Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.","authors":"Ralf Jäger, Jeffery L Heileson, Sidney Abou Sawan, Broderick L Dickerson, Megan Leonard, Richard B Kreider, Chad M Kerksick, Stephen M Cornish, Darren G Candow, Dean M Cordingley, Scott C Forbes, Grant M Tinsley, Tindaro Bongiovanni, Roberto Cannataro, Bill I Campbell, Shawn M Arent, Jeffrey R Stout, Douglas S Kalman, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2441775","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2441775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of the literature surrounding the effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplementation on exercise performance, recovery, and brain health. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation for athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners regarding the effects of supplemental ω-3 PUFA in healthy and athletic populations. The following conclusions represent the official position of the ISSN: Athletes may be at a higher risk for ω-3 PUFA insufficiency.Diets rich in ω-3 PUFA, including supplements, are effective strategies for increasing ω-3 PUFA levels.ω-3 PUFA supplementation, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been shown to enhance endurance capacity and cardiovascular function during aerobic-type exercise.ω-3 PUFA supplementation may not confer a muscle hypertrophic benefit in young adults.ω-3 PUFA supplementation in combination with resistance training may improve strength in a dose- and duration-dependent manner.ω-3 PUFA supplementation may decrease subjective measures of muscle soreness following intense exercise.ω-3 PUFA supplementation can positively affect various immune cell responses in athletic populations.Prophylactic ω-3 PUFA supplementation may offer neuroprotective benefits in athletes exposed to repeated head impacts.ω-3 PUFA supplementation is associated with improved sleep quality.ω-3 PUFA are classified as prebiotics; however, studies on the gut microbiome and gut health in athletes are currently lacking.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2441775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11737053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinformatic identification of important roles of COL1A1 and TNFRSF12A in cartilage injury and osteoporosis.","authors":"Muzi Liu, Shiguo Gong, Xin Sheng, Zihong Zhang, Xichun Wang","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2454641","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2454641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to identify the key regulatory mechanisms of cartilage injury and osteoporosis through bioinformatics methods, and to provide a new theoretical basis and molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Microarray data for cartilage injury (GSE129147) and osteoporosis (GSE230665) were first downloaded from the GEO database. Differential expression analysis was applied to identify genes that were significantly up-or down-regulated in the cartilage injury and osteoporosis samples. These genes were subjected to GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis. In addition, we employed SVA and RRA methods to merge the two sets of data, eliminating batch effects and enhancing the statistical power of the analysis. Through WGCNA, we identified gene modules that were closely associated with disease phenotypes and then screened for key genes that intersected with differentially expressed genes. The diagnostic value of these genes as potential biomarkers was evaluated by ROC analysis. Moreover, we performed an immune infiltration analysis to explore the correlation between these core genes and immune cell infiltration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We performed GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of genes significantly up-or down-regulated in cartilage injury and osteoporosis samples. Important biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions, and key metabolic or signaling pathways associated with osteoporosis and cartilage injury were identified. Through WGCNA, we identified gene modules that were closely associated with the disease phenotype, from which we then screened for key genes that intersected with differentially expressed genes. Ultimately, we focused on two identified core genes, COL1A1 and TNFRSF12A, and assessed the diagnostic value of these genes as potential biomarkers by ROC analysis. Meanwhile, GSVA provided an in-depth view of the role of these genes in disease-specific biological pathways. Immune infiltration analysis further revealed the possible key role of COL1A1 and TNFRSF12A in regulating immune cell infiltration in osteoporosis and cartilage injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>COL1A1 and TNFRSF12A as key regulatory molecules in osteoporosis and cartilage injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2454641"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of protein supplementation during pilates training on body composition, core muscle endurance, and joint flexibility in trained women: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Christina Karpouzi, Antigoni Kypraiou, Vassilis Mougios, Anatoli Petridou","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2472891","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2472891","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Pilates is a popular type of exercise, aimed at improving core muscle strength and endurance, core stability, and joint flexibility through a variety of whole-body exercises. Research has shown that Pilates improves body composition, muscle endurance, and joint flexibility. Adequate protein intake is a key factor in supporting the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to exercise training. However, whether protein supplementation augments the adaptations to Pilates training remains unknown. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of protein supplementation during Pilates training on body composition, core muscle endurance, and joint flexibility in trained women.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Nineteen Pilates-trained women (31 ± 9 y) performed 10 weeks of Pilates training using the Reformer and Cadillac apparatuses, at least 2 times per week. Participants were randomly allocated to either a placebo (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 10) or protein supplementation group (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 9) in a quadruple-blind (participants, intervention providers, investigators, and outcome assessors) design. Participants received 0.6 g of maltodextrin or whey protein per kg body weight daily, respectively. Habitual dietary intake was monitored throughout the study. Before and after the intervention, anthropometric measures (body weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences), body composition [through full-scan dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)], core muscle endurance (through the McGill's torso muscular endurance test battery), and joint flexibility (through the sit-and-reach test) were assessed. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA (supplement × time) with repeated measures on time. Common DXA and BIA variables (whole-body fat and lean mass) were compared through paired Student's t tests and subjected to Pearson's correlation analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Participants received, on average, 1.3 g protein/kg body weight/day from their habitual diet. After 10 weeks of Pilates training and regardless of supplementation, body fat (assessed by BIA) and hip circumference decreased; lean mass, total water, and extracellular water (by BIA) increased; and arm lean mass, trunk bone mineral content, and trunk bone area (by DXA) increased (all &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). The common BIA and DXA variables were highly correlated (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.78, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) and did not differ pre-intervention (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.1), although they differed post-intervention (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), with BIA overestimating lean mass compared with DXA. Core muscle endurance and joint flexibility increased with training (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05), with no effect of supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Ten weeks of Pilates training improved core muscle endurance, joint flexibility, and aspects of body composition in healthy trained women, ","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2472891"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of low energy availability risk on pre-competition physiological function in Chinese female combat athletes.","authors":"Yiheng Liang, Yuxuan Li, Yan Chen, Kun Meng, Fanyang Zhou, Yiran Pei, Yong Liu, Junqiang Qiu","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2490170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2490170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low energy availability (LEA) can negatively impact athletes' physiological function and performance. This study aims to examine the prevalence of LEA in Chinese female combat athletes and monitor changes in physiological function and performance during the pre-competition period.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We assessed the incidence of low energy availability (LEA) and eating disorder (ED) risks in 84 female combat athletes (judo, freestyle wrestling, and sanda) from Beijing using the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). From this group, 11 judo athletes who were preparing for competition were selected and divided into a low energy availability (LEA) group and a non-LEA group based on their energy availability levels. Dietary intake, training energy expenditure, body composition, resting metabolic rate, blood markers, and special judo fitness tests were monitored at 4 weeks, 2 weeks, and 0 weeks before the competition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 84 athletes, 45.2% of athletes (<i>n</i> = 38) were at increased risk of LEA, and 21.4% of athletes (<i>n</i> = 18) were classified as high in eating disorder risk. There were no significant differences in LEA and ED risk between elite and recreational athletes. Among the 11 athletes preparing for competition, 6 athletes (45.5%) were in a state of LEA at the initial stage (4 weeks before the competition), and by the competition week, all 11 athletes exhibited LEA. Additionally, athletes in the LEA group experienced significant reductions in VO₂ and resting metabolic rate at 0 week of the competition compared to 4 weeks prior (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Thyroid function indicators and IGF-1 levels of LEA group also significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). After completing the four-week pre-competition weight loss, heart rate recovery during the special judo fitness test improved significantly in both the LEA and non-LEA groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study identified a risk of LEA among Chinese female combat sport athletes, with no significant difference in the prevalence of LEA between elite and recreational athletes. It is essential for Chinese coaches and sports medicine staff to implement LEA-related nutritional education across all performance levels. Moreover, preventive measures during training are recommended to mitigate the impact of LEA on physiological function during the pre-competition weight loss phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2490170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12013142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of sports nutrition education on awareness and knowledge among physical education majors and workers.","authors":"Kyu-Lim Lee, Jun-Young Sung","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2498485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2498485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the current status and perceptions of nutrition education among sports majors and workers in Korea to provide information that can be utilized in educational curriculums of universities and other external institutions for sports nutrition education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included Korean adults aged over 19 years who majored in physical education at a university. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding demographic characteristics (10 questions), nutritional awareness (20 questions), and the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ, 88 questions). This survey was conducted entirely online using simple random sampling, and 706 responses were included in the final data analysis. An independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted to confirm group differences. Post hoc pairwise comparisons with a Tukey adjustment were conducted. The statistical significance level for all data was set at <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 42% of the participants completed nutrition classes at the university and 19.4% at other institutions. The assessment of their nutritional knowledge level was 3.06   ±   1.08 points (<i>p</i> < 0.001) on a 5-point Likert scale, with participants who had completed nutrition classes scoring higher (<i>p</i> < 0.001).The GNKQ also found that participants who received nutrition classes scored higher in all sections, including the total scores (total score, <i>p</i> = 0.011; one section, <i>p</i> = 0.030; three sections, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nutrition is a crucial aspect that cannot be excluded from physical education. Therefore, government and university institutions must increase lecture hours and hands-on opportunities by incorporating diverse educational curricula in physical education-related departments. This approach will help create a safer and more systematic sports environment and positively impact healthcare policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2498485"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12042232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of 16/8 time-restricted eating on body composition and lipolytic hormone regulation in female DanceSport dancers.","authors":"Xinxin Li, Xian Guo, Yanbing Zhou, Guoxia Cao, Mengmeng Chen, Jinhao Mu","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2513943","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2513943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 16/8 time-restricted eating (TRE) program over 6 weeks on body composition and lipolytic hormone levels in female DanceSport dancers. Importantly, participants were not subject to any calorie restrictions during the study period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 20 female DanceSport dancers were recruited to participate in the randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to either a time-restricted eating group (TRE, <i>n</i> = 10) or a control group (<i>n</i> = 10). The TRE group adhered to a 16/8 time-restricted eating protocol for a period of six weeks, consuming food within an eight-hour window (11:00-19:00) and fasting for 16 hours. The control group was instructed to maintain their usual dietary habits without any intervention. Body composition parameters, including body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM), were measured before and after the intervention. Additionally, serum levels of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), adiponectin (ADPN), leptin (LEP), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and blood lipid profiles (including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG)) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 6 weeks, the TRE group showed significant reductions in FM and BF% compared to baseline (<i>p</i> < 0.01). No significant changes were observed in body weight or FFM (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Regarding blood lipid profiles, HDL-C levels significantly increased in the TRE group (<i>p</i> < 0.05) following the 6-week intervention. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in TC, TG and LDL-C (p>0.05). Hormonal analysis revealed significant changes in the TRE group. Serum levels of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) increased significantly following the intervention (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with E showing a particularly marked increase (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Additionally, serum adiponectin (ADPN) levels were significantly elevated (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while GH, IGF-1 and LEP levels did not show significant changes (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Group-by-time interactions were observed for FM (<i>p</i> < 0.05), BF% (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and E (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Comparisons of baseline and post-intervention dietary data indicated no significant changes in total calorie or macronutrient intake within either the TRE or control groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Time-restricted eating without caloric restriction may offer a promising approach to regulating body composition and promoting lipid metabolism, especially for female DanceSport dancers where maintaining a lean body mass is critical. However, the long - term effects of this approach still warrant continued observation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2513943"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12138934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the non-targeted metabolomic landscape in endurance-trained runners following 10 weeks of different dietary patterns and concomitant training.","authors":"Anna Maria Kripp, Ammar Tahir, Agnes Draxler, Maria Speiser, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Daniel König","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2536139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2536139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Established guidelines recommend carbohydrate-rich diets to optimize performance in endurance sports. However, alternative dietary strategies, such as the low-arbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet, have gained increasing attention due to their potential to influence metabolic flexibility and endurance performance outcomes. In this study, we aim to investigate the combined effects of a LCHF diet, along with low glycemic index (LOW-GI) and high glycemic index (HIGH-GI) diets, in conjunction with regular endurance exercise, on the metabolomic profiles of recreational runners. The classification into LOW-GI and HIGH-GI groups is based on the premise that metabolic regulation, particularly insulin response and glucose metabolism, differs significantly between the consumption of high-glycemic and low-glycemic foods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The participants (<i>n</i> = 49, 28 ± 4 years, BMI: 24.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2, VO2 peak: 56 ± 8 ml/min/kg) were randomly allocated to a LOW-GI (<i>n</i> = 16), a HIGH-GI (<i>n</i> = 16) or a LCHF (<i>n</i> = 17) diet for 10 weeks and the same endurance training intervention. Fasting plasma samples were collected both pre- and post-intervention and were prepared for non-targeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The LCHF diet had a considerable impact on plasma lipids, whereas the respective effects in the LOW-GI and HIGH-GI groups were less pronounced. Specifically, 179 up- or down-regulated metabolites were identified in the LCHF group, 111 in the LOW-GI group, and 139 in the HIGH-GI group. Phospholipids and sphingolipids were found to be the most prominent metabolites in the samples. Furthermore, the regulation of glycerolipids, carnitine, amino acids, and carbon acids exhibited differential patterns across the groups.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>There is evidence to suggest that the LCHF diet enhances fat metabolism, as indicated by increased levels of carnitine and ketone bodies, as well as a downregulation of amino acids. Conversely, the presence of specific carbon acids might diminish carbohydrate metabolism and impair endurance performance. In contrast, the LOW-GI group may have demonstrated augmented metabolic flexibility due to the upregulations of both carnitines and carbon acids in the samples. The elevated glycerolipids content in the HIGH-GI group suggests a potential reduction in fatty acid oxidation due to hyperinsulinemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2536139"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB).","authors":"John A Rathmacher, Lisa M Pitchford, Jeffrey R Stout, Jeremy R Townsend, Ralf Jäger, Richard B Kreider, Bill I Campbell, Chad M Kerksick, Patrick S Harty, Darren G Candow, Brandon M Roberts, Shawn M Arent, Douglas S Kalman, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2434734","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2434734","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on an analysis of the literature regarding the effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB). The following 12 points have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: 1. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine that is naturally produced in both humans and other animals. Two forms of HMB have been studied: Calcium HMB (HMB-Ca) and a free acid form of HMB (HMB-FA). HMB-FA appears to lead to increased appearance of HMB in the bloodstream when compared to HMB-Ca, though recent results are mixed. 2. The available safety/toxicity data suggest that chronic HMB-Ca and HMB-FA consumption are safe for oral HMB supplementation in humans up to at least one year. 3. There are no negative effects of HMB-Ca and HMB-FA on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in humans. There may be improvements in glucose metabolism in younger adults. 4. The primary mode of action of HMB appears to be through its dual mechanism to enhance muscle protein synthesis and suppress muscle protein breakdown. HMB's activation of mTORC1 is independent of the leucine-sensing pathway (Sestrin2-GATOR2 complex). 5. HMB may help reduce muscle damage and promote muscle recovery, which can promote muscle growth/repair. HMB may also have anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to reducing muscle damage and soreness. 6. HMB consumption in close proximity to an exercise bout may be beneficial to increase muscle protein synthesis and attenuate the inflammatory response. HMB can provide a beneficial physiological effect when consumed both acutely and chronically in humans. 7. Daily HMB supplementation (38 mg/kg body weight) in combination with exercise training may improve body composition through increasing lean mass and/or decreasing fat mass with benefits in participants across age, sex, and training status. The most pronounced of these improvements in body composition with HMB have been observed in studies with robust resistance training programs and dietary control. 8. HMB may improve strength and power in untrained individuals, but its performance benefits in trained athletes are mixed and increase with an increase in study duration (&gt;6 weeks). HMB's beneficial effects on athletic performance are thought to be driven by improved recovery. 9. HMB supplementation appears to potentially have a positive impact on aerobic performance, especially in trained athletes. The mechanisms of the effects are unknown. 10. HMB supplementation may be important in a non-exercising sedentary and aging population to improve muscle strength, functionality, and muscle quality. The effects of HMB supplementation with exercise are varied, but the combination may have a beneficial effect on the treatment of age-associated sarcopenia under select conditions. 11. HMB may be effective in countering muscle disuse atrophy during periods of inactivity due to illness or injury. The ","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2434734"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11740297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of time restricted eating and resistance training on body composition and mood profiles among young adults with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Tingting Cui, Yichao Sun, Weibing Ye, Yubo Liu, Mallikarjuna Korivi","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2481127","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2481127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Dietary restriction or exercise regimens can promote weight loss or physical fitness among patients with obesity. However, intervention-associated adverse effects may impede patients' motivation to participate in dietary/exercise interventions. We examined the effects of time restricted eating (TRE) with or without resistance training (RT) on body composition, mood profile, and sleep quality in young college adults with overweight or obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-four young college students with overweight/obesity were randomized into control (CON), TRE, RT, and TRE plus RT (TRE+RT) trials. The TRE trials restricted to an eating window of 10-hour/day for 8-week. The RT trials performed supervised resistance exercise, while the control trial maintained a regular lifestyle. Changes in body composition variables, blood pressure, mood status, and sleep quality were measured before and after the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TRE intervention alone or in combination with RT significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) decreased body weight (>2 kg) and BMI (~1 kg/m²) in adults with overweight/obesity. Both RT alone and combined with TRE substantially decreased fat mass by 1.1 ± 0.5 and 3.2 ± 0.4 kg, respectively. The decreased fat mass was greater in the combination trial than in the RT trial, whereas TRE alone had no effect. In contrast, fat-free mass was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) decreased with TRE (-2.3 ± 06 kg), increased with RT (1.6 ± 0.3 kg), and was stably maintained with combination interventions. The reduced waist and hip circumferences in the TRE (<i>p</i> < 0.01) were similar to those in the TRE+RT trials, however, RT alone had no effect. Time and group interaction showed a large effect size (partial eta squared) for all body composition variables. In addition, RT with or without TRE notably decreased diastolic blood pressure (RT: -5.5 ± 1.9 mmHg, TRE+RT: -4.1 ± 1.5 mmHg, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Mild anxiety levels at baseline in RT (4.8 ± 2.6) and TRE+RT (4.1 ± 3) trials were found to be normal at postintervention in TRE+RT (3.6 ± 1.7) but not in RT (5.6 ± 3.5). No depression or stress was recorded among the participants during the intervention. The reported poor sleep quality among participants at baseline was significantly improved with RT (4.8 ± 2.9; <i>p</i> < 0.05), and tended to improve with TRE+RT interventions (4.5 ± 1.9).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>10-hour TRE is beneficial for weight/fat loss without affecting mood status. However, TRE combined with RT might be more effective for weight/fat loss, maintaining muscle mass, and good quality of sleep among young adults with overweight or obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2481127"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11926902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neither pre-sleep nor post-exercise protein consumption influences resistance exercise training adaptations in older adults.","authors":"Alex O Klemp, Michael J Ormsbee, Mingchia Yeh, Chester M Sokolowski, Do-Houn Kim, Lynn B Panton, Jeong-Su Kim","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2519511","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2519511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Limited data exists that compare pre-sleep versus post-exercise protein intake during resistance exercise training (RET) in older adults. This study examined whether 40 g of protein consumed post-exercise (PRP) or pre-sleep (PSP) enhances muscle thickness (MT) and strength compared to RET alone (RETO) in older men.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty untrained older men (65.7 ± 4.0 yrs) completed 12 weeks of supervised RET (2×/week) and were randomized to PRP (<i>n</i> = 9), PSP (<i>n</i> = 11), or RETO (<i>n</i> = 10). MT of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus intermedius (VI) and 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) for leg and chest press were assessed at weeks 0, 6, and 12.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VL (0 to 12 weeks: + 0.16 cm, 95% C.I. [0.06, 0.25]), RF (0 to 12 weeks: + 0.13 cm, 95% C.I. [0.03, 0.23]), and VI MT (0 to 12 weeks: + 0.18 cm, 95% C.I. [0.05, 0.31]) and chest press (0 to 12 weeks: + 10.9 kg, 95% C.I. [5.50, 16.3]) and leg press (0 to 12 weeks: + 28.3 kg, 95% C.I. [19.63, 37.1]) 1-RM increased (<i>p</i> < 0.050) with no group differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Consuming 40 g of protein post-exercise or pre-sleep did not enhance RET-induced improvements in muscle thickness or strength in older adults with adequate baseline protein intake (≥1.0 g/kg/day). RET alone elicited significant gains, emphasizing that adherence to training and meeting daily protein requirements are more critical than timing strategies for untrained older adults. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05922475, 06/23/2023, retrospectively registered.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2519511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}