Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Arterial Spin Labeling for Pediatric Central Nervous System Diseases: Techniques and Clinical Applications.","authors":"Mika Kitajima, Hiroyuki Uetani","doi":"10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0118","DOIUrl":"10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) are techniques used to evaluate brain perfusion using MRI. DSC requires dynamic image acquisition with a rapid administration of gadolinium-based contrast agent. In contrast, ASL obtains brain perfusion information using magnetically labeled blood water as an endogenous tracer. For the evaluation of brain perfusion in pediatric neurological diseases, ASL has a significant advantage compared to DSC, CT, and single-photon emission CT/positron emission tomography because of the lack of radiation exposure and contrast agent administration. However, in ASL, optimization of several parameters, including the type of labeling, image acquisition, background suppression, and postlabeling delay, is required, because they have a significant effect on the quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF).In this article, we first review recent technical developments of ASL and age-dependent physiological characteristics in pediatric brain perfusion. We then review the clinical implementation of ASL in pediatric neurological diseases, including vascular diseases, brain tumors, acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizure and late reduced diffusion (AESD), and migraine. In moyamoya disease, ASL can be used for brain perfusion and vessel assessment in pre- and post-treatment. In arteriovenous malformations, ASL is sensitive to detect small degrees of shunt. Furthermore, in vascular diseases, the implementation of ASL-based time-resolved MR angiography is described. In neoplasms, ASL-derived CBF has a high diagnostic accuracy for differentiation between low- and high-grade pediatric brain tumors. In AESD and migraine, ASL may allow for accurate early diagnosis and provide pathophysiological information.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e5/e5/mrms-22-27.PMC9849418.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10624628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Phase-difference-enhanced MR Imaging and Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography: A Study on Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Normal Controls.","authors":"Hirotaka Takita,&nbsp;Satoshi Doishita,&nbsp;Tetsuya Yoneda,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Tatekawa,&nbsp;Takato Abe,&nbsp;Yoshiaki Itoh,&nbsp;Daisuke Horiuchi,&nbsp;Taro Tsukamoto,&nbsp;Taro Shimono,&nbsp;Yukio Miki","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>While amyloid-β deposition in the cerebral cortex for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often evaluated by amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), amyloid-β-related iron can be detected using phase difference enhanced (PADRE) imaging; however, no study has validated the association between PADRE imaging and amyloid PET. This study investigated whether the degree of hypointense areas on PADRE imaging correlated with the uptake of amyloid PET.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PADRE imaging and amyloid PET were performed in 8 patients with AD and 10 age-matched normal controls. ROIs in the cuneus, precuneus, superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and superior temporal gyrus (STG) were automatically segmented. The degree of hypointense areas on PADRE imaging in each ROI was evaluated using 4-point scaling of visual assessment or volumetric semiquantitative assessment (the percentage of hypointense volume within each ROI). The mean standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) of amyloid PET in each ROI was also calculated. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the 4-point scale of PADRE imaging and SUVR of amyloid PET or between the semiquantitative hypointense volume percentage and SUVR in each ROI was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the precuneus, a significant positive correlation was identified between the 4-point scale of PADRE imaging and SUVR of amyloid PET (Rs = 0.5; P = 0.034) in all subjects. In the cuneus, a significant positive correlation was identified between the semiquantitative volume percentage of PADRE imaging and SUVR of amyloid PET (Rs = 0.55; P = 0.02) in all subjects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Amyloid-β-enhancing PADRE imaging can be used to predict the SUVR of amyloid PET, especially in the cuneus and precuneus, and may have the potential to be used for diagnosing AD by detecting amyloid deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6b/80/mrms-22-67.PMC9849423.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10610636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an Add-on ²³Na-MRI Radiofrequency Platform for a ¹H-MRI System Using a Crossband Repeater: Proof-of-concept.","authors":"Michiru Kajiwara,&nbsp;Tomoyuki Haishi,&nbsp;Dwi Prananto,&nbsp;Susumu Sasaki,&nbsp;Ryohei Kaseda,&nbsp;Ichiei Narita,&nbsp;Yasuhiko Terada","doi":"10.2463/mrms.tn.2021-0094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.tn.2021-0094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>²³Na-MRI provides information on Na⁺ content, and its application in the medical field has been highly anticipated. However, for existing clinical ¹H-MRI systems, its implementation requires an additional broadband RF transmitter, dedicated transceivers, and RF coils for Na⁺ imaging. However, a standard medical MRI system cannot often be modified to perform ²³Na imaging. We have developed an add-on crossband RF repeater system that enables ²³Na-MRI simply by inserting it into the magnet bore of an existing ¹H MRI. The three axis gradient fields controlled by the ¹H-MRI system were directly used for ²³Na imaging without any deformation. A crossband repeater is a common technique used for amateur radio. This concept was proven by a saline solution phantom and in vivo mouse experiments. This add-on RF platform is applicable to medical ¹H MRI systems and can enhance the application of ²³Na-MRI in clinical usage.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d3/62/mrms-22-103.PMC9849411.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10624123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Haemodynamic Streamline Vena Contracta as the Effective Orifice Area Measured from Reconstructed Multislice Phase-contrast MR Images for Patients with Moderately Accelerated Aortic Stenosis.","authors":"Yu Hohri,&nbsp;Keiichi Itatani,&nbsp;Akiko Matsuo,&nbsp;Yoshiaki Komori,&nbsp;Takeshi Okamoto,&nbsp;Tomoyuki Goto,&nbsp;Takuma Kobayashi,&nbsp;Takeshi Hiramatsu,&nbsp;Shohei Miyazaki,&nbsp;Teruyasu Nishino,&nbsp;Hitoshi Yaku","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In aortic stenosis (AS), the discrepancy between moderately accelerated flow and effective orifice area (EOA) continues to pose a challenge. We developed a method of measuring the vena contracta area as hemodynamic EOA using cardiac MRI focusing on AS patients with a moderately accelerated flow to solve the problem that AS severity can currently be determined only by echocardiography.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated 40 patients with a peak transvalvular velocity > 3.0 m/s on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The patients were divided into highly accelerated and moderately accelerated AS groups according to whether or not the peak transvalvular velocity was ≥ 4.0 m/s. From the multislice 2D cine phase-contrast MRI data, the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta of the reconstructed streamline in the Valsalva sinus was defined as MRI-EOAs. Patient symptoms and echocardiography data, including EOA (defined as TTE-EOA), were derived from the continuity equation using TTE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All participants in the highly accelerated AS group (n = 19) showed a peak velocity ≥ 4.0 m/s in MRI. Eleven patients in the moderately accelerated AS group (n = 21) had a TTE-EOA < 1.00 cm². In the moderately accelerated AS group, MRI-EOAs demonstrated a strong correlation with TTE-EOAs (r = 0.76, P < 0.01). Meanwhile, in the highly accelerated AS group, MRI-EOAs demonstrated positivity but a moderate correlation with TTE-EOAs (r = 0.63, P = 0.004). MRI-EOAs were overestimated compared to TTE-EOAs. In terms of the moderately accelerated AS group, the best cut-off value for MRI-EOAs was < 1.23 cm², compatible with TTE-EOAs < 1.00 cm², with an excellent prediction of the New York Heart Association classification ≥ III (sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 76.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MRI-EOAs may be an alternative to conventional echocardiography for patients with moderately accelerated AS, especially those with discordant echocardiographic parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/13/14/mrms-21-569.PMC9618929.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39264012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping versus R2*-based Histogram Analysis for Evaluating Liver Fibrosis: Preliminary Results.","authors":"Masato Yoshikawa,&nbsp;Kohsuke Kudo,&nbsp;Taisuke Harada,&nbsp;Kazutaka Harashima,&nbsp;Jun Suzuki,&nbsp;Koji Ogawa,&nbsp;Taro Fujiwara,&nbsp;Mutsumi Nishida,&nbsp;Ryota Sato,&nbsp;Toru Shirai,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Bito","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2020-0175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2020-0175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The staging of liver fibrosis is clinically important, and a less invasive method is preferred. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has shown a great potential in estimating liver fibrosis in addition to R2* relaxometry. However, few studies have compared QSM analysis and liver fibrosis. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of estimating liver fibrosis by using QSM and R2*-based histogram analyses by comparing it with ultrasound-based transient elastography and the stage of histologic fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen patients with liver disease were enrolled. Data sets of multi-echo gradient echo sequence with breath-holding were acquired on a 3-Tesla scanner. QSM and R2* were reconstructed by water-fat separation method, and ROIs were analyzed for these images. Quantitative parameters with histogram features (mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and 1st, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 99th percentiles) were extracted. These data were compared with the elasticity measured by ultrasound transient elastography and histological stage of liver fibrosis (F0 to F4, based on the new Inuyama classification) determined by biopsy or hepatectomy. The correlation of histogram parameters with intrahepatic elasticity and histologically confirmed fibrosis stage was examined. Texture parameters were compared between subgroups divided according to fibrosis stage. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was also performed. P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The six histogram parameters of both QSM and R2*were significantly correlated with intrahepatic elasticity. In particular, three parameters (variance, percentiles [90th and 99th]) of QSM showed high correlation (r = 0.818-0.844), whereas R2* parameters showed a moderate correlation with elasticity. Four parameters of QSM were significantly correlated with fibrosis stage (ρ = 0.637-0.723) and differentiated F2-4 from F0-1 fibrosis and F3-4 from F0-2 fibrosis with areas under the ROC curve of > 0.8, but those of R2* did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>QSM may serve as a promising surrogate indicator in detecting liver fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/60/91/mrms-21-609.PMC9618931.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39384969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-dependent Diffusion in Brain Abscesses Investigated with Oscillating-gradient Spin-echo.","authors":"Tomoko Maekawa,&nbsp;Masaaki Hori,&nbsp;Katsutoshi Murata,&nbsp;Thorsten Feiweier,&nbsp;Kouhei Kamiya,&nbsp;Christina Andica,&nbsp;Akifumi Hagiwara,&nbsp;Shohei Fujita,&nbsp;Koji Kamagata,&nbsp;Akihiko Wada,&nbsp;Osamu Abe,&nbsp;Shigeki Aoki","doi":"10.2463/mrms.ici.2021-0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.ici.2021-0083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oscillating-gradient spin-echo sequences enable the measurement of diffusion weighting with a short diffusion time and can provide indications of internal structures. We report two cases of brain abscess in which the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values appear higher at short diffusion times in comparison with those at long diffusion times. Diffusion time dependence of the ADC in brain abscesses suggests not only substrate viscosity but also restricted diffusion due to the structure within the lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ca/ee/mrms-21-525.PMC9618933.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39410608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety for Human MR Scanners at 7T.","authors":"Tomohisa Okada,&nbsp;Thai Akasaka,&nbsp;Dinh Hd Thuy,&nbsp;Tadashi Isa","doi":"10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After introduction of the first human 7 tesla (7T) system in 1999, 7T MR systems have been employed as one of the most advanced platforms for human MR research for more than 20 years. Currently, two 7T MR models are approved for clinical use in the U.S.A. The approval facilitated introduction of the 7T system, summing up to around 100 worldwide. The approval in Japan is much awaited. As a clinical MR scanner, the 7T MR system is drawing attention in terms of safety.Several large-sized studies on bioeffects have been reported for vertigo, dizziness, motion disturbances, nausea, and others. Such effects might also be found in MR workers and researchers. Frequency and severity of reported bioeffects will be presented and discussed, including their variances. The high resonance frequency and shorter RF wavelength of 7T increase the concern about the safety. Homogeneous RF pulse excitation is difficult even for the brain, and a multi-channel parallel transmit (pTx) system is considered mandatory. However, pTx may create a hot spot, which makes the estimation of specific absorption rate (SAR) to be difficult. The stronger magnetic field of 7T causes a large force of displacement and heating on metallic implants or devices, and the scan of patients with them should not be conducted at 7T. However, there are some opinions that such patients might be scanned even at 7T, if certain criteria are met. This article provides a brief review on the effect of the static magnetic field on humans (MR subjects, workers, and researchers) and neurons, in addition to scan sound, SAR, and metal implants and devices. Understanding and avoiding adverse effects will contribute to the reduction in safety risks and the prevention of incidents.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/68/e6/mrms-21-531.PMC9618930.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39295666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Application of MPRAGE Wave Controlled Aliasing in Parallel Imaging (Wave-CAIPI): A Comparative Study with MPRAGE GRAPPA.","authors":"Azusa Sakurama,&nbsp;Yasutaka Fushimi,&nbsp;Satoshi Nakajima,&nbsp;Akihiko Sakata,&nbsp;Takuya Hinoda,&nbsp;Sonoko Oshima,&nbsp;Sayo Otani,&nbsp;Krishna Pandu Wicaksono,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Takakuni Maki,&nbsp;Tomohisa Okada,&nbsp;Ryosuke Takahashi,&nbsp;Yuji Nakamoto","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare reliability and elucidate clinical application of magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MPRAGE) with 9-fold acceleration by using wave-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3) in comparison to conventional MPRAGE accelerated by using generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) 2 × 1.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 26 healthy volunteers and 33 patients were included in this study. Subjects were scanned with two MPRAGEs, GRAPPA 2 × 1 and Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3 acquired in 5 min 21 s and 1 min 42 s, respectively, on a 3T MR scanner. Healthy volunteers underwent additional two MPRAGEs (CAIPI 3 × 3 and GRAPPA 3 × 3). The image quality of the four MPRAGEs was visually evaluated with a 5-point scale in healthy volunteers, and the SNR of four MPRAGEs was also calculated by measuring the phantom 10 times with each MPRAGE. Based on the results of the visual evaluation, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses, including subfield analysis, were performed only for GRAPPA 2 × 1 and Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3. Correlation of segmentation results between GRAPPA 2 × 1 and Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3 was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In visual evaluations, scores for MPRAGE GRAPPA 2 × 1 (mean rank: 4.00) were significantly better than those for Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3 (mean rank: 3.00), CAIPI 3 × 3 (mean rank: 1.83), and GRAPPA 3 × 3 (mean rank: 1.17), and scores for Wave-CAIPI 3×3 were significantly better than those for CAIPI 3 × 3 and GRAPPA 3 × 3. Image noise was evident at the center for additional MPRAGE CAIPI 3 × 3 and GRAPPA 3 × 3. The correlation of segmentation results between GRAPPA 2 × 1 and Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3 was higher than 0.85 in all VOIs except globus pallidus. Subfield analysis of hippocampus also showed a high correlation between GRAPPA 2 × 1 and Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MPRAGE Wave-CAIPI 3 × 3 shows relatively better contrast, despite of its short scan time of 1 min 42 s. The volumes derived from automated segmentation of MPRAGE Wave-CAIPI are considered to be reliable measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ff/c9/mrms-21-633.PMC9618934.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39480878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning and Its Application to Function Approximation for MR in Medicine: An Overview.","authors":"Hidenori Takeshima","doi":"10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents an overview of deep learning (DL) and its applications to function approximation for MR in medicine. The aim of this article is to help readers develop various applications of DL. DL has made a large impact on the literature of many medical sciences, including MR. However, its technical details are not easily understandable for non-experts of machine learning (ML).The first part of this article presents an overview of DL and its related technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and ML. AI is explained as a function that can receive many inputs and produce many outputs. ML is a process of fitting the function to training data. DL is a kind of ML, which uses a composite of many functions to approximate the function of interest. This composite function is called a deep neural network (DNN), and the functions composited into a DNN are called layers. This first part also covers the underlying technologies required for DL, such as loss functions, optimization, initialization, linear layers, non-linearities, normalization, recurrent neural networks, regularization, data augmentation, residual connections, autoencoders, generative adversarial networks, model and data sizes, and complex-valued neural networks.The second part of this article presents an overview of the applications of DL in MR and explains how functions represented as DNNs are applied to various applications, such as RF pulse, pulse sequence, reconstruction, motion correction, spectroscopy, parameter mapping, image synthesis, and segmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4d/a1/mrms-21-553.PMC9618926.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39433990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quiet Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging of the Brain for Pediatric Patients with Moyamoya Disease.","authors":"Satoshi Nakajima,&nbsp;Yasutaka Fushimi,&nbsp;Takeshi Funaki,&nbsp;Gosuke Okubo,&nbsp;Akihiko Sakata,&nbsp;Takuya Hinoda,&nbsp;Yusuke Yokota,&nbsp;Sonoko Oshima,&nbsp;Sayo Otani,&nbsp;Takayuki Kikuchi,&nbsp;Tomohisa Okada,&nbsp;Kazumichi Yoshida,&nbsp;Susumu Miyamoto,&nbsp;Yuji Nakamoto","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2020-0174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2020-0174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is an essential sequence for evaluating pediatric patients with moyamoya disease (MMD); however, acoustic noise associated with DWI may lead to motion artifact. Compared with conventional DWI (cDWI), quiet DWI (qDWI) is considered less noisy and able to keep children more relaxed and stable. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of qDWI compared with cDWI for pediatric patients with MMD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this observational study, MR examinations of the brain were performed either with or without sedation in pediatric patients with MMD between September 2017 and August 2018. Three neuroradiologists independently evaluated the images for artifacts and restricted diffusion in the brain. The differences between qDWI and cDWI were compared statistically using a chi-square test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One-hundred and six MR scans of 56 patients with MMD (38 scans of 15 sedated patients: 6 boys and 9 girls; mean age, 5.2 years; range, 1-9 years; and 68 scans of 42 unsedated patients: 19 boys and 23 girls; mean age, 10.7 years; range, 7-16 years) were evaluated. MR examinations were performed either with or without sedation (except in one patient). In sedated patients, no artifact other than susceptibility was observed on qDWI, whereas four artifacts were observed on cDWI (P = .04). One patient awoke from sedation during cDWI scanning, while no patient awoke from sedation during qDWI acquisition. For unsedated patients, three scans showed artifacts on qDWI, whereas two scans showed artifacts on cDWI (P = .65). Regarding restricted diffusion, qDWI revealed three cases, while two cases were found on cDWI (P = .66).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>qDWI induced fewer artifacts compared with cDWI in sedated patients, and similar frequencies of artifacts were induced by qDWI and by cDWI in unsedated patients. qDWI showed restricted diffusion comparable to cDWI.</p>","PeriodicalId":18119,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9d/c6/mrms-21-583.PMC9618925.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39263624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}