Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of different IFS (MWCNTs, BN, and ZnO) on flame retardant, thermal and mechanical properties of PA6/aluminum diisobutyl phosphinate composites","authors":"Songjiang Xu,&nbsp;Yushu Xiang,&nbsp;Xuanying Huan,&nbsp;Qiu Xu,&nbsp;Shikai Ma,&nbsp;Dongmei Bao,&nbsp;Shuhao Qin,&nbsp;Daohai Zhang,&nbsp;Haijun Du","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22141","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22141","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, the effects of the synergistic flame retardation of aluminum diisobutyl phosphinate acid (APBA) with three inorganic fillers of different dimensions (multi-walled carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs] [1-dimensional], hexagonal boron nitride [BN] [2-dimensional], and zinc oxide [ZnO] [3-dimensional]), respectively, on the properties of nylon 6 (polyamide 6 [PA6]) materials were investigated. It was shown that under the same additive amount, with the increase of spatial dimension of inorganic fillers, the thermal stability and residual carbon capacity were improved. Which would catalyze the formation of more and denser carbon layers in the matrix material, effectively blocked the transfer of oxygen and heat, enhanced the cohesive-phase flame retardancy of synergistic flame-retardant PA6 composites, and exerted a better synergistic flame-retardant effect with APBA. So that the flame-retardant properties of PA6 composites were gradually improved, and the mechanical properties were also gradually increased. The comprehensive performance of three types of inorganic fillers gradually improves in the order of MWCNTs &lt; BN &lt; ZnO. When the addition amount of ZnO was 2 wt%, the vertical combustion grade (UL-94) of PA6 composite was V-0, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was as high as 36.5%. The tensile strain increased by 19.11% and impact strength increased by 20.26% compared with PA6, and PA6/APBA-Zn can be used as a flame retardant PA6 composite material with balanced overall performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Diisobutylaluminium hypophosphite and inorganic fillers have efficient synergistic flame retardant effects in PA6.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>With the increase of spatial dimension of inorganic fillers, the better the synergistic flame retardant effect in PA6.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The flame retardant can degrade to release the phosphorous free radicals.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Inorganic fillers can cross-link with the PA6 substrate and promote the charring.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1584-1598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic interference shielding behavior of flexible PVA composite made using betel nut husk biocarbon and steel microwire in E, F, I, and J band spectrum","authors":"K. Somasundaram,&nbsp;G. S. Uthayakumar,&nbsp;B. R. Tapas Bapu,&nbsp;Muruganantham Ponnusamy","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22138","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22138","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding behavior of a flexible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite fabricated using betel nut husk biocarbon and steel microwire in the E, F, I, and J band spectrum. The incorporation of steel microwire into the PVA based composite is novel approach since it provides flexibility along with good mechanical strength. The fabrication process involves the solution casting method, and the composite is characterized according to American society of testing and materials (ASTM) standards. The research focuses on analyzing dielectric behavior, EMI shielding effectiveness, and mechanical properties. Results indicates that, the composite with 5 vol.% of biocarbon and 5 vol.% of micro metal wire, exhibits exceptional relative permittivity of 7.6, 6.9, 6.3, and 1.5 for E, F, I, and J frequency bands and same composition delivers exceptional electromagnetic shielding with total shielding values of 17.7 dB, 25.5 dB, 31.7 dB, and 38.6 dB for E, F, I, and J frequency bands. In mechanical characteristics, composite with 5 vol.% of biocarbon and 5 vol.% of micro metal wire, exhibits high tensile strength of 73 MPa with lower elongation percentage of 109.2% and shore-D hardness of 40, respectively. Thus, the inclusion of betel nut husk biocarbon and steel microwire into the PVA matrix enhanced the overall EMI shielding properties along with mechanical properties. These flexible EMI shielding composites could be used in applications such as defense, telecommunication, drones, and electronic gadget making segments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Flexible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite is made with steel microwire and betel nut husk biocarbon.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Biocarbon is derived from betel nut husk for first time and used as EM wave absorber.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Composites were made via simple solution casting method for high flexibility index.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Composite contains 5 vol.% biocarbon and 5 vol.% micro metal wire, shows high relative permittivity 7.6 for E frequency bands.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The composites have high tensile strength of 73 MPa with a low elongation percentage of 109.2% and a shore-D hardness of 40.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1545-1555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing flexibility and durability of PVC with liquid epoxidized natural rubber: Innovative UV treatment to mitigate plasticizer migration","authors":"Jin Jing Liew,&nbsp;Nurul Hayati Yusof,&nbsp;Desmond Teck-Chye Ang","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22147","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22147","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This manuscript elucidates the preparation and utilization of liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) with 50 mol% epoxidation level (LENR50) as a polymeric plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and further immobilization of the plasticizer in the plastic matrix through subsequent ultraviolet (UV)-curing treatment. The plasticizing effect induced by LENR50 at 50 wt% loading was evident with a reduction of <i>T</i>_g from a high of 72.0 to 11.4°C. Positive enhancements were also documented in the mechanical properties of the LENR50-plasticized PVC, specifically the big improvement in elongation at break and elastic modulus, from 106% to 430%, and from 646 to 7 MPa, respectively. The UV-treated PVC/LENR film also exhibited superior resistance to migration compared with formulations with conventional plasticizers such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and triethyl-2-acetyl citrate (ATEC). A similar outcome was recorded in the leaching resistance test, where LENR50 had the best resistance to leaching in four different solvents (water, soap solution, ethanol, and toluene). The LENR50-plasticized PVC film recorded the lowest weight loss following 24 h immersion in both hydrophilic and lipophilic solvents. The findings from this study suggest that LENR50 could serve as an efficient bio-based polymeric plasticizer for PVC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>LENR as bio-based polymeric plasticizer for PVC.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Significant reduction in <i>T</i>_g and elastic modulus of PVC plasticized with LENR.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>UV treatment improved tensile strength and elongation at break of LENR/PVC film.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>UV-treated PVC/LENR has superior plasticizer migration and leaching resistance.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1635-1649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in brake friction materials: A comprehensive review of ingredients, processing methods, and performance characteristics","authors":"Vijay Raghunathan,&nbsp;G. Sathyamoorthy,&nbsp;Vinod Ayyappan,&nbsp;Rapeeporn Srisuk,&nbsp;D. Lenin Singaravelu,&nbsp;Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa,&nbsp;Suchart Siengchin","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22149","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22149","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The crucial significance of brake friction materials lies in ensuring automobile safety and performance. This drives the ongoing development of these materials to meet rigorous criteria. Recent developments in friction materials have improved the effectiveness of braking systems, resulting in increased safety and comfort. Modern society has increasingly adopted environmentally friendly friction materials, replacing conventional alternatives. The advancements in brake friction material development primarily focus on improving braking performance while simultaneously reducing environmental pollution caused by dangerous substances in brake pads. Understanding the different formulations of brake pads and the impact of the materials used is essential due to the complex and expert-dependent nature of the brake pad manufacturing process. This review aims to fill knowledge gaps surrounding the basic formulations of brake pads and provide insights to researchers on the impact of different ingredients in creating friction brake pads. This research not only highlights the influence of various components on the friction and wear characteristics of brake pads but also addresses the importance of a comprehensive understanding of their fundamentals. The novelty of this review is justified by the lack of up-to-date, thorough reviews on brake friction materials, particularly in light of the recent advancements in the field. This review focuses on the developments and innovations in brake friction materials over the last 15 years. It aims to bridge the knowledge gaps regarding the basic formulations of brake pads and provide valuable insights into the influence of various components on their friction and wear characteristics. By addressing both the performance improvements and environmental considerations, this review offers a timely and essential resource for researchers and practitioners in the automotive industry.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Exploration of various ingredients used in the brake friction composites.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Ingredients influence on the various characteristics of brake friction composites.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Different formulations and its usage in the brake friction composites.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Recycled materials usage in the friction composites-waste to wealth approach.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1396-1431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalization of cellulosic fabric via mushroom and neem oil treatment: A step toward sustainable textiles","authors":"Joykrisna Saha,&nbsp;Most. Refat Ara,&nbsp;Arnob Dhar Pranta,&nbsp;Md. Shebbir Hossain","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22150","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22150","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nowadays, the demand for protective clothing for specific activities has been fueled by consumer's attitudes toward hygiene and their active lifestyles. The aim of the present work is focused on creating protective textiles that are safe for the environment. This study uses mushroom–neem oil and neem oil to test their antioxidant properties to make cotton fabric that resists bacterial growth. Pad dry cure is used to create antimicrobial fabric with mushroom–neem oil and neem oil with citric acid (1%) as a cross-linking agent. The antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay were assessed by applying mushroom–neem oil and neem oil separately to cotton knitted fabric at 120, 130, 140, and 150°C. FTIR and EDS were used to study the incorporation of mushroom–neem oil and neem oil on cotton fabric surfaces. Both the treated and untreated fabric surface morphology were examined using scanning electron microscopy. An increase in curing temperature was found to change the comfort characteristics of the treated fabric. The analysis also found that antimicrobials reduced thermal conductivity. Most importantly, increasing the curing temperature improved all comfort properties. Notably, fabric treated with mushroom neem oil is more comfortable than fabric treated with neem oil.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Cotton fabrics with mushroom–neem and neem oil showed antibacterial activity.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Neem oil-treated fabrics had better antioxidant properties than mushroom–neem oil.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Higher curing temperatures reduced thermal conductivity and improved comfort.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Mushroom–neem oil samples have superior physical properties.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Bioactive material treatments can reduce chemical and environmental impact.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1659-1671"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and dielectric spectroscopy analysis of FeGaInS4/PVA composite materials","authors":"Zeynab Addayeva,&nbsp;Yashar Azizian-Kalandaragh,&nbsp;Namiq Niftiyev,&nbsp;Goncha Eyvazova,&nbsp;Faik Mammadov,&nbsp;Mahammad Babanly,&nbsp;Mahammad Baghir Baghirov,&nbsp;Mustafa Muradov","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22148","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22148","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The control of dielectric permittivity and conductivity is a crucial factor in the development of certain electronic components. Materials based on layered structures and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) show great potential for applications in supercapacitors. Therefore, the creation of polymer composites based on layered semiconductors and the determination of their physical properties is significant. In this investigation, a composite comprising 1 wt% FeGaInS₄ dispersed in PVA was synthesized through mechanical mixing, where the FeGaInS₄ crystal was incorporated into the PVA matrix. This study explores the physical characteristics of this composite for the first time. The structure of the composite was analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrical properties and conductivity mechanisms were examined using a dielectric spectrometer. It was determined that the hopping model conductivity mechanism predominates in the FeGaInS₄/PVA nanocomposite. For the 1 wt% FeGaInS₄/PVA composite, system parameters were calculated at a temperature of 313 K and a frequency of 5 × 10³ Hz. The parameters found are <i>s</i> = 0.814, potential barrier height <i>W</i>_M = 0.868 eV, hopping length <i>R</i>_ω = 14.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ m, and the concentration of pairs of states between, which charge carriers hop <i>N</i> = 1.396 × 10²⁶ m⁻³.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>1 wt% FeGaInS4 composite synthesized via mechanical assembly.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Small crystals boost dielectric constant by 1.5× via interfacial polarization.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The system parameters are defined: <i>s</i> = 0.814, <i>W</i>_M = 0.868 eV, <i>R</i>_ω = 14.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ m.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Electrical conduction is multifaceted; conductance hopping dominates.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Loss tangent decreases due to interfacial polarization effects.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1650-1658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141947805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of a designed poly(ionic liquid-modified graphene oxide) nanocomposite: Evaluation of nitrate removal from water and antimicrobial properties","authors":"S. Mojtaba Amininasab,&nbsp;Mona Nasseri,&nbsp;Bita Soleimani,&nbsp;Marjan Hassanzadeh,&nbsp;Zahed Shami","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22139","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22139","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Addressing the global challenge of water contamination, this study introduces a novel nanocomposite adsorbent—poly(ionic liquid-modified graphene oxide) (PIL-MGO)—designed to remove nitrates efficiently from water and combat microbial threats. Leveraging modified graphene oxide and vinyl imidazolium-based ionic liquid, this research synthesizes an adsorbent via a facile and cost-effective approach. The performance of PIL-MGO was rigorously analyzed through a series of characterizations, including Frontier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emitting scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, revealing its robust structural composition and thermal stability. In our experimental exploration, the adsorbent showcased a remarkable nitrate removal efficiency of up to 97.53%, under optimal conditions of an initial pH of 5, room temperature, initial nitrate concentration of 30 mg/L, a contact time of 30 min, and an adsorbent dosage of 40 mg, with a significant selectivity for nitrate ions over competing anions. Moreover, regeneration of the adsorbent up to 7 cycles indicated only a marginal decline in adsorption efficiency. Furthermore, PIL-MGO demonstrated considerable antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi, indicating its dual utility in water purification and microbial inhibition. These findings suggest that the synthesized nanocomposite holds great promise for addressing environmental and health-related challenges posed by water pollutants. This study not only underscores the capabilities of PIL-MGO but also paves the way for further advancements in adsorbent technologies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>A novel nanocomposite was synthesized based on vinyl imidazolium ionic liquid and modified graphene oxide.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>This newly developed nanocomposite was evaluated as an adsorbent for the removal of nitrate ions from water, demonstrating high removal efficiency.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The adsorbent exhibited notable selectivity for nitrate ions, effectively distinguishing them from competing anions such as chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The adsorption kinetics of the nanocomposite were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherm aligned well with the Langmuir model.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Investigation of the nanocomposite antimicrobial activity displayed considerable inhibitory effects against both bacteria and fungi.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1556-1569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141947930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the interlayer distribution of ZnO decorated with Ag nanoparticles on the antimicrobial activity of multilayer poly(methyl methacrylate) films","authors":"Miguel Ángel Waldo-Mendoza,&nbsp;Nancy Araceli Rivera-García,&nbsp;Marissa Robles-Martínez,&nbsp;Perla Cristina Mayorga-Colunga,&nbsp;Roberto Carlos Martínez-Montejano,&nbsp;Elías Pérez","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22146","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22146","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Incorporating nanoparticles into polymer matrices for enhanced antimicrobial properties is particularly interesting. This study examines how the interlayer distribution of zinc oxide (ZnO) decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films impacts their antimicrobial activity. Various PMMA multilayer films were prepared, with the antimicrobial additive intentionally placed in the outer, core, bottom, or throughout all layers. Their efficacy was tested against gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>) and gram-positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) bacteria. Results indicate that <i>E. coli</i> was the strain with the highest sensitivity to the system because it is a gram (−) bacterium, which could generate a lower resistance to AgNPs. On the other hand, <i>S. aureus</i>, being gram (+), presents a thicker lipid membrane, and peptidoglycan wall, which makes it difficult for AgNPs to enter. Films with uniform distribution throughout thickness exhibited the most sustained antimicrobial activity due to high antimicrobial concentration. This study demonstrated that the distribution of the AgNPs/ZnO system in different layers of a PMMA film influences its antimicrobial capacity. Finally, a mechanism for migrating silver ions released from the AgNPs/ZnO system in PMMA films is proposed, highlighting their interactions with bacterial cells and the subsequent antimicrobial effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Interlayer distribution influences antimicrobial activity.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Outer placement leads to rapid silver ion release.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Core distribution controls antimicrobial kinetics.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Uniform distribution ensures sustained activity.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1621-1634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141869753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of acrylonitrile rubber containing zinc oxide as safety products","authors":"Doaa E. El Nashar,&nbsp;Soheir Y. Tawfik,&nbsp;Fahima M. Helaly,&nbsp;Aman I. Khalaf,&nbsp;Abdelmohsen M. Soliman","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22145","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22145","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The goal of this research is to find the ideal formulation with the best antimicrobial performance in terms of rheological, physicomechanical, and lowest toxic properties to produce safety rubber for the children toy's and other industrial products. In order to accomplish this, a number of formulations containing ZnO as activator for vulcanization process as well as an antimicrobial agent at concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 40 phr in the presence of 40 phr of different fillers were prepared. The rheological characteristics of prepared compounded rubber samples were assessed and the cure rate was calculated. The overall rheological test results indicate a raise in minimum and maximum torque along with a fall in scorch and optimum cure time. The compounded NBR was vulcanized as estimated curing time. The results illustrated that the NBR vulcanizates containing various amounts of ZnO and 40 phr talc have the best physicomechanical properties. Also, the scanning electron micrographs indicated surface homogeneity and good dispersion of the NBR components. The cytotoxicity test of the investigated vulcanizates on normal retina cell line gave no cytotoxic effect which assessed their safety. These findings offer useful information for antimicrobial NBR vulcanizates for kid's toys and other safety products.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Highlights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Synthesis of antimicrobial NBR rubber vulcanizates for safety applications.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The antimicrobial agent used was ZnO.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>ZnO nanoparticles and other ingredients were incorporated with NBR on the ordinary rubber mixer.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Rheological, physicomechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of NBR rubber were tested.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The products have better mechanical and antimicrobial safety properties.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1609-1620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of antibacterial food packaging from polyvinyl alcohol/sodium caseinate composite films cross-linked with lactic acid","authors":"Naz Doğa Dülger,&nbsp;Sema Samatya Yilmaz,&nbsp;Hüseyin Uzuner,&nbsp;Ayse Aytac","doi":"10.1002/vnl.22137","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vnl.22137","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;In this study, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Sodium Caseinate (NaCAS) were cross-linked by mixing with Lactic acid (LA) in different proportions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). Composite films were obtained from the prepared solutions using the solution casting method. The obtained composite films were appeared as slightly opaque and lightly yellowish, but mostly transparent. As the amount of LA increased, the polarized microscope surface images of the composite films became rougher. It was explained that cross-linking occurred with the aldehyde groups (CHO) determined in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The increasing 5% weight loss temperature of the films because of cross-linking also increased the thermal strength. In X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), the 2&lt;i&gt;θ&lt;/i&gt; peak intensity of the 2% LA-added film, which had the highest cross-link density, was indicated to be the lowest. It was reported that 4% and above the LA contribution rate negatively affects the physical and mechanical properties of the PVA/NaCAS matrix. The pure PVA/NaCAS film had 30.08 MPa tensile strength and 1.49% tensile strain. The film with 2% LA added showed the tensile strength value closest to the pure film with 23.89 MPa. With a 6.52% value, the film containing 2% LA showed the lowest moisture retention behavior. Pure PVA/NaCAS film, which has a hydrophilic structure with a contact angle of 57°, gained hydrophobic ability with the addition of LA. The 1% LA-added film exhibited the highest hydrophobic behavior with a contact angle value of 99°. With the LA additive, an increase in the contact angle values of the composite films was observed between approximately 61% and 74%. In addition, the water vapor permeability (WVTR) with 582.37 g/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; day value of pure PVA/NaCAS composite film decreased after the addition of LA. It was degraded to 322.72 g/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; day WVTR value in the 1% LA-added film. 100% antibacterial activity against both &lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;coli&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;aureus&lt;/i&gt; was observed in composite films containing 1% or more LA additive. The resulting films were suggested to be used as active food packaging with antibacterial effects.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Highlights&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;div&gt;\u0000 &lt;ul&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;li&gt;LA can be used as a crosslinking agent for PVA/NaCAS blends.&lt;/li&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;li&gt;2% LA contribution has shown the highest cross-linking density.&lt;/li&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;li&gt;4% LA and higher LA contribution would negatively affect the mechanical properties of the matrix.&lt;/li&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;li&gt;High antibacterial activity was obtained against both &lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;coli&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;aureus&lt;/i&gt; in films containi","PeriodicalId":17662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology","volume":"30 6","pages":"1528-1544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/vnl.22137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}