Learning & memory最新文献

Decreases in H2A monoubiquitination in the amygdala constrain fear memory formation.

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-03-18 Print Date: 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054092.125

Yeeun Bae, Harshini Venkat, Natalie Preveza, Meagan Turner, Timothy J Jarome

引用次数: 0

Behavioral microanalyses refine sign-tracking characterization and uncover different response dynamics during omission and extinction learning.

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-03-07 Print Date: 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054065.124

Erica S Townsend, Kyle S Smith

{"title":"Behavioral microanalyses refine sign-tracking characterization and uncover different response dynamics during omission and extinction learning.","authors":"Erica S Townsend, Kyle S Smith","doi":"10.1101/lm.054065.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054065.124","url":null,"abstract":"Sign-tracking, a conditioned response in which animals engage with reward-predictive cues, is a powerful behavioral tool for assessing Pavlovian motivation. In rodents, it is most frequently studied via automatic readouts, such as deflections of levers that act as reward cues. These readouts have been immensely helpful, but they may not be ideal for some tasks and paradigms. For example, animals can show a range of sign-tracking responses to a lever cue that do not result in lever deflection, and a reduction in deflections when animals are exposed to an omission contingency (i.e., when lever deflection cancels reward) hides the fact that the animals are still sign-tracking in other ways. Here, we analyzed the behavior of sign-tracking animals through both video monitoring and automatic task readouts in Pavlovian conditioning. This analysis aided in the classification of sign-tracking animals and revealed that lever deflections do not result from any identifiable pattern of sign-tracking. We then used omission and extinction procedures to unmask detailed behavior changes that can only be detected with video data. Automated readouts showed similar reductions of lever deflection in both task conditions. However, detailed behavioral analysis revealed quite distinct behavioral adaptations to these conditions with sign-tracking decreasing entirely during extinction while many sign-tracking behaviors (biting, sniffing, etc.) seemed to remain persistent during omission despite the decrease in deflections. Detailed behavioral analysis was thus critical for capturing sign-tracking maintenance, persistence, and loss.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11924597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Overexpression of the Apoe gene in the frontal cortex of mice causes sex-dependent changes in learning, attention, and anxiety-like behavior.

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-03-07 Print Date: 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054064.124

Lizbeth Ramos, Abigail E Harr, Finian L Zakas, Samuel R Essig, Griffen J Kempskie, Nelly A Fadil, Makayla G Schmid, Madison D Pompy, Michael C Curley, Lisa A Gabel, Henry L Hallock

{"title":"Overexpression of the Apoe gene in the frontal cortex of mice causes sex-dependent changes in learning, attention, and anxiety-like behavior.","authors":"Lizbeth Ramos, Abigail E Harr, Finian L Zakas, Samuel R Essig, Griffen J Kempskie, Nelly A Fadil, Makayla G Schmid, Madison D Pompy, Michael C Curley, Lisa A Gabel, Henry L Hallock","doi":"10.1101/lm.054064.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054064.124","url":null,"abstract":"Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein that is important for lipid storage, transport, and metabolism. APOE gene variants are associated with Alzheimer's disease, as well as attentional function in healthy humans. Previous research has shown that Apoe transcription is increased following stimulation of the pathway between the locus coeruleus (LC) and frontal cortex (FC) in mice. This result suggests that Apoe may affect attentional function by virtue of its expression in circuits that control attention. Does Apoe causally regulate attention, or is its expression simply a byproduct of neuronal activity in the LC and FC? To answer this question, we synthetically induced Apoe transcription in the FC of male and female mice, and subsequently tested their ability to learn a touchscreen-based rodent version of the continuous performance test of sustained attention (the rCPT). We found that increased Apoe transcription impaired performance when attentional demand was increased in male mice, while in female mice, increased Apoe transcription significantly accelerated rCPT learning. We further found that this increase in Apoe transcription affected one metric of the open field test, as well as cellular activity in the FC in a sex-dependent manner. The results of this study provide insight into how Apoe causally regulates translationally relevant behaviors in rodent models.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11924598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Large-scale study of human memory for meaningful narratives. 大规模研究人类对有意义叙述的记忆。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-02-21 Print Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054043.124

Antonios Georgiou, Tankut Can, Mikhail Katkov, Misha Tsodyks

{"title":"Large-scale study of human memory for meaningful narratives.","authors":"Antonios Georgiou, Tankut Can, Mikhail Katkov, Misha Tsodyks","doi":"10.1101/lm.054043.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054043.124","url":null,"abstract":"The statistical study of human memory requires large-scale experiments, involving many stimulus conditions and test subjects. While this approach has proven to be quite fruitful for meaningless material such as random lists of words, naturalistic stimuli, like narratives, have until now resisted such a large-scale study, due to the quantity of manual labor required to design and analyze such experiments. In this work, we develop a pipeline that uses large language models (LLMs) both to design naturalistic narrative stimuli for large-scale recall and recognition memory experiments, as well as to analyze the results. We performed online memory experiments with a large number of participants and collected recognition and recall data for narratives of different sizes. We found that both recall and recognition performance scale linearly with narrative length; however, for longer narratives, people tend to summarize the content rather than recalling precise details. To investigate the role of narrative comprehension in memory, we repeated these experiments using scrambled versions of the narratives. Although recall performance declined significantly, recognition remained largely unaffected. Recalls in this condition seem to follow the original narrative order rather than the actual scrambled presentation, pointing to a contextual reconstruction of the story in memory. Finally, using LLM text embeddings, we construct a simple measure for each clause based on semantic similarity to the whole narrative, that shows a strong correlation with recall probability. Overall, our work demonstrates the power of LLMs in accessing new regimes in the study of human memory, as well as suggesting novel psychologically informed benchmarks for LLM performance.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11852912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No effect of partial reinforcement on fear extinction learning and memory in C57BL/6J mice. 部分强化对 C57BL/6J 小鼠的恐惧消退学习和记忆没有影响。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-02-21 Print Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054033.124

Chi Jiun Su, Yuichi Fukunaga, Suzanne Penna, Victor Alexis Cazares

{"title":"No effect of partial reinforcement on fear extinction learning and memory in C57BL/6J mice.","authors":"Chi Jiun Su, Yuichi Fukunaga, Suzanne Penna, Victor Alexis Cazares","doi":"10.1101/lm.054033.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054033.124","url":null,"abstract":"Partial reinforcement schedules, wherein a conditioned stimulus (CS) is intermittently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) during associative learning, have been widely studied and found to affect the extinction and recall of learned behaviors. Notably, behaviors conditioned under partial (as opposed to consistent) reinforcement are more resistant to extinction, an effect known as the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). The present study initially aimed to examine the effects of partial reinforcement on the acquisition and recall of fear extinction (FE) when altering the contextual environment. However, our systematic investigation of partial reinforcement using C57BL/6J mice challenges the well-established PREE within the domain of FE learning. Across multiple experimental setups altering CS duration, US intensity, and reinforcement schedules, we consistently found no significant impact of partial reinforcement on the acquisition, consolidation, or recall of FE. Mice exhibited similar patterns of extinction and spontaneous recovery of conditioned fear responses regardless of reinforcement schedule. These findings suggest that partial reinforcement during fear acquisition may not confer resistance to extinction of conditioned freezing, challenging the established understanding of the PREE and prompting a reexamination of how reinforcement schedules affect learning and memory of fear-related behaviors.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11852914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Goal orientation shifts attentional focus and impairs reward-motivated memory.

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-02-18 Print Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054020.124

Lena J Skalaban, Allison L Neeson, Troy M Houser, Sarah DuBrow, Lila Davachi, Vishnu P Murty

{"title":"Goal orientation shifts attentional focus and impairs reward-motivated memory.","authors":"Lena J Skalaban, Allison L Neeson, Troy M Houser, Sarah DuBrow, Lila Davachi, Vishnu P Murty","doi":"10.1101/lm.054020.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054020.124","url":null,"abstract":"While motivation typically enhances memory, some studies show that, in certain contexts, motivation associated with rewards can impair memory. Goal states associated with motivation can impact attention, which in turn influences what information is encoded and later remembered. There is limited research on how different incentive contexts, which manipulate attentional orientation to memoranda, lead to either reward-motivated memory enhancements or impairments in item and relational memory. Here, we test how different reward-motivated states may narrow or broaden attention with downstream consequences on memoranda. In study 1, giving participants a rewarded timed goal during visual search impaired both their item and relational memory relative to un-timed participants who were simply told that they would be rewarded for searching regardless of speed (despite having equated time). In study 2, we show that giving participants an elaborative goal after visual search completion remediates item and relational memory deficits in the Feedback group. Finally, in study 3, we show that elaborative processing of target items during visual search resulted in reward-motivated memory benefits for the item, but not relational memory for the context in which the item was encoded. Together, these findings support a model where the goal-relevant alterations in attentional breadth to reward may ultimately filter what information is remembered or forgotten.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11852911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integration of conditioned threat with pre-existing memories.

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054019.124

Olivier T de Vries, Merel Kindt, Vanessa A van Ast

{"title":"Integration of conditioned threat with pre-existing memories.","authors":"Olivier T de Vries, Merel Kindt, Vanessa A van Ast","doi":"10.1101/lm.054019.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054019.124","url":null,"abstract":"How does negative affect spread through existing memories? Whereas many studies have investigated generalization of learned threat responses across perceptual and semantic dimensions, little attention has been given to the possibility that Pavlovian threat responses may spread beyond what is directly learned to previously encoded memories that overlap in content. Here, we increased the demand on associative memory in a modified sensory preconditioning task to investigate this. First, participants encoded 40 unique episodes, each consisting of two neutral stimuli. On the following day, one of each pair was newly associated with either an aversive or a neutral stimulus. Another day later, both stimuli of the original memories were found to trigger enhanced pupil dilation if one was indirectly linked to an aversive stimulus. This effect was independent of whether the associations encoded on day 1 were accurately retained on the day of testing, and confined to trials on which the indirectly associated stimulus was consciously brought to mind, suggesting the formation of a link that directly connects preconditioned stimuli to subsequently learned aversive outcomes. The present study demonstrates that the human defensive system is remarkably adept at quickly anticipating threat based on information acquired over separate events, and gives a first glimpse into the associative structures that enable this ability.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Positive affect amplifies integration within episodic memories in the laboratory and the real world.

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053971.124

Julia G Pratt, Stephanie E Wemm, Bailey B Harris, Yuye Huang, Rajita Sinha, Elizabeth V Goldfarb

{"title":"Positive affect amplifies integration within episodic memories in the laboratory and the real world.","authors":"Julia G Pratt, Stephanie E Wemm, Bailey B Harris, Yuye Huang, Rajita Sinha, Elizabeth V Goldfarb","doi":"10.1101/lm.053971.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.053971.124","url":null,"abstract":"Emotional events hold a privileged place in our memories, differing in accuracy and structure from memories for neutral experiences. Although much work has focused on the pronounced differences in memory for negative experiences, there is growing evidence that positive events may lead to more holistic, or integrated, memories. However, it is unclear whether these affect-driven changes in memory structure, which have been found in highly controlled laboratory environments, extend to real-world episodic memories. We ran experiments that assessed memory for experiences created in the laboratory (Experiment 1) and, using smartphones, memories for everyday experiences (Experiment 2). We complement these design innovations with a novel analysis approach to model memory accuracy and integration in both settings. Consistent with past findings, emotional events were subjectively remembered more strongly. These studies also revealed that features of more positive events were indeed more integrated within memory, both in the laboratory and the real world. These effects were specific to participants' emotional responses to the events during encoding rather than general emotional states at the time of retrieval, and reflected a general increase in integration between multiple memory features. Together, these results demonstrate robust differences in memory for positive events, introduce a novel measure of memory integration, and highlight the importance of assessing the impact of emotion on memory beyond the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of exposure to early-life adversity on agency-modulated reinforcement learning.

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054047.124

Hayley M Dorfman, Bryan J W Dong, Katie A McLaughlin, Elizabeth A Phelps

引用次数: 0

Social isolation during adolescence differentially affects spatial learning in adult male and female mice. 青春期社会隔离对成年雌雄小鼠空间学习的影响存在差异。

IF 1.8 4区医学

Learning & memory Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Print Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054059.124

Sadiyah Hanif, Mia Sclar, Jinah Lee, Caleb Nichols, Ekaterina Likhtik, Nesha S Burghardt

{"title":"Social isolation during adolescence differentially affects spatial learning in adult male and female mice.","authors":"Sadiyah Hanif, Mia Sclar, Jinah Lee, Caleb Nichols, Ekaterina Likhtik, Nesha S Burghardt","doi":"10.1101/lm.054059.124","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.054059.124","url":null,"abstract":"Social isolation is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to these effects, because they are in a critical period of development marked by significant physical, hormonal, and social changes. However, it is unclear if the effects of social isolation on learning and memory are similar in both sexes or if they persist into adulthood after a period of recovery. We socially isolated male and female 129Sv/Ev mice throughout adolescence (postnatal days 29-56), provided a 2-week resocialization recovery period, and then tested spatial learning and cognitive flexibility in the active place avoidance task. After behavioral testing, mice were injected with 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) so that lasting effects of social isolation on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus could be examined. Tissue was also stained for doublecortin (DCX). We found that in males, isolation led to a modest impairment in the rate of initial spatial learning, whereas in females, initial learning was unaffected. However, when the location of the shock zone was switched during the conflict variant of the task, cognitive flexibility was impaired in females only. Similarly, social isolation reduced cell proliferation and the number of immature neurons in the ventral dentate gyrus only in females. Together, these findings indicate that social isolation during adolescence differentially impairs spatial processing in males and females, with effects that persist into adulthood.","PeriodicalId":18003,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0