Learning & memory最新文献_第2页

No effect of partial reinforcement on fear extinction learning and memory in C57BL/6J mice. 部分强化对 C57BL/6J 小鼠的恐惧消退学习和记忆没有影响。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-02-21 Print Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054033.124

Chi Jiun Su, Yuichi Fukunaga, Suzanne Penna, Victor Alexis Cazares

{"title":"No effect of partial reinforcement on fear extinction learning and memory in C57BL/6J mice.","authors":"Chi Jiun Su, Yuichi Fukunaga, Suzanne Penna, Victor Alexis Cazares","doi":"10.1101/lm.054033.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054033.124","url":null,"abstract":"Partial reinforcement schedules, wherein a conditioned stimulus (CS) is intermittently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) during associative learning, have been widely studied and found to affect the extinction and recall of learned behaviors. Notably, behaviors conditioned under partial (as opposed to consistent) reinforcement are more resistant to extinction, an effect known as the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). The present study initially aimed to examine the effects of partial reinforcement on the acquisition and recall of fear extinction (FE) when altering the contextual environment. However, our systematic investigation of partial reinforcement using C57BL/6J mice challenges the well-established PREE within the domain of FE learning. Across multiple experimental setups altering CS duration, US intensity, and reinforcement schedules, we consistently found no significant impact of partial reinforcement on the acquisition, consolidation, or recall of FE. Mice exhibited similar patterns of extinction and spontaneous recovery of conditioned fear responses regardless of reinforcement schedule. These findings suggest that partial reinforcement during fear acquisition may not confer resistance to extinction of conditioned freezing, challenging the established understanding of the PREE and prompting a reexamination of how reinforcement schedules affect learning and memory of fear-related behaviors.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11852914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Goal orientation shifts attentional focus and impairs reward-motivated memory. 目标导向会转移注意力，损害奖励动机记忆。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-02-18 Print Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054020.124

Lena J Skalaban, Allison L Neeson, Troy M Houser, Sarah DuBrow, Lila Davachi, Vishnu P Murty

{"title":"Goal orientation shifts attentional focus and impairs reward-motivated memory.","authors":"Lena J Skalaban, Allison L Neeson, Troy M Houser, Sarah DuBrow, Lila Davachi, Vishnu P Murty","doi":"10.1101/lm.054020.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054020.124","url":null,"abstract":"While motivation typically enhances memory, some studies show that, in certain contexts, motivation associated with rewards can impair memory. Goal states associated with motivation can impact attention, which in turn influences what information is encoded and later remembered. There is limited research on how different incentive contexts, which manipulate attentional orientation to memoranda, lead to either reward-motivated memory enhancements or impairments in item and relational memory. Here, we test how different reward-motivated states may narrow or broaden attention with downstream consequences on memoranda. In study 1, giving participants a rewarded timed goal during visual search impaired both their item and relational memory relative to un-timed participants who were simply told that they would be rewarded for searching regardless of speed (despite having equated time). In study 2, we show that giving participants an elaborative goal after visual search completion remediates item and relational memory deficits in the Feedback group. Finally, in study 3, we show that elaborative processing of target items during visual search resulted in reward-motivated memory benefits for the item, but not relational memory for the context in which the item was encoded. Together, these findings support a model where the goal-relevant alterations in attentional breadth to reward may ultimately filter what information is remembered or forgotten.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11852911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integration of conditioned threat with pre-existing memories. 条件威胁与预先存在的记忆的整合。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054019.124

Olivier T de Vries, Merel Kindt, Vanessa A van Ast

{"title":"Integration of conditioned threat with pre-existing memories.","authors":"Olivier T de Vries, Merel Kindt, Vanessa A van Ast","doi":"10.1101/lm.054019.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054019.124","url":null,"abstract":"How does negative affect spread through existing memories? Whereas many studies have investigated generalization of learned threat responses across perceptual and semantic dimensions, little attention has been given to the possibility that Pavlovian threat responses may spread beyond what is directly learned to previously encoded memories that overlap in content. Here, we increased the demand on associative memory in a modified sensory preconditioning task to investigate this. First, participants encoded 40 unique episodes, each consisting of two neutral stimuli. On the following day, one of each pair was newly associated with either an aversive or a neutral stimulus. Another day later, both stimuli of the original memories were found to trigger enhanced pupil dilation if one was indirectly linked to an aversive stimulus. This effect was independent of whether the associations encoded on day 1 were accurately retained on the day of testing, and confined to trials on which the indirectly associated stimulus was consciously brought to mind, suggesting the formation of a link that directly connects preconditioned stimuli to subsequently learned aversive outcomes. The present study demonstrates that the human defensive system is remarkably adept at quickly anticipating threat based on information acquired over separate events, and gives a first glimpse into the associative structures that enable this ability.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Positive affect amplifies integration within episodic memories in the laboratory and the real world. 在实验室和现实世界中，积极的影响放大了情景记忆的整合。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053971.124

Julia G Pratt, Stephanie E Wemm, Bailey B Harris, Yuye Huang, Rajita Sinha, Elizabeth V Goldfarb

{"title":"Positive affect amplifies integration within episodic memories in the laboratory and the real world.","authors":"Julia G Pratt, Stephanie E Wemm, Bailey B Harris, Yuye Huang, Rajita Sinha, Elizabeth V Goldfarb","doi":"10.1101/lm.053971.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.053971.124","url":null,"abstract":"Emotional events hold a privileged place in our memories, differing in accuracy and structure from memories for neutral experiences. Although much work has focused on the pronounced differences in memory for negative experiences, there is growing evidence that positive events may lead to more holistic, or integrated, memories. However, it is unclear whether these affect-driven changes in memory structure, which have been found in highly controlled laboratory environments, extend to real-world episodic memories. We ran experiments that assessed memory for experiences created in the laboratory (Experiment 1) and, using smartphones, memories for everyday experiences (Experiment 2). We complement these design innovations with a novel analysis approach to model memory accuracy and integration in both settings. Consistent with past findings, emotional events were subjectively remembered more strongly. These studies also revealed that features of more positive events were indeed more integrated within memory, both in the laboratory and the real world. These effects were specific to participants' emotional responses to the events during encoding rather than general emotional states at the time of retrieval, and reflected a general increase in integration between multiple memory features. Together, these results demonstrate robust differences in memory for positive events, introduce a novel measure of memory integration, and highlight the importance of assessing the impact of emotion on memory beyond the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of exposure to early-life adversity on agency-modulated reinforcement learning. 早期生活逆境对代理调节强化学习的影响。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054047.124

Hayley M Dorfman, Bryan J W Dong, Katie A McLaughlin, Elizabeth A Phelps

引用次数: 0

Special issue on stress, emotion, and memory. 关于压力，情感和记忆的特刊。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054090.125

引用次数: 0

Social isolation during adolescence differentially affects spatial learning in adult male and female mice. 青春期社会隔离对成年雌雄小鼠空间学习的影响存在差异。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054059.124

Sadiyah Hanif, Mia Sclar, Jinah Lee, Caleb Nichols, Ekaterina Likhtik, Nesha S Burghardt

{"title":"Social isolation during adolescence differentially affects spatial learning in adult male and female mice.","authors":"Sadiyah Hanif, Mia Sclar, Jinah Lee, Caleb Nichols, Ekaterina Likhtik, Nesha S Burghardt","doi":"10.1101/lm.054059.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054059.124","url":null,"abstract":"Social isolation is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to these effects, because they are in a critical period of development marked by significant physical, hormonal, and social changes. However, it is unclear if the effects of social isolation on learning and memory are similar in both sexes or if they persist into adulthood after a period of recovery. We socially isolated male and female 129Sv/Ev mice throughout adolescence (postnatal days 29-56), provided a 2-week resocialization recovery period, and then tested spatial learning and cognitive flexibility in the active place avoidance task. After behavioral testing, mice were injected with 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) so that lasting effects of social isolation on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus could be examined. Tissue was also stained for doublecortin (DCX). We found that in males, isolation led to a modest impairment in the rate of initial spatial learning, whereas in females, initial learning was unaffected. However, when the location of the shock zone was switched during the conflict variant of the task, cognitive flexibility was impaired in females only. Similarly, social isolation reduced cell proliferation and the number of immature neurons in the ventral dentate gyrus only in females. Together, these findings indicate that social isolation during adolescence differentially impairs spatial processing in males and females, with effects that persist into adulthood.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring stress hormone effects on memory specificity and strength in mice using the dual-event inhibitory avoidance task. 利用双事件抑制性回避任务探索应激激素对小鼠记忆特异性和强度的影响。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053956.124

Sevgi Bahtiyar, Kubra Gulmez Karaca, Marloes J A G Henckens, Benno Roozendaal

{"title":"Exploring stress hormone effects on memory specificity and strength in mice using the dual-event inhibitory avoidance task.","authors":"Sevgi Bahtiyar, Kubra Gulmez Karaca, Marloes J A G Henckens, Benno Roozendaal","doi":"10.1101/lm.053956.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.053956.124","url":null,"abstract":"Stressful and emotionally arousing experiences induce the release of noradrenergic and glucocorticoid hormones that synergistically strengthen memories but differentially regulate qualitative aspects of memory. This highlights the need for sophisticated behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of memory quality. The dual-event inhibitory avoidance task for rats is such a behavioral task designed to evaluate both the strength and specificity of memory. The noradrenergic stimulant yohimbine given systemically immediately after the training session was found to enhance both the strength and specificity of memory, whereas the glucocorticoid corticosterone induced a generalized strengthening of memory. As mice are the preferred species for targeted gene and neural circuit manipulations, we here aimed to set up the dual-event inhibitory avoidance task for mice, and to replicate the effects of systemic yohimbine and corticosterone administration on memory strength and specificity. Whereas noninjected control mice efficiently acquired the task and selectively avoided the test context previously associated with footshock, the introduction of posttraining intraperitoneal injections induced testing order effects and substantially increased variability both within groups and across experiments, precluding a thorough investigation of stress hormone effects on memory specificity. Thus, whereas the dual-event inhibitory avoidance task can be used to test the specificity of memory in mice, our findings indicate that intraperitoneal injections impact performance. Therefore, this task is less suitable to assess stress hormone effects on memory specificity in mice.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inhibition of prefrontal glutamatergic neuron activity during the recovery period following chronic stress disrupts fear memory in male rats: potential role of the infralimbic cortex. 慢性应激后恢复期抑制前额叶谷氨酸神经元活动破坏雄性大鼠恐惧记忆：边缘下皮层的潜在作用。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053957.124

Jessica M Judd, Dylan N Peay, Jinah L Kim, Elliot A Smith, Megan E Donnay, Joel Miller, Jean-Paul Klein, Erin K Nagy, Amanda M Acuña, M Foster Olive, Cheryl D Conrad

{"title":"Inhibition of prefrontal glutamatergic neuron activity during the recovery period following chronic stress disrupts fear memory in male rats: potential role of the infralimbic cortex.","authors":"Jessica M Judd, Dylan N Peay, Jinah L Kim, Elliot A Smith, Megan E Donnay, Joel Miller, Jean-Paul Klein, Erin K Nagy, Amanda M Acuña, M Foster Olive, Cheryl D Conrad","doi":"10.1101/lm.053957.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.053957.124","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic stress typically leads to deficits in fear extinction. However, when a delay occurs from the end of chronic stress and the start of fear conditioning (a \"recovery\"), rats show improved context-cue discrimination, compared to recently stressed rats or nonstressed rats. The infralimbic cortex (IL) is important for fear extinction and undergoes neuronal remodeling after chronic stress ends, which could drive improved context-cue discrimination. Here, glutamatergic IL neurons of Sprague-Dawley male rats were targeted for inhibition using inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) and daily injections of clozapine N-oxide (CNO) during a 21-day recovery period from chronic stress. Histological verification confirmed DREADDs in the IL with some spread to nearby medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions. CNO administration was then discontinued before fear conditioning started and behavioral testing thereafter so that behavioral assessments occurred without neuronal inhibition. Fear conditioning involved presenting male rats with three tone-foot shock pairings on 1 day, which was followed by 2 days of 15 tone-alone extinction sessions. Daily and repeated inhibition of mainly IL neurons during the 21-day recovery period did not disrupt fear learning or fear extinction in all groups (controls, stressed rats without a recovery, and stressed rats with a recovery). However, chronically stressed rats given a recovery and with DREADD activation showed impaired spontaneous recovery, indicating a failure to form a tone-foot shock association. The findings show that daily inhibition of mainly IL neurons prior to fear conditioning and extinction depends upon the changes that occur during the recovery period following the end of chronic stress.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early life racial/ethnic discrimination effects on behavioral control and health outcomes in young adults. 早期生活种族/民族歧视对青年行为控制和健康结果的影响。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053927.124

Corinna Y Franco, Julieta Serobyan, Ovsanna Avetisyan, Barbara J Knowlton

{"title":"Early life racial/ethnic discrimination effects on behavioral control and health outcomes in young adults.","authors":"Corinna Y Franco, Julieta Serobyan, Ovsanna Avetisyan, Barbara J Knowlton","doi":"10.1101/lm.053927.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.053927.124","url":null,"abstract":"Early life trauma has been shown to facilitate habitual behavior, which may predispose individuals toward perpetuating maladaptive behaviors. However, previous investigations did not account for other traumatic childhood experiences like racial/ethnic discrimination exposure, nor have they examined the interaction of trauma and habits on real-world adverse outcomes. To examine these effects, we recruited 96 young adults (20.06 ± 1.89 years old) in a study probing early life racial/ethnic discrimination influences on habitual learning, and the conjunctive influences of early life discrimination and habit on disordered eating and substance use. To measure habit responses, participants completed a noise avoidance task during which they responded to abstract stimuli via associated keyboard presses to avoid an aversive screaming sound, after which they performed a devaluation test to measure avoidance habit responses. Participants then completed a series of questionnaires examining early life racial/ethnic discrimination exposure, disordered eating and substance use, and other psychological characteristics. Hierarchical regression results showed that certain early life discrimination subtypes, particularly threat/aggression experienced due to racial/ethnic background, significantly predicted habitual responding above and beyond the effects of psychological confounds. Additionally, overall early life discrimination exposure positively predicted binge eating, but no variables of interest predicted alcohol and drug use. These results expand on extant literature showing the negative impacts of childhood stressors on behavioral control and real-world outcomes.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0