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Study design: think 'scientific value' not 'p-values'. 研究设计：要考虑 "科学价值"，而不是 "P 值"。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241276806
Penny S Reynolds
{"title":"Study design: think 'scientific value' not '<i>p</i>-values'.","authors":"Penny S Reynolds","doi":"10.1177/00236772241276806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00236772241276806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Statistically based experimental designs have been available for over a century. However, many preclinical researchers are completely unaware of these methods, and the success of experiments is usually equated only with '<i>p</i> < 0.05'. By contrast, a well-thought-out experimental design strategy provides data with evidentiary and scientific value. A value-based strategy requires implementation of statistical design principles coupled with basic project management techniques. This article outlines the three phases of a value-based design strategy: proper framing of the research question, statistically based operationalisation through careful selection and structuring of appropriate inputs, and incorporation of methods that minimise bias and process variation. Appropriate study design increases study validity and the evidentiary strength of the results, reduces animal numbers, and reduces waste from noninformative experiments. Statistically based experimental design is thus a key component of the 'Reduction' pillar of the 3R (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) principles for ethical animal research.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Methods for applying blinding and randomisation in animal experiments. 在动物实验中应用盲法和随机化的方法。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241272991
P S Verhave, R van Eenige, Iacw Tiebosch
{"title":"Methods for applying blinding and randomisation in animal experiments.","authors":"P S Verhave, R van Eenige, Iacw Tiebosch","doi":"10.1177/00236772241272991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00236772241272991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blinding and randomisation are important methods for increasing the robustness of pre-clinical studies, as incomplete or improper implementation thereof is recognised as a source of bias. Randomisation ensures that any known and unknown covariates introducing bias are randomly distributed over the experimental groups. Thereby, differences between the experimental groups that might otherwise have contributed to false positive or -negative results are diminished. Methods for randomisation range from simple randomisation (e.g. rolling a dice) to advanced randomisation strategies involving the use of specialised software. Blinding on the other hand ensures that researchers are unaware of group allocation during the preparation, execution and acquisition and/or the analysis of the data. This minimises the risk of unintentional influences resulting in bias. Methods for blinding require strong protocols and a team approach. In this review, we outline methods for randomisation and blinding and give practical tips on how to implement them, with a focus on animal studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
About statistical significance, and the lack thereof. 关于统计意义，以及缺乏统计意义的问题。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241248509
Fulvio Magara, Benjamin Boury-Jamot
{"title":"About statistical significance, and the lack thereof.","authors":"Fulvio Magara, Benjamin Boury-Jamot","doi":"10.1177/00236772241248509","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241248509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Absence of statistical significance (i.e., <i>p</i> > 0.05) in the results of a frequentist test comparing two samples is often used as evidence of absence of difference, or absence of effect of a treatment, on the measured variable. Such conclusions are often wrong because absence of significance may merely result from a sample size that is too small to reveal an effect. To conclude that there is no meaningful effect of a treatment/condition, it is necessary to use an appropriate statistical approach. For frequentist statistics, a simple tool for this goal is the 'two one-sided <i>t</i>-test,' a form of equivalence test that relies on the a priori definition of a minimal difference considered to be relevant. In other words, the smallest effect size of interest should be established in advance. We present the principles of this test and give examples where it allows correct interpretation of the results of a classical <i>t</i>-test assuming absence of difference. Equivalence tests are also very useful in probing whether certain significant results are also biologically meaningful, because when comparing large samples it is possible to find significant results in both an equivalence test and in a two-sample <i>t</i>-test, assuming no difference as the null hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Depicting variability and uncertainty using intervals and error bars. 使用区间和误差条描述可变性和不确定性。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241247105
Naomi Altman, Martin Krzywinski
{"title":"Depicting variability and uncertainty using intervals and error bars.","authors":"Naomi Altman, Martin Krzywinski","doi":"10.1177/00236772241247105","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241247105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Variability is inherent in most biological systems due to differences among members of the population. Two types of variation are commonly observed in studies: differences among samples and the \"error\" in estimating a population parameter (e.g. mean) from a sample. While these concepts are fundamentally very different, the associated variation is often expressed using similar notation-an interval that represents a range of values with a lower and upper bound. In this article we discuss how common intervals are used (and misused).</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ditching the norm: Using alternative distributions for biological data analysis. 抛弃常规：使用替代分布进行生物数据分析
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241246602
Stanley E Lazic
{"title":"Ditching the norm: Using alternative distributions for biological data analysis.","authors":"Stanley E Lazic","doi":"10.1177/00236772241246602","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241246602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most classical statistical tests assume data are normally distributed. If this assumption is not met, researchers often turn to non-parametric methods. These methods have some drawbacks, and if no suitable non-parametric test exists, a normal distribution may be used inappropriately instead. A better option is to select a distribution appropriate for the data from dozens available in modern software packages. Selecting a distribution that represents the data generating process is a crucial but overlooked step in analysing data. This paper discusses several alternative distributions and the types of data that they are suitable for.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding p-values and significance. 了解 p 值和显著性。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241247106
Naomi Altman, Martin Krzywinski
{"title":"Understanding <i>p</i>-values and significance.","authors":"Naomi Altman, Martin Krzywinski","doi":"10.1177/00236772241247106","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241247106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>P-</i>values combined with estimates of effect size are used to assess the importance of experimental results. However, their interpretation can be invalidated by selection bias when testing multiple hypotheses, fitting multiple models or even informally selecting results that seem interesting after observing the data. We offer an introduction to principled uses of <i>p</i>-values (targeted at the non-specialist) and identify questionable practices to be avoided.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Testing for normality: a user's (cautionary) guide. 正态性测试：用户（警示）指南。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241276808
Romain-Daniel Gosselin
{"title":"Testing for normality: a user's (cautionary) guide.","authors":"Romain-Daniel Gosselin","doi":"10.1177/00236772241276808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00236772241276808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The normality assumption postulates that empirical data derives from a normal (Gaussian) population. It is a pillar of inferential statistics that enables the theorization of probability functions and the computation of p-values thereof. The breach of this assumption may not impose a formal mathematical constraint on the computation of inferential outputs (e.g., p-values) but may make them inoperable and possibly lead to unethical waste of laboratory animals. Various methods, including statistical tests and qualitative visual examination, can reveal incompatibility with normality and the choice of a procedure should not be trivialized. The following minireview will provide a brief overview of diagrammatical methods and statistical tests commonly employed to evaluate congruence with normality. Special attention will be given to the potential pitfalls associated with their application. Normality is an unachievable ideal that practically never accurately describes natural variables, and detrimental consequences of non-normality may be safeguarded by using large samples. Therefore, the very concept of preliminary normality testing is also, arguably provocatively, questioned.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laboratory Animals presents Special Issue Biostatistics Notes. 实验动物》推出特刊《生物统计笔记》。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241273059
Romain-Daniel Gosselin, Penny S Reynolds
{"title":"<i>Laboratory Animals</i> presents Special Issue Biostatistics Notes.","authors":"Romain-Daniel Gosselin, Penny S Reynolds","doi":"10.1177/00236772241273059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00236772241273059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bayesian statistical concepts with examples from rodent toxicology studies. 贝叶斯统计概念与啮齿动物毒理学研究实例。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241262829
Gary J Larson, Keith R Shockley
{"title":"Bayesian statistical concepts with examples from rodent toxicology studies.","authors":"Gary J Larson, Keith R Shockley","doi":"10.1177/00236772241262829","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241262829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The theory and practice of statistics comprises two main schools of thought: frequentist statistics and Bayesian statistics. Frequentist methods are most commonly used to analyze animal-based laboratory data, while Bayesian statistical methods have been implemented less widely and may be relatively unfamiliar to practitioners in experimental science. This paper provides a high-level overview of Bayesian statistics and how they compare with frequentist methods. Using examples in rodent toxicity research, we argue that Bayesian methods have much to offer laboratory animal researchers. We advocate for increased attention to and adoption of Bayesian methods in laboratory animal research. Bayesian statistical theory, methods, software, and education have advanced significantly in the last 30 years, making these tools more accessible than ever.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Half the price, twice the gain: How to simultaneously decrease animal numbers and increase precision with good experimental design. 价格减半，收益加倍：如何通过良好的实验设计同时减少动物数量和提高精确度。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
Laboratory Animals Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241260905
Servan Luciano Grüninger, Florian Frommlet
{"title":"Half the price, twice the gain: How to simultaneously decrease animal numbers and increase precision with good experimental design.","authors":"Servan Luciano Grüninger, Florian Frommlet","doi":"10.1177/00236772241260905","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00236772241260905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal research often involves experiments in which the effect of several factors on a particular outcome is of scientific interest. Many researchers approach such experiments by varying just one factor at a time. As a consequence, they design and analyze the experiments based on a pairwise comparison between two groups. However, this approach uses unreasonably large numbers of animals and leads to severe limitations in terms of the research questions that can be answered. Factorial designs and analyses offer a more efficient way to perform and assess experiments with multiple factors of interest. We will illustrate the basic principles behind these designs, discussing a simple example with only two factors before suggesting how to design and analyze more complex experiments involving larger numbers of factors based on multiway analysis of variance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18013,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Animals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11528980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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