it includes active functional devices to realize the electromagnetic function but also includes a structural component to bear the complex environment. The failure modes are also more complex, including both structural failure and functional degradation or even failure caused by device failure, and the coupling relationship between different failure modes is complex. However, the failure modes of active electromagnetic functional structures in complex environments have received little research attention, and the corresponding fault modes and mechanisms are poorly understood, thereby limiting their practical applications. Thus, in the current study, environmental stress analysis is performed to verify the main failure modes and mechanisms of active electromagnetic functional structures through fault excitation tests. Importantly, the obtained results clarify the stress sensitivity of the structure and provide effective support for its engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.3390/ma18061348
Zeyu Geng, Weixiao Yu, Min Jiang, Yinghao Miao
{"title":"Comparison of Microwave Sensitivity and Performance of Asphalt Mastic with Various Steel Slag Powders.","authors":"Zeyu Geng, Weixiao Yu, Min Jiang, Yinghao Miao","doi":"10.3390/ma18061348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Steel slag is a common solid waste, but it has good microwave absorbing ability. The poor microwave sensitivity of asphalt mixture limits the development of microwave maintenance for asphalt pavement. Therefore, it is significant to apply steel slag to asphalt pavement. This study analyzes the difference in the microwave sensitivity and performance between the asphalt mastics with blast furnace slag powder (BFSP), converter slag powder (CSP), refined slag powder (RSP), and limestone powder (LP). First, the chemical composition of BFSP, CSP, RSP, and LP is analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) tests. Then, the micromorphology characteristics of the asphalt mastic with BFSP, that with CSP, that with RSP, and that with LP are studied using atomic force microscope (AFM) tests. Finally, the rheological properties of the four asphalt mastics are investigated through dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results show that steel slag powder can effectively improve the microwave sensitivity of asphalt mastic. RSP and CSP can improve the anti-deformation ability of asphalt mastic. In addition, steel slag powders have an adverse effect on the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mastic, but the creep strength and creep rate of asphalt mastic with steel slag powder are within a reasonable range. In general, steel slag powder as filler has great application potential in road engineering. However, it has a certain influence on the performance of asphalt mastic. It is necessary to carry out targeted selection in practical engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}