{"title":"The diversity of biological models for bio-inspired aerosol filters.","authors":"Leandra Hamann, Timothy Foat, Alexander Blanke","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0221","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Innovative filtration systems are essential to enhance air quality or improve aerosol sampling for analysis, while addressing challenges such as high energy consumption, clogging and inefficiencies in capturing a wide range of particle diameters. Bio-inspiration provides novel design strategies by translating natural particle separation mechanisms (PSMs) into more efficient, adaptive and sustainable filtration technologies. This review systematically identifies six organismic groups as biological models that use distinct particle capture mechanisms to retain airborne particles for nutrition, reproduction and protection. Filtration-based PSMs in air, such as insect spiracles, hornet silk caps and spider webs, employ dead-end filtration with varying mesh structures to either purify air or capture prey. Non-filtration PSMs, including nasal cavities and wind pollination, rely on passive aerodynamic mechanisms such as impaction, interception and settling for particle retention. Flow regime control is crucial for non-filtration PSMs, where structures like nasal turbinates and pine cone surfaces optimize local airflows. Adhesive mechanisms, found in spider webs and nasal mucus, improve particle attachment. By mapping these principles to aerosol filtration challenges-such as particle adhesion, flow optimization and efficient removal of submicrometre particles-this review identifies promising pathways for bio-inspired aerosol filters in environmental monitoring, industrial hygiene and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20250221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neuromorphic encoding strategies for a noisy magnetic sense.","authors":"Hazel M Havens, Brian K Taylor, Kenneth J Lohmann","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0810","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While accurate engineered solutions to determine global position require vast networks of well-maintained transponder stations, many animals can solve this problem using only Earth's magnetic field. Moreover, animals are capable of this feat despite evidence suggesting that the magnetic sense operates at an extremely low signal-to-noise ratio. As such, this sense may provide valuable insights for the engineer. Here, we explore neuromorphic encoding strategies that may underlie this ability in animals and test their ability to accurately encode noisy magnetic information. We describe sparse encoding strategies that may function in this sense, with systems composed of as few as eight receptors and tens of neurons. We also find that neural architecture based on the arthropod central complex (implicated in other orientation tasks) is particularly robust to encoding noisy magnetic field information.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240810"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12174938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingtian Chen, Shaoyi Lu, Li Zhang, Tamas Insperger, Gabor Stepan
{"title":"Adjoint sensitivity method for parameter estimation: applications to inverted pendulum and human standing balance.","authors":"Jingtian Chen, Shaoyi Lu, Li Zhang, Tamas Insperger, Gabor Stepan","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0843","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inverted pendulum, a classical mechanical system, often serves as a platform for studying stability and control algorithms. Modelling human standing balance as an inverted pendulum controlled by the time-delayed proportional-derivative (PD) feedback controller can be used effectively to study the related biomechanical mechanisms. In this study, to investigate the human balance control strategy, an adjoint sensitivity analysis method and a corresponding optimizer are implemented to directly determine system parameters, control gains and the time delay in the human balancing model. This study validates the accuracy of the optimizer through numerical simulations and experimental verification based on the physical model of the inverted pendulum on a cart. The experimental results confirm the performance of the identification algorithm for systems involving non-smooth dynamics and inherent time delays. Moreover, the identification based on human balance data indicates that the time-delayed PD feedback controller effectively represents the human balance control strategy. Additionally, the identification reveals a tendency in the control strategy: the control gains are located in the lower-left region of the stability diagram, indicating that the human body tends to adopt an optimal control strategy that minimizes energy consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12174935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Lynne Gardner, William Abramovich, Misha Romanov, Stefan Flohr, Uwe Kierdorf, Horst Kierdorf, Jonathan D Almer, Steven D Jacobsen, Gabriela B Gonzalez, J-S Park, Stuart R Stock
{"title":"Assessment of diagenesis in archaeological human second metacarpal bones using the intensity of the small angle X-ray scattering <i>D</i>-period peak.","authors":"Laura Lynne Gardner, William Abramovich, Misha Romanov, Stefan Flohr, Uwe Kierdorf, Horst Kierdorf, Jonathan D Almer, Steven D Jacobsen, Gabriela B Gonzalez, J-S Park, Stuart R Stock","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0826","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone consists mainly of carbonated apatite (cAp) nanoplatelets embedded in a matrix of collagen fibrils. Earlier, high-energy small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of archaeological adult human second metacarpal bones (mc2) found collagen <i>D</i>-period peaks with high-intensity I<sub>D</sub> in specimens in which microcomputed tomography (microCT) showed little diagenesis and I<sub>D</sub> ~ 0 for specimens where microCT revealed severe diagenesis (Park <i>et al.</i> 2022 <i>Int. J. Osteoarchaeol</i>. <b>32</b>, 170-181 (doi:10.1002/oa.3053); Stock <i>et al</i>. 2022 <i>Int. J. Osteoarchaeol</i>. <b>32</b>, 120-131 (doi:10.1002/oa.3049)). The present paper uses SAXS at beamline 1-ID, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory and other techniques to study a set of 10 mc2 from an early Medieval cemetery at Greding, Germany. We hypothesized that non-invasive measurement of I<sub>D</sub> would provide an accurate and rapid (approx. 6 min/specimen) assessment of diagenesis in archaeological mc2. Results of Raman spectroscopy, laboratory microCT and backscattered electron, reflected light and polarized transmitted light microscopies confirmed the SAXS determinations, but lattice parameter values from X-ray diffraction were uncorrelated with I<sub>D</sub> value. Age-at-death estimates placed the 10 mc2 in three age categories (young adult, middle adult, old adult): lattice parameters from X-ray diffraction were uncorrelated with age at death. Cross-sectional bone area fraction from microCT dropped noticeably for the older age cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240826"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leticia Ribeiro Paiva, Sidiney Geraldo Alves, Og DeSouza, Octavio Miramontes
{"title":"Emergent dynamical phases and collective motion in termites.","authors":"Leticia Ribeiro Paiva, Sidiney Geraldo Alves, Og DeSouza, Octavio Miramontes","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0097","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Termites which are able to forage in the open can be often seen, in the field or in the laboratory: (i) wandering around, forming no observable pattern, (ii) clustering themselves in a dense and almost immobile pack, or (iii) milling about in a circular movement. Despite being well reported patterns, they are normally regarded as independent phenomena whose specific traits have never been properly quantified. Evidence, however, favours the hypothesis that these are interdependent patterns, arising from self-organized interactions and movement among workers. After all, termites are a form of active matter where blind cooperative individuals are self-propelled and lack the possibility of visual cues to spatially orientate and align. It follows that their non-trivial close-contact patterns could generate motion-collision-induced phase separations. This would then trigger the emergence of these three patterns (disorder, clustering, milling) as parts of the same continuum. By inspecting termite groups confined in arenas, we could quantitatively describe each one of these patterns in detail. We identified disorder, clustering and milling spatial patterns. These phases and their transitions are characterized aiming to offer refinements in the understanding of these aspects of self-propelled particles in active matter where close-range contacts and collisions are important.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20250097"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nina Baldy, Marmaduke Woodman, Viktor K Jirsa, Meysam Hashemi
{"title":"Dynamic causal modelling in probabilistic programming languages.","authors":"Nina Baldy, Marmaduke Woodman, Viktor K Jirsa, Meysam Hashemi","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0880","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the intricate dynamics of brain activities necessitates models that incorporate causality and nonlinearity. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) presents a statistical framework that embraces causal relationships among brain regions and their responses to experimental manipulations, such as stimulation. In this study, we perform Bayesian inference on a neurobiologically plausible generative model that simulates event-related potentials observed in magneto/encephalography data. This translates into probabilistic inference of latent and observed states of a system driven by input stimuli, described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and potentially correlated parameters. We provide a guideline for reliable inference in the presence of multimodality, which arises from parameter degeneracy, ultimately enhancing the predictive accuracy of neural dynamics. Solutions include optimizing the hyperparameters, leveraging initialization with prior information and employing weighted stacking based on predictive accuracy. Moreover, we implement the inference and conduct comprehensive model comparison in several probabilistic programming languages to streamline the process and benchmark their efficiency. Our investigation shows that model inversion in DCM extends beyond variational approximation frameworks, demonstrating the effectiveness of gradient-based Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of posterior estimation using a self-tuning variant of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and the automatic Laplace approximation, effectively addressing parameter degeneracy challenges. This technical endeavour holds the potential to advance the inversion of state-space ODE models, and contribute to neuroscience research and applications in neuroimaging through automatic DCM.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240880"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander E Zarebski, Antoine Zwaans, Bernardo Gutierrez, Louis du Plessis, Oliver G Pybus
{"title":"Estimating epidemic dynamics with genomic and time series data.","authors":"Alexander E Zarebski, Antoine Zwaans, Bernardo Gutierrez, Louis du Plessis, Oliver G Pybus","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0632","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurately estimating the prevalence and transmissibility of an infectious disease is an important task in genetic infectious disease epidemiology. However, generating accurate estimates of these quantities, that make use of both epidemic time series and pathogen genome sequence data, is a challenging problem. Phylogenetic birth-death processes are a popular choice for modelling the transmission of infectious diseases, but it is difficult to estimate the prevalence of infection with them. Here, we extended our approximate likelihood approach, which combines phylogenetic information from sampled pathogen genomes and epidemiological information from a time series of case counts, to estimate historical prevalence in addition to the effective reproduction number. We implement this new method in a BEAST2 package called Timtam. In a simulation study our approximation is seen to be well-calibrated and recovers the parameters of simulated data. To demonstrate how Timtam can be applied to real datasets, we carried out empirical analyses of data from two infectious disease outbreaks: the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 onboard the <i>Diamond Princess</i> cruise ship in early 2020 and poliomyelitis in Tajikistan in 2010. In both cases we recover estimates consistent with previous analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12134936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal switching strategies for navigation in stochastic settings.","authors":"Francesco Mori, L Mahadevan","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0677","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When navigating complex environments, animals often combine multiple strategies to mitigate the effects of external disturbances. These modalities often correspond to different sources of information, leading to speed - accuracy trade-offs. Inspired by the intermittent reorientation strategy seen in the behaviour of the dung beetle, we consider the problem of the navigation strategy of a correlated random walker moving in two dimensions. We assume that the heading of the walker can be reoriented to the preferred direction by paying a fixed cost as it tries to maximize its total displacement in a fixed direction. Using optimal control theory, we derive analytically and confirm numerically the strategy that maximizes the walker's speed, and show that the average time between reorientations scales inversely with the magnitude of the environmental noise. We then extend our framework to describe execution errors and sensory acquisition noise. As a result, we provide a range of testable predictions and suggest new experimental directions. Our approach may be amenable to other navigation problems involving multiple sensory modalities that require switching between egocentric and geocentric strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ellen Juel Pørtner, Anna Mularski, Tobias William Jarrett, Stine Lauritzen Sønder, Jesper Nylandsted, Adam Cohen Simonsen
{"title":"Viscoelastic differences between isolated and live MCF7 cancer cell nuclei resolved with AFM microrheology.","authors":"Ellen Juel Pørtner, Anna Mularski, Tobias William Jarrett, Stine Lauritzen Sønder, Jesper Nylandsted, Adam Cohen Simonsen","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0885","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell nuclei are commonly isolated for mechanobiology studies although isolated nuclei may display viscoelastic properties differing from those of live cells. Nuclear mechanics is generally dependent on the time scale of the applied load and cannot accurately be assessed by a simple elasticity parameter. Active microrheology with an atomic force microscope (AFMMR) is a versatile tool for probing nuclear mechanics and we employ the technique for exploring isolated and live-cell nuclei in MCF7 cells, including the significance of actin depolymerization. We successfully validate the method using polyacrylamide hydrogels with correction for cantilever drag in the fluid. The AFMMR results reveal that isolated and live-cell nuclei are equivalent to within a scaling factor, in their frequency-dependent modulus, with isolated nuclei being softer. The loss tangent reveals a transition from solid- to liquid-like behaviour occurring at higher frequency in isolated than in live-cell nuclei. Viscoelastic modelling using the Jeffreys model describes the frequency-dependent modulus of all measured nuclei. Model parameters display sensitivity to nuclei isolation and to actin depolymerization in live cells. Sections of the Jeffreys circuit can potentially be assigned to internal and external nucleus structures, respectively, thereby establishing a minimal mechanistic framework for interpreting microrheology data on cell nuclei.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240885"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tom Carrard, Elham Nourani, Lukas Jansing, Tim Zimmermann, Petra Sumasgutner, Matthias Tschumi, David Jenny, Martin Wikelski, Kamran Safi, Michael Sprenger, Martina Scacco
{"title":"Golden eagles regularly use gravity waves to soar: new insights from high-resolution weather data.","authors":"Tom Carrard, Elham Nourani, Lukas Jansing, Tim Zimmermann, Petra Sumasgutner, Matthias Tschumi, David Jenny, Martin Wikelski, Kamran Safi, Michael Sprenger, Martina Scacco","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0891","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2024.0891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soaring flight allows birds to reduce the metabolic cost of flight by harnessing energy from the atmosphere. The study of soaring behaviour has been significantly constrained by the low resolution of available atmospheric data, limiting our ability to accurately describe the conditions enabling soaring and its adaptability to different updraught types. For instance, while the use of thermals and orographic lifting updraughts are well described in the literature, the role of gravity waves has remained largely unexplored. Advancements in high-resolution atmospheric modelling, with hourly output available at the kilometre-scale grid spacing, offer new opportunities to investigate the flexibility of soaring flight in response to complex atmospheric dynamics, including gravity waves. In this study, we used a combination of a high-resolution atmospheric analysis and high-resolution global positioning system tracking data to characterize the updraught sources used by golden eagles, <i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>, in the European Alps. Our findings reveal that golden eagles repeatedly used gravity waves, with at least 19% of the inspected soaring segments involving this updraught source. Thermals remained the primary energy source for soaring, but during winter, when thermals were more scarce, the quasi-totality of soaring events were powered by gravity waves or orographic lifting. Our results provide a new perspective on the environmental energy available to soaring birds and on landscape connectivity in topographically complex regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 227","pages":"20240891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12134756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}