Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology最新文献

{"title":"Effects of spherical fillers reinforcement on the efficacy of thermal conductivity in epoxy and polyester matrices: Experimental validation and prediction using finite element method","authors":"Priyabrat Pradhan,&nbsp;Abhilash Purohit,&nbsp;Hemalata Jena,&nbsp;Jayashree Singh,&nbsp;Bibhuti Bhusan Sahoo","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22159","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The creation of a theoretical heat conduction model for polymers embedded with spherical inclusions is described in this study. It also contains the experimental confirmation of the suggested correlation for utilizing the model to estimate the effective thermal conductivity (<i>K</i>) of such composites. According to ASTM-E-1530, composites are made with varying amounts of aluminium oxide and pine wood dust reinforced in polyester resin. The effective thermal conductivities (<i>K</i>_eff) of the composites are then determined using the Unitherm TM model 2022. Ansys 19.R2 software is used to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity of these composites with a uniform filler distribution, while Digimat-FE software is used determine the thermal conductivity values of such particle filled polymer composites with a random filler distribution. After comparison and validation with experimental data, these values are shown to be fairly good agreement with the theoretical values from the suggested correlation. The investigation is further expanded to determine the thermal conductivities for epoxy composites using wood apple shell dust and coir dust particle. Also epoxy and polyester composites reinforced with SiO₂ and TiO₂ have been investigated in the similar manner. The main thrust of this report to validate the numerical results of composites by varying numerous polymers. The thermal conductivity all the composites grow monotonically with increase in filler content. The thermal conductivity of silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, and aluminium oxide filled epoxy composites is measured as 1.5, 7, and 35 W/m-K respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>In this study spherical fillers are successfully used as a potential filler material in polyester composites</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The thermal conductivity predicted by proposed mathematical model of polyester is validated with measured value and found better agreement.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The Ansys 19.R2 and digimat software are used to predict the thermal conductivity values of these composites.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The mathematical model is further used to predict thermal conductivity of epoxy composites to check the accuracy of the model.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"109-120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different IFS (MWCNTs, BN, and ZnO) on flame retardant, thermal and mechanical properties of PA6/aluminum diisobutyl phosphinate composites","authors":"Songjiang Xu,&nbsp;Yushu Xiang,&nbsp;Xuanying Huan,&nbsp;Qiu Xu,&nbsp;Shikai Ma,&nbsp;Dongmei Bao,&nbsp;Shuhao Qin,&nbsp;Daohai Zhang,&nbsp;Haijun Du","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22141","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22141","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, the effects of the synergistic flame retardation of aluminum diisobutyl phosphinate acid (APBA) with three inorganic fillers of different dimensions (multi-walled carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs] [1-dimensional], hexagonal boron nitride [BN] [2-dimensional], and zinc oxide [ZnO] [3-dimensional]), respectively, on the properties of nylon 6 (polyamide 6 [PA6]) materials were investigated. It was shown that under the same additive amount, with the increase of spatial dimension of inorganic fillers, the thermal stability and residual carbon capacity were improved. Which would catalyze the formation of more and denser carbon layers in the matrix material, effectively blocked the transfer of oxygen and heat, enhanced the cohesive-phase flame retardancy of synergistic flame-retardant PA6 composites, and exerted a better synergistic flame-retardant effect with APBA. So that the flame-retardant properties of PA6 composites were gradually improved, and the mechanical properties were also gradually increased. The comprehensive performance of three types of inorganic fillers gradually improves in the order of MWCNTs &lt; BN &lt; ZnO. When the addition amount of ZnO was 2 wt%, the vertical combustion grade (UL-94) of PA6 composite was V-0, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was as high as 36.5%. The tensile strain increased by 19.11% and impact strength increased by 20.26% compared with PA6, and PA6/APBA-Zn can be used as a flame retardant PA6 composite material with balanced overall performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Diisobutylaluminium hypophosphite and inorganic fillers have efficient synergistic flame retardant effects in PA6.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>With the increase of spatial dimension of inorganic fillers, the better the synergistic flame retardant effect in PA6.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The flame retardant can degrade to release the phosphorous free radicals.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Inorganic fillers can cross-link with the PA6 substrate and promote the charring.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1584-1598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile strategy for the synthesis of antimicrobial poly(vinyl chloride) functionalized with benzimidazole","authors":"Shaban A. Darwish,&nbsp;Reham A. Abdel-Monem,&nbsp;Samira T. Rabie,&nbsp;Mohamed Azab El-Liethy,&nbsp;Bahaa A. Hemdan,&nbsp;Samir T. Gaballah","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22158","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22158","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Synthesizing antimicrobial materials is a viable approach to combating microbes and mitigating their detrimental consequences on public health and economic domains. Here, we aim to design and synthesize hybrid polymers composed of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and benzimidazole derivatives, in addition to evaluating their antimicrobial efficacy. PVC was chemically functionalized affording <b>4</b> conjugates where the benzimidazole motif was incorporated indirectly into the PVC through a triazole ring combined with a short linker. This functionalized PVC was synthesized by employing Cu azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) conditions (click chemistry). The second functionalized PVC was synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction to give <b>5</b>, which has a benzimidazole moiety attached directly to the PVC via a short spacer arm. The benzimidazole derivatives and the corresponding benzimidazole-PVC conjugates were investigated by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR, and MS) as needed, besides UV–vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) in the case of the polymeric conjugates. The SEM morphology demonstrated a change in the PVC surface after the modification, showing spongy structures. Furthermore, the chemical characterization using EDX revealed peaks representing C, O, and N, in addition to the characteristic Cl peaks. The benzimidazole derivatives and the corresponding functionalized PVC were evaluated as antimicrobial agents against a variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi strains utilizing the well diffusion assay. The data revealed an improvement in the antimicrobial activity of the functionalized PVC (<b>4</b>) that contained triazolobenzimidazole against pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>S. typhimurium</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Microbes have negative impact on public health and economic domains</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Synthesizing antimicrobial materials is a viable approach to combating microbes</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>We herein synthesized PVC/benzimidazole hybrid polymers</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Functionalized PVC was synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, SEM and EDX</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>PVC/benzimidazole hybrids were evaluated as antimicrobial agents.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"94-108"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the unique characteristics and strength of polycarbodiimide as an accelerator-free crosslinker for low-temperature processing of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber gloves for hand protection","authors":"Nadia Wan Azman,&nbsp;Masahiro Fujiwara,&nbsp;Norihide Enomoto,&nbsp;Azura A. Rashid","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22151","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22151","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) gloves with sulfur crosslinked system consist of accelerators that pose a Type IV allergies problem with a risk to harm the health of the user. Alternative crosslinking system such as accelerator-free (AF) crosslinker has been found and established to combat the health issues as replacement to the conventional crosslinker. This work emphasized the use of polycarbodiimide (PCDI) as a crosslinker, particularly PCDI with zinc oxide (ZnO) crosslink system. The effectiveness of PCDI as an AF crosslinker was compared with two conventional crosslink systems: sulfur with ZnO and ZnO only system. The swelling test results show the crosslink density of PCDI crosslink system achieved comparable value with conventional systems. It is expected that XNBR gloves with PCDI imposed superior mechanical and physical properties as sulfur system due to the formation of ionic crosslink resulting in much denser polymer network. The new PCDI crosslinker system offer cost reduction to gloves manufacturer as it can be cured at low temperatures from 60 to 80°C comparing to sulfur crosslinked system that normally cured at 140°C. PCDI offered a new generation of AF crosslinker in XNBR gloves with lower curing temperatures and to tackle health hazards, in place of the conventional crosslinker.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Emphasizes a significant change or improvement in the field of hand protection.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Suggests that polycarbodiimide possesses distinctive qualities that set it apart from other materials.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Highlights polycarbodiimide's effectiveness as a crosslinker without the need for accelerators, which are commonly used in rubber processing</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Indicates a novel approach to processing rubber gloves, potentially reducing energy consumption or enabling new applications.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Specifies the type of gloves being discussed, indicating a focus on a specific material or product.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"3-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic interference shielding behavior of flexible PVA composite made using betel nut husk biocarbon and steel microwire in E, F, I, and J band spectrum","authors":"K. Somasundaram,&nbsp;G. S. Uthayakumar,&nbsp;B. R. Tapas Bapu,&nbsp;Muruganantham Ponnusamy","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22138","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22138","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding behavior of a flexible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite fabricated using betel nut husk biocarbon and steel microwire in the E, F, I, and J band spectrum. The incorporation of steel microwire into the PVA based composite is novel approach since it provides flexibility along with good mechanical strength. The fabrication process involves the solution casting method, and the composite is characterized according to American society of testing and materials (ASTM) standards. The research focuses on analyzing dielectric behavior, EMI shielding effectiveness, and mechanical properties. Results indicates that, the composite with 5 vol.% of biocarbon and 5 vol.% of micro metal wire, exhibits exceptional relative permittivity of 7.6, 6.9, 6.3, and 1.5 for E, F, I, and J frequency bands and same composition delivers exceptional electromagnetic shielding with total shielding values of 17.7 dB, 25.5 dB, 31.7 dB, and 38.6 dB for E, F, I, and J frequency bands. In mechanical characteristics, composite with 5 vol.% of biocarbon and 5 vol.% of micro metal wire, exhibits high tensile strength of 73 MPa with lower elongation percentage of 109.2% and shore-D hardness of 40, respectively. Thus, the inclusion of betel nut husk biocarbon and steel microwire into the PVA matrix enhanced the overall EMI shielding properties along with mechanical properties. These flexible EMI shielding composites could be used in applications such as defense, telecommunication, drones, and electronic gadget making segments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Flexible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite is made with steel microwire and betel nut husk biocarbon.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Biocarbon is derived from betel nut husk for first time and used as EM wave absorber.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Composites were made via simple solution casting method for high flexibility index.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Composite contains 5 vol.% biocarbon and 5 vol.% micro metal wire, shows high relative permittivity 7.6 for E frequency bands.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The composites have high tensile strength of 73 MPa with a low elongation percentage of 109.2% and a shore-D hardness of 40.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1545-1555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of melt-processing conditions on the electrical conductivity and microwave absorbing properties of composites based on clean scrap poly(vinylidene fluoride/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and graphene nanoplatelets","authors":"Debora P. Schmitz,&nbsp;Beatriz S. Cunha,&nbsp;Bluma G. Soares","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22156","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22156","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clean scrap polyvinylidene fluoride (rPVDF) from industrial reject was compounded with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) to produce low cost and scalable conductive composites. The effect of the melt processing conditions (temperature, time, and rotor speed) on the electrical conductivity and microwave absorbing (MWA) properties was investigated. All systems presented co-continuous morphology indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and selective extraction experiments. The preferential localization of GNP in the EVA phase was evidenced by selective extraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Higher conductivity value was observed for the composite processed at 210°C for 3 min at a rotor speed of 200 rpm. The MWA performance of monolayer and bilayer composite structures with 2 mm thickness was investigated in terms of minimum reflection loss (RL) and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB). The bilayer system provided the best MWA response with RL = − 43.1 dB (&gt;99.99% of EM attenuation) when prepared at 190°C for 3 min at a rotor speed of 200 rpm. The ecological and environmental importance of finding new applications for plastic waste, and the low cost of the materials and processing make this composite an interesting candidate for MWA purpose.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Promising application of clean scrap polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in microwave absorbing materials;</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Conductivity and absorbing performance are affected by processing conditions;</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Co-continuous structure of rPVDF/EVA blend influenced by graphene nanoplatelets (GNP);</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Selective localization of GNP in EVA phase;</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Outstanding microwave absorption properties achieved with bi-layer structure.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, mechanical, thermal, and fire properties of poly(vinyl chloride) modified with a new flame retardant based on zeolite and urea cyanurate","authors":"Mahroo Khaleghi,&nbsp;Iliya Eslami","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22157","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22157","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the article, polyvinyl chloride/zeolite 4A/urea cyanurate composites (P/UCA-Zlt) were designed and prepared by a melt intercalation method suitable for the manufacture of rigid products. To determine the structure and properties of this flame-retardant system, thermal, flame retardancy, and mechanical behavior were tested by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), thermal stability test, cone calorimetric test (CCT), and tensile analysis. Results showed that the composites, based on UCA-Zlt, exhibited better flame retardancy, better HCl scavenger properties, improved mechanical properties, and reduced level of degradation compared with the pure polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at the optimum modification UCA (3 wt%)–Zlt (1%). TGA, indicated that the stability against heat influences of PVC was increased by adding UCA–Zlt which was evident by the increased thermal decomposition temperature. The CCT results of the PVC composites increased flame-retardant properties. The PVC matrix composites improved the thermal stability time of PVC as the optimum value of 1 wt%. Moreover, the tensile strength of the composite containing UCA (3 wt%)–Zlt (1%) increased by 19.8% compared with those of neat PVC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>A strategy to design an FR-additive from zeolite and urea cyanurate for PVC.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Introduce a guide suitable for the thermal stability of PVC formulation.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Effects of zeolite on thermal stability and flame retardancy of PVC.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Introducing an optimal FR-PVC system with improved mechanical properties.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental characterization for uniaxial tensile properties of high-performance TX30 polyesters","authors":"Longlong Chen,&nbsp;Chengjun Gao,&nbsp;Wujun Chen","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22152","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22152","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Coated fabric is a composite textile consisting of fiber-based cloth and surface coating. It features advantages such as lightweight, high strength, and multifunctionality, making it highly popular in architectural membrane structures. However, conventional coated fabrics have been facing bottlenecks such as short service life, difficult maintenance, and low dimensional stability. This paper introduces an innovative high-performance PVC coated polyester named Flexlight Xtrem TX30, which possesses excellent longevity and durable aesthetics. The uniaxial tensile properties of three types of TX30 polyesters in the warp, weft, and 45° directions were comprehensively revealed through monotonic and cyclic tests. First, mono-uniaxial tensile tests were performed on six specimens for each case. The failure characteristics were observed and strength at different angles was determined. Benefiting from the precontraint technology, the difference in strength between the warp and weft directions for TX30 is less than 5%. Second, uniaxial cyclic tensile tests were conducted on four specimens for each case. The initial tensile behavior exhibited the highest nonlinearity, with an R-squared value greater than 0.999 for the cubic stress–strain relation. By the 15th cycle, the stiffness increment for all cases is less than 1%, indicating the attainment of material stabilization. Additionally, ratcheting effect and hysteresis loops were observed during the tests. The ratcheting strain and dissipated energy across different cases were thoroughly discussed and compared. In general, the experimental investigations in this study facilitate the understanding of the mechanical characteristics of the novel TX30 polyesters, providing insights for engineering applications and academic research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The uniaxial tensile properties of innovative TX30 polyesters were investigated.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The failure mechanism and tensile strength at different angles were identified.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The nonlinear stress–strain relations and cyclic material behaviors were determined.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"20-34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of nano-Fe2O3 crystal structure on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of intumescent flame-retarded epoxy resins","authors":"Zheng Wei,&nbsp;Jingjing Guan,&nbsp;Long Yan,&nbsp;Guoqing Niu","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22155","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nano-Fe₂O₃ is well known to has a synergistic effect with intumescent flame retardants in reducing the fire hazard of polymeric materials, but the role of nano-Fe₂O₃ geometry on the synergistic effect of the intumescent system has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, a series of pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS)-grafted iron oxide with different crystal configurations (PPMS-α-Fe₂O₃ and PPMS-γ-Fe₂O₃) were successfully synthesized. The role of nano-Fe₂O₃ geometry on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of intumescent flame-retarded epoxy resins (EP) was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimeter test, and smoke density test. The results showed that PPMS-α-Fe₂O₃ flame retardant substantially improved the thermal stability and char formation of intumescent flame-retarded EP compared to PPMS-γ-Fe₂O₃ flame retardant. Additionally, α-Fe₂O₃ exerts a better role in improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties compared to that of γ-Fe₂O₃. It is notable that the incorporation of 5 wt% α-Fe₂O₃ as a flame retardant confers a 78.9% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) value and an 81.8% reduction in peak smoke production rate (PSPR) value compared to pure EP. Char residue analysis revealed that α-Fe₂O₃ performs positively in enhancing the compactness of the char layer, thereby leading to an improved synergistic flame retardant effect.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Successful synthesis of flame retardants (PPMS-α-Fe₂O₃ and PPMS-γ-Fe₂O₃).</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>α-Fe₂O₃ and PPMS have superior synergistic flame retardant effect.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>α-Fe₂O₃ remarkably enhances thermal stability and char formation of EP.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Compared to γ-Fe₂O₃, α-Fe₂O₃ contributes more to the smoke suppression of EP.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Designing improved EP fire performance based on the role of nano-Fe₂O₃.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"59-70"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of modifiers ZSM-5 and bentonite enhancing the hydrolytic and thermal stability of urea-formaldehyde composites","authors":"Mirjana Ristić,&nbsp;Suzana Samaržija-Jovanović,&nbsp;Marija Krstić,&nbsp;Tijana Jovanović,&nbsp;Vojislav Jovanović,&nbsp;Gordana Marković,&nbsp;Milena Marinović-Cincović","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22153","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22153","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research introduces a new approach using zeolite ZSM-5 (Z) as formaldehyde (FA) scavenger in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, while simultaneously investigating and comparing the structural influence of Z and bentonite (B) on different properties of UF composite. ZSM-5 and bentonite were used to modify the in situ synthesized UF resin with a low formaldehyde/urea (FA/U) molar ratio (0.8), to reduce the free FA content in the UF resin. The fillers and modified UF composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, TGA, DTG, and DTA. The surface of fillers and modified UF resins was observed using SEM. The content of free FA, determined by the sulfite method, for the sample UF/Z composite, was 0.06%, while for the sample UF/B composite was 0.18%. After acid hydrolysis, the content of released FA was similar for both modified resins (4.08% for UF/Z and 4.80% for UF/B). This slight difference indicates a better hydrolytic stability of UF/Z. Analysis of thermal stability showed that UF/Z starts to degrade at a higher temperature, which, together with the values of released FA, indicates that UF resin modified with ZSM-5 is thermally and hydrolytically more stable compared to the UF/B composite. The obtained results suggest that ZSM-5 with its microporous structure contributes better to improving the properties of UF resins than bentonite with its layered structure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Synthesis of UF resins modified with ZSM-5 and bentonite.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>New approach using ZSM-5 as a formaldehyde scavenger.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Comprehensive characterization of the fillers and modified UF resins.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>UF/Z resin has superior hydrolytic and thermal stability over UF/B resin.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The microporous structure of ZSM-5 enhances the properties of UF.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"35-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}