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Bayesian statistical concepts with examples from rodent toxicology studies. 贝叶斯统计概念与啮齿动物毒理学研究实例。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241262829
Gary J Larson, Keith R Shockley
{"title":"Bayesian statistical concepts with examples from rodent toxicology studies.","authors":"Gary J Larson, Keith R Shockley","doi":"10.1177/00236772241262829","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241262829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The theory and practice of statistics comprises two main schools of thought: frequentist statistics and Bayesian statistics. Frequentist methods are most commonly used to analyze animal-based laboratory data, while Bayesian statistical methods have been implemented less widely and may be relatively unfamiliar to practitioners in experimental science. This paper provides a high-level overview of Bayesian statistics and how they compare with frequentist methods. Using examples in rodent toxicity research, we argue that Bayesian methods have much to offer laboratory animal researchers. We advocate for increased attention to and adoption of Bayesian methods in laboratory animal research. Bayesian statistical theory, methods, software, and education have advanced significantly in the last 30 years, making these tools more accessible than ever.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"470-475"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Half the price, twice the gain: How to simultaneously decrease animal numbers and increase precision with good experimental design. 价格减半，收益加倍：如何通过良好的实验设计同时减少动物数量和提高精确度。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241260905
Servan Luciano Grüninger, Florian Frommlet
{"title":"Half the price, twice the gain: How to simultaneously decrease animal numbers and increase precision with good experimental design.","authors":"Servan Luciano Grüninger, Florian Frommlet","doi":"10.1177/00236772241260905","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241260905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal research often involves experiments in which the effect of several factors on a particular outcome is of scientific interest. Many researchers approach such experiments by varying just one factor at a time. As a consequence, they design and analyze the experiments based on a pairwise comparison between two groups. However, this approach uses unreasonably large numbers of animals and leads to severe limitations in terms of the research questions that can be answered. Factorial designs and analyses offer a more efficient way to perform and assess experiments with multiple factors of interest. We will illustrate the basic principles behind these designs, discussing a simple example with only two factors before suggesting how to design and analyze more complex experiments involving larger numbers of factors based on multiway analysis of variance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"411-418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11528980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Our 61st Annual Meeting: An exciting programme is shaping up! 我们的第 61 届年会：令人兴奋的活动即将开始！
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241279473
Jordi L Tremoleda
{"title":"Our 61st Annual Meeting: An exciting programme is shaping up!","authors":"Jordi L Tremoleda","doi":"10.1177/00236772241279473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00236772241279473","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":"58 5","pages":"499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Preclinical pilot studies: Five common pitfalls and how to avoid them. 临床前试验研究：五个常见陷阱及如何避免。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241244519
Natasha A Karp, Alan Sharpe, Benjamin Phillips
{"title":"Preclinical pilot studies: Five common pitfalls and how to avoid them.","authors":"Natasha A Karp, Alan Sharpe, Benjamin Phillips","doi":"10.1177/00236772241244519","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241244519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pilots are small-scale initial experiments that are intended to guide the design of future, larger studies, with a view to increasing their effectiveness. In this statistical primer we highlight five common mistakes that limit the utility of pilot studies and provide practical guidance to avoid such errors and increase their effectiveness. The common thread connecting these mistakes is insufficient planning and over-interpretation of the results. This approach compromises the ultimate goals of the research programme and the future experimental cascade. In support of our view that over-interpretation is an error, we present a simple simulation to demonstrate that pilots will generally generate an inaccurate estimate of the variability of the biological endpoint under study and that frequent under-estimation will lead to inconclusive and unethical subsequent experiments. We argue that well planned pilots are an important part of the research cascade and still need to be implemented to a high standard.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"481-485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141893767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Treatment randomisation at animal or pen level? : Statistical analysis should follow the randomisation pattern! 在动物或栏的层面上进行治疗随机化？ 统计分析应遵循随机化模式！
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241247274
Luc Duchateau, Robrecht Dockx, Klara Goethals, Matthijs Vynck, Frédéric Vangroenweghe, Christian Burvenich
{"title":"Treatment randomisation at animal or pen level? : Statistical analysis should follow the randomisation pattern!","authors":"Luc Duchateau, Robrecht Dockx, Klara Goethals, Matthijs Vynck, Frédéric Vangroenweghe, Christian Burvenich","doi":"10.1177/00236772241247274","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241247274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Random treatment assignment is essential in demonstrating a causal relationship between a treatment and the outcome of interest. Randomisation ensures that animals assigned to different treatment groups do not differ from each other systematically, except for the randomly assigned treatment. The randomisation pattern should also dictate the statistical analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"427-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vacancy for EDITOR position to join the EIC team. 编辑职位空缺，请加入 EIC 团队。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241281044
{"title":"Vacancy for EDITOR position to join the EIC team.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/00236772241281044","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241281044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heterogeneity of animal experiments and how to deal with it. 动物实验的异质性及应对方法。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241260173
Bernhard Voelkl, Hanno Würbel
{"title":"Heterogeneity of animal experiments and how to deal with it.","authors":"Bernhard Voelkl, Hanno Würbel","doi":"10.1177/00236772241260173","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241260173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heterogeneity of study samples is ubiquitous in animal experiments. Here, we discuss the different options of how to deal with heterogeneity in the statistical analysis of a single experiment. Specifically, data from different sub-groups (e.g. sex, strain, age cohorts) may be analysed separately, heterogenization factors may be ignored and data pooled for analysis, or heterogenization factors may be included as additional variables in the statistical model. The cost of ignoring a heterogenization factor is an inflated estimate of the variance and a consequent loss of statistical power. Therefore, it is usually preferable to include the heterogenization factor in the statistical model, especially if the heterogenization factor has been introduced intentionally (e.g. using both sexes). If heterogenization factors are included, they can be treated either as fixed factors in an analysis of variance design or sometimes as random effects in mixed effects regression models. Finally, for an appropriate sample size estimation, it is necessary to decide whether to treat heterogenization factors as nuisance variables, or whether the experiment should be powered to be able to detect not only the main effect of the treatment but also interactions between heterogenization factors and the treatment variable.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"493-497"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Incorporating sources of correlation between outcomes: An introduction to mixed models. 纳入结果之间的相关性来源：混合模型简介。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241259518
Limeng Liu, Ashley Petersen
{"title":"Incorporating sources of correlation between outcomes: An introduction to mixed models.","authors":"Limeng Liu, Ashley Petersen","doi":"10.1177/00236772241259518","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241259518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal research often involves measuring the outcomes of interest multiple times on the same animal, whether over time or for different exposures. These repeated outcomes measured on the same animal are correlated due to animal-specific characteristics. While this repeated measures data can address more complex research questions than single-outcome data, the statistical analysis must take into account the study design resulting in correlated outcomes, which violate the independence assumption of standard statistical methods (e.g. a two-sample <i>t</i>-test, linear regression). When standard statistical methods are incorrectly used to analyze correlated outcome data, the statistical inference (i.e. confidence intervals and <i>p</i>-values) will be incorrect, with some settings leading to null findings too often and others producing statistically significant findings despite no support for this in the data. Instead, researchers can leverage approaches designed specifically for correlated outcomes. In this article, we discuss common study designs that lead to correlated outcome data, motivate the intuition about the impact of improperly analyzing correlated outcomes using methods for independent data, and introduce approaches that properly leverage correlated outcome data.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"463-469"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Simulation methodologies to determine statistical power in laboratory animal research studies. 确定实验动物研究统计能力的模拟方法。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241273002
Angela Jeffers, Kathryn Konrad, Gary Larson, Katherine Allen-Moyer, Helen Cunny, Keith Shockley
{"title":"Simulation methodologies to determine statistical power in laboratory animal research studies.","authors":"Angela Jeffers, Kathryn Konrad, Gary Larson, Katherine Allen-Moyer, Helen Cunny, Keith Shockley","doi":"10.1177/00236772241273002","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241273002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Null hypothesis significance testing is a statistical tool commonly employed throughout laboratory animal research. When experimental results are reported, the reproducibility of the results is of utmost importance. Establishing standard, robust, and adequately powered statistical methodology in the analysis of laboratory animal data is critical to ensure reproducible and valid results. Simulation studies are a reliable method for assessing the power of statistical tests, however, biologists may not be familiar with simulation studies for power despite their efficacy and accessibility. Through an example of simulated Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) rat organ weight data, we highlight the importance of conducting power analyses in laboratory animal research. Using simulations to determine statistical power prior to an experiment is a financially and ethically sound way to validate statistical tests and to help ensure reproducibility of findings in line with the 4R principles of animal welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"486-492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Causal mediation analysis: How to avoid fooling yourself that X causes Y. 因果中介分析：如何避免自欺欺人地认为 X 会导致 Y。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-11 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231217777
Stanley E Lazic
{"title":"Causal mediation analysis: How to avoid fooling yourself that <i>X</i> causes <i>Y</i>.","authors":"Stanley E Lazic","doi":"10.1177/00236772231217777","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772231217777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of many preclinical studies is to determine whether an experimental intervention affects an outcome through a particular mechanism, but the analytical methods and inferential logic typically used cannot answer this question, leading to erroneous conclusions about causal relationships, which can be highly reproducible. A causal mediation analysis can directly test whether a hypothesised mechanism is partly or completely responsible for a treatment's effect on an outcome. Such an analysis can be easily implemented with modern statistical software. We show how a mediation analysis can distinguish between three different causal relationships that are indistinguishable when using a standard analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":" ","pages":"458-462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141917072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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