Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Acute effect of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on pacing and kinetic expression during shorter and longer bouts of high intensity functional training.","authors":"Gerald T Mangine, Christopher Staples, James W Henley, Ashley Hines, Kristyn C McGeehan, Wysmark Chaves, Wil King, Tiffany A Esmat, John R McLester, Jacob L Grazer","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2529906","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2529906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High-intensity functional training (HIFT) varies daily workout programming, and trainees are often tasked with completing \"as many repetitions as possible\" (AMRAP) within a set time. Successful performance depends on fatigue management skills and maintaining a consistent expression of force and velocity when performing and transitioning between exercises over the duration of the workout. Multi-ingredient pre-workout (MIPS) supplement formulations often contain ingredients shown to facilitate energy availability and mitigate fatigue, and therefore, might positively affect HIFT performance. This study aimed to assess a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement's acute effect on pacing and the expression of kinetics throughout a 5- and 15-minute HIFT-style AMRAP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve men and 10 women (29.3 ± 7.1 years, 171 ± 7 cm, 80.5 ± 15.6 kg) with HIFT experience ( > 2 years) completed four weekly visits, consuming either the supplement (S) or placebo (P) before a 5- or 15-minute AMRAP of rowing (9 or 7 Calories for men and women), six barbell thrusters (43.1 kg and 29.5 kg), and three jumps onto a box (0.61 m and 0.51 m). Video recordings of each workout were analyzed to quantify repetitions completed, volume load (kg), and pace (i.e. time spent on each workout component, repetition completion rate). The expression of kinetics and related factors were quantified during rowing via the ergometer microcomputer (Calories per stroke, power [W], and strokes per minute), during barbell thrusters by a 3D motion tracking system (barbell velocity [m · sec<sup>-1</sup>] and power [W]), and by in-ground force plates during box jumps (peak and mean force [N], time-to-peak force [ms], rate of force development [RFD; N·sec<sup>-1</sup>], and impulse [N·sec]). The averages, standard deviation, and slope across rounds were calculated for all pacing and kinetic variables for separate 3-way (sex × workout durations × supplement conditions) repeated measures analysis of variance comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Men and women completed a greater total volume load (~4.4%, <i>p</i> = 0.009) and repetitions at a faster rate (~2.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.043) during S compared to P and regardless of workout duration. These were best explained by participants completing a greater rowing volume load (~8.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.009) by averaging more powerful strokes (~7.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.005), more consistent transitions to rowing (~11.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.020), and a trend for faster barbell thruster repetition completion rate (~2.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.077). Interestingly, participants varied more across rounds during S (~16.8-29.4%, <i>p</i> < 0.05) in box jump force expression (peak force, mean force, time-to-peak force, and RFD). No other differences were seen between supplement conditions, only expected differences were seen between men and women and between workout durations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although it did not ","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2529906"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of small sided football and date seed (Phoenix dactylifera) powder supplementation on liver enzymes in inactive college subjects: an interventional study.","authors":"Mohammad Mehdi Khaleghi, Abdossaleh Zar, Hamid Reza Sadeghipour","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2532686","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2532686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In recent years, the rising prevalence of metabolic disorders and liver dysfunction due to sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition has become a growing health concern. This study investigates the effects of small sided football (SSF) and date seed powder (DSP) supplementation on liver enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the ALT/AST ratio in inactive college subjects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen inactive male dormitory residents aged 21.53 ± 1.88 years (height: 174.46 ± 4.88 cm, weight: 67.67 ± 11.05 kg), who exclusively consumed university cafeteria meals, participated in two football matches. Between these matches, they consumed 0.25 g/kg of body weight of DSP thrice weekly for four weeks. Blood samples and anthropometric indices were collected before and after each game.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that SSF alone led to a reduction in ALT, ALP, and the ALT/AST ratio, while increasing AST levels (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Furthermore, it was observed that supplementation with DSP resulted in an increase in ALT, AST (<i>p</i> = 0.019), and ALP, along with a decrease in the ALT/AST ratio. Additionally, the findings revealed that SSF following one month of DSP supplementation led to an increase in ALT, AST (<i>p</i> = 0.002), and ALP (<i>p</i> = 0.035), while decreasing the ALT/AST ratio.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Four weeks of supplementation with DSP and SSF can improve liver enzyme levels, such as ALT, AST, and ALP, which indicate physiological adaptation to exercise and the potential impact of supplements on liver metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2532686"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12258177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144618724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of carbohydrate, caffeine, and combined mouth rinses on physiological and perceptual responses during high-intensity interval exercise following a pre-exercise meal: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial.","authors":"Mickey Wai-Kit Suen, Fenghua Sun, Ajmol Ali, Eric Tsz-Chun Poon","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2562977","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2562977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mouth rinsing with carbohydrate (CHO), caffeine (CAF), and their combined (CHO+CAF) solutions has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, most previous studies were conducted under fasted conditions, which may not accurately reflect the typical practices of athletes who generally consume food before intense exercise or competition. This study examined the effects of CHO, CAF, and CHO+CAF mouth rinses on physiological and perceptual responses during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) following a pre-exercise meal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve recreationally active males (age: 23.4 ± 3.2 years) completed four HIIE trials involving 8 bouts of 1-min cycling at 85% of peak power output (PPO), separated by 1-min active recovery at 20% of PPO. Using a double-blinded randomized crossover design, participants rinsed with either 10% maltodextrin (CHO), 1.2% caffeine (CAF), 10% maltodextrin + 1.2% caffeine (CHO+CAF), or water (PLA) twice in each trial (after warm-up and interval 4). All solutions were taste-matched using the artificial sweetener sucralose. A standardized CHO-rich (1 g·kg^-1 body weight) breakfast was provided an hour before testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ratings of perceived exertion were significantly different between conditions after interval 4 (CHO: 12.3 ± 1.6; CAF: 13.5 ± 2.2; CHO+CAF: 12.7 ± 1.7; PLA: 13.7 ± 2.4; <math><mi>p</mi></math> = 0.049, <math><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math> = 0.21), but no significant effects of the mouth rinse conditions were observed on heart rate, blood glucose, blood lactate, affective valence, perceived activation, or affective responses (pleasure, arousal, and dominance) (all <i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest a limited ergogenic benefit of CHO and/or CAF mouth rinse through physiological and perceptual responses following sufficient food intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2562977"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12447459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a turmeric formulation on muscle soreness and function recovery in moderately active adults.","authors":"Katja A Schönenberger, Julie Laval, Trevor Woods, Romain Truillet, Sandra Naranjo-Modad, Samuel Mettler, Pascale Fança-Berthon","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2568048","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2568048","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Turmeric may alleviate exercise-induced muscle soreness (delayed onset muscle soreness) and muscular function loss due to the strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of its active compounds, the curcuminoids. The primary objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of a highly bioavailable turmeric formulation on delayed onset muscle soreness in male adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04946981), 44 moderately active adults (34 males, 10 females, mean [SD] age = 33.7 [6.4] years) ingested a turmeric formulation (300 mg/day, thereof 90 mg of active curcuminoids) or placebo for five days. On the second day, muscle damage was induced with exercise (30 min downhill run at 70% VO₂ max). Immediately before and 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise, muscle soreness during squat on quadriceps (visual analog scale), muscular function (knee extension dynamometer), muscle power (vertical jump test), muscle damage (serum creatine kinase), range of motion (knee flexion), and perceived wellness and wellbeing (questionnaire) were assessed. During exercise, exhaustion was assessed using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion. The primary trial population consisted of the male participants, outcomes in females were considered exploratory. Adjusted least squares means with standard errors (SE) were obtained from mixed models for repeated measures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;There were no significant differences between the turmeric formulation and placebo in muscle soreness area under the curve from pre-exercise to 72 hours post-exercise and at all timepoints, except for a trend observed in males 72 hours after exercise (adjusted mean [SE] for difference from placebo = -4.8 [2.7] mm, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0776). Muscle soreness recovery (difference between soreness at 72 hours and maximal post-exercise soreness) was significantly greater with the turmeric formulation compared to placebo (adjusted mean [SE] for difference from placebo = -10.7% [4.3%], &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0184 for the male participants, and -7.9% [3.6%], &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0346 for the total sample). Furthermore, in males, the decrease from pre-exercise to 24 hours after exercise in isokinetic peak torque was significantly lower with the turmeric formulation (adjusted mean [SE] for difference from placebo = 11.0 [4.9] Nm, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0275), as was the decrease in isokinetic max rep work (adjusted mean [SE] for difference from placebo = 11.6 [4.9] J, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0195), while vertical jump peak power at 24 hours after exercise was higher (median [interquartile range] with the turmeric formulation vs. placebo = 931.1 [825.9; 1001.1] W vs. 916.5 [824.8; 989.5] W, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0445).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Supplementation with the turmeric formulation can accelerate exercise-induced muscle soreness recovery and could attenuate muscular function loss and improve perf","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2568048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12498372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Mohammadyasin Lak, Scott C Forbes, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Sahar Dadkhahfar, Reza Mahmoud Robati, Farshid Nezakati, Makan Khajevandi, Sara Naseri, Arvin Gerafiani, Neda Haghighat, Jose Antonio, Grant M Tinsley","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Creatine is a widely used ergogenic aid that enhances muscle strength and lean mass. However, concerns have been raised about the potential role in promoting hair loss by increasing dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Currently, there is no direct evidence examining the relationship between creatine supplementation and hair follicle health. Therefore, the purpose was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of creatine supplementation on androgen levels and hair follicle health in healthy young males.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-five resistance-trained males (ages 18-40 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to either a creatine monohydrate (5 g/day) or placebo (5 g maltodextrin/day) group. Participants maintained their habitual diets and training routines. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks to measure total testosterone, free testosterone, and DHT. Hair follicle health was assessed using the Trichogram test and the FotoFinder system (hair density, follicular unit count, and cumulative hair thickness). Statistical analyses were performed using repeated measures ANOVA, and potential outliers were examined through sensitivity analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-eight participants completed the study, with no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. There were no group-by-time interactions observed for any hormones or hair-related outcomes (<i>p</i> > 0.05). While total testosterone increased (∆ = post value minus pre value: creatine = ∆124   ±   149 ng/dL; placebo = ∆216   ±   203 ng/dL) and free testosterone decreased (creatine = ∆-9.0   ±   8.7 pg/mL; placebo = ∆-9   ±   6.4 pg/mL) over time, these effects were independent of supplementation. There were no significant differences in DHT levels, DHT-to-testosterone ratio, or hair growth parameters between the creatine and placebo groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study was the first to directly assess hair follicle health following creatine supplementation, providing strong evidence against the claim that creatine contributes to hair loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2495229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The birth of modern sports nutrition: tracing the path from muscle biopsies to creatine supplementation-A narrative review.","authors":"Jeffrey R Stout, Richard B Kreider, Darren G Candow, Scott C Forbes, Eric S Rawson, Brandi Antonio, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2463373","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2463373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Modern sports nutrition has evolved through discoveries in muscle metabolism and dietary supplementation. Advances in muscle biopsy techniques revealed how diet influences muscle energetics and exercise performance. The establishment of the Metabolic Research Laboratory provided a platform for further investigation, leading to the identification of creatine monohydrate (CrM) as an effective ergogenic aid. This review outlines the historical development of sports nutrition research from the 1960s to the early 1990s, highlighting key breakthroughs in muscle glycogen metabolism, dietary interventions, and creatine supplementation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative review that combined personal accounts with seminal research studies. This approach allowed us to examine the contributions of Drs. Jonas Bergström and Eric Hultman-founders of the Metabolic Research Laboratory-as well as the early work of their postdoctoral colleague, Dr. Roger Harris.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Muscle biopsy techniques enabled direct analysis of muscle metabolism, leading to insights into glycogen depletion and recovery. The Metabolic Research Laboratory advanced our understanding of muscle energetics and informed dietary strategies for enhancing performance. In 1992, the rediscovery of CrM supplementation demonstrated its capacity to increase intramuscular creatine levels, significantly improving exercise performance and recovery. These breakthroughs reshaped sports nutrition and expanded its relevance to clinical and aging populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The progression from early muscle metabolism research to the validation of CrM supplementation underscores how foundational laboratory discoveries have shaped modern sports nutrition. The work of the Metabolic Research Laboratory and its key investigators continues to inform applications in both performance enhancement and clinical health.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2463373"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11837910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations.","authors":"Darren G Candow, Sergej M Ostojic, Philip D Chilibeck, Igor Longobardi, Bruno Gualano, Mark A Tarnopolsky, Theo Wallimann, Terence Moriarty, Richard B Kreider, Scott C Forbes, Uwe Schlattner, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The biological process of aging is typically associated with a decrease in muscle quantity, muscle performance (primarily strength), bone mass and architecture, functionality and neurological/cognitive function. From a healthy aging perspective, interventions that have the potential to overcome or attenuate these decrements are clinically relevant.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative review on the efficacy of creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM) in older adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Accumulating research shows that CrM, primarily when combined with exercise training, is safe and has beneficial effects on measures of whole-body lean body mass, regional muscle size, muscle strength, bone area and thickness, functional ability, glucose kinetics, cognition and memory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CrM has multiple benefits in older adults and may have application for treating age-related sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty, and those with metabolic and neuromuscular disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2534130"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12272710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proceedings of the International creatine conference 2025 - Munich, Germany.","authors":"Diego A Bonilla, Jeffrey R Stout, Richard B Kreider","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2536389","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2536389","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2536389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creatine and post-viral fatigue syndrome: an update.","authors":"Sergej M Ostojic, Daren G Candow, Mark A Tarnopolsky","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2517278","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2517278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-viral fatigue syndrome, classified as a neurological condition by the WHO (ICD-11 code: 8E49), manifests as persistent fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and post-exertional malaise following viral infections. It shares commonalities with chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis but is distinct due to its association with preceding viral events. Emerging research identifies bioenergetic disruptions, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired creatine metabolism, as key contributors. Recent studies suggest creatine supplementation may alleviate symptoms and improve energy metabolism. This narrative review summarizes recent advancements in utilizing creatine as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for post-viral fatigue syndrome and explores future directions for its application in managing this perplexing condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2517278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety of creatine supplementation: analysis of the prevalence of reported side effects in clinical trials and adverse event reports.","authors":"Richard B Kreider, Drew E Gonzalez, Kelly Hines, Adriana Gil, Diego A Bonilla","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individual studies have indicated that creatine supplementation is generally well tolerated and not associated with clinically significant side effects. Nevertheless, anecdotal reports about side effects persist primarily from popular and social media and on the Internet.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated side effects reported from 685 human clinical trials on creatine supplementation, worldwide adverse event report (AER) databases, and performed a social media sentiment analysis. The presence of side effects (No, Yes) in studies was evaluated using chi-squared analysis. The frequency of side effects among study participants was evaluated using a multivariate analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 13,452 participants in 652 studies ingested placebos (PLA), while 12,839 participants in 685 studies consumed creatine (Cr). Nearly all studies (95%) provided CrM at an average dose of 0.166 [0.159, 0.173] g/kg/d (about 12.5 g/d) for 64.7 [52.0, 77.3] days in studies lasting up to 14 yrs. Side effects were reported in 13.2% of studies in the PLA groups and 13.7% of studies in the Cr-supplemented groups, with no significant differences observed between the groups (<i>p</i> = 0.776). There was a slightly higher percentage of studies reporting gastrointestinal (GI) issues (PLA 4.3%, Cr 4.9%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and muscle cramping/pain (PLA 0.9%, Cr 2.9%, <i>p</i> = 0.008) with Cr supplementation, but not when the total number of participants in these studies was evaluated (muscle cramping/pain: PLA 0.07%, Cr 0.52%, <i>p</i> = 0.085; GI issues: PLA 4.05%, Cr 5.51%, <i>p</i> = 0.820). Additionally, there was no significant multivariate difference among the 49 side effects evaluated (<i>p</i> = 0.340), no significant difference in the total frequency of side effects reported among participants (PLA 4.21%, Cr 4.60%, <i>p</i> = 0.828), and no significant differences in any of the other side effect evaluated that included markers of renal function and health. The percentage prevalence of side effects was small, with differences between groups generally within ± 0.5%. Analysis of 28.4 million AERs revealed that the mention of Cr was rare (0.00072%), 46.3% of CAERS had no Cr in the products listed, and 63% of AERs with Cr in the product involved the use of other types of Cr or ingestion with other supplements or drugs. The overall sentiment analysis was neutral about perceptions of Cr, although those with strong perceptions about Cr were slightly more negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results demonstrate that Cr supplementation does not increase the prevalence or frequency of side effects when compared to participants ingesting PLA. Therefore, claims that Cr supplementation increases the risk of side effects are unfounded.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2488937"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11983583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}