Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Multicomponent body composition of university club sport athletes.","authors":"Dale R Wagner, Edward M Heath, Sara A Harper, Elizabeth A Cafferty, Masaru Teramoto, Alyssa Evans, Tate Burch, Jacob McBride, Steven Spencer, Michael N Vakula","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2446575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2446575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The body composition of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes is well documented but no such data exist for university club sports athletes. Additionally, the majority of norms for NCAA athletes were created from individual methods requiring assumptions.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study used a four-component (4C) model to measure the body composition of university club sports athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected on club athletes participating in baseball, climbing, cycling, figure skating, gymnastics, ice hockey, lacrosse, pickleball, powerlifting, racquetball, rodeo, rugby, soccer, swimming, ultimate, and volleyball. The 4C model consisted of body volume, total body water, and bone mineral content measured by air displacement plethysmography, bioimpedance spectroscopy, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Percentile ranks were created for body fat percentage (%BF) and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Mean differences across teams were quantified with Cohen's <i>d</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 225 athletes (137 men, 88 women) completed data collection. Athletes varied in competitive experience (1 to 22 y) and body mass index (16.9 to 36.4 kg·m^-2). The density of the FFM was significantly greater than the assumed value of 1.100 g·cm^-3 for both men (<i>p</i> = .043) and women (<i>p</i> = .011). The %BF ranged from 4.9% to 35.7% (14.3 ± 5.8% BF) for men and from 15.5% to 42.8% (25.2 ± 6.0% BF) for women. FFMI ranged from 15.6 kg·m^-2 to 26.8 kg·m^-2 (30.0 kg·m^-2 outlier removed) for men and from 14.1 kg·m^-2 to 22.6 kg·m^-2 for women. Differences across sports in %BF and FFMI were considered large-sized effects (<i>d</i> ≥ 0.80) for both men and women. Weight-sensitive sports (e.g. cycling and climbing) had the lightest athletes and were among the leanest, whereas power athletes (e.g. powerlifting and rugby) were among the heaviest athletes and had the highest FFMI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Differences in %BF and FFMI are evident across sports. Due to the small sample size, use caution when interpreting the data as reference values for club sports athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2446575"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caffeine supplementation improved movement patterns and reactive agility in rugby sevens matches in male collegiate players.","authors":"Chang-Li Hsueh, Cheng-Yen Sun, Chen-Kang Chang","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2441763","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2441763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Rugby sevens is a high-intensity contact sport often played in two-day tournaments. Caffeine is widely used by rugby players for its performance-enhancing effects. This study aimed to investigate the impact of caffeine supplementation on various performance metrics, including distance covered at different speeds, acceleration, deceleration, collisions, and repeated high-intensity efforts across four matches over two consecutive days in collegiate male rugby sevens players. Reactive agility, a key performance attribute in rugby sevens, was also assessed before each match.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A position-matched, double-blind, randomized crossover design was employed, with six male collegiate rugby players (mean height: 1.78 ± 0.09 m, mean weight: 81.3 ± 9.2 kg, mean age: 21.5 ± 0.8 years) participating in two trials. Each trial consisted of a two-day tournament, with two matches per day. Performance was monitored using global positioning system units to track distance covered in various speed zones, as well as total distance, frequency of acceleration, deceleration, collisions, and repeated high-intensity efforts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that in the placebo trial, participants covered significantly more distance at a walking pace (0-6 km/h) in match 4 compared to match 3 (match 3: 480.3 ± 32.7 m; match 4: 629.4 ± 21.3 m, <i>p</i> < 0.001, d = 0.117). In the caffeine trial, players covered significantly more distance at a jogging pace (6-12 km/h) in match 4 compared to the placebo trial (caffeine: 405.9 ± 9.8 m; placebo: 303.6 ± 20.2 m, <i>p</i> = 0.015, d = 1.693). Reactive agility was significantly better in the caffeine trial before match 3 (caffeine trial: 1.80 ± 0.17 s; placebo trial: 2.07 ± 0.18 s, <i>p</i> = 0.038, d = 0.858).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Caffeine supplementation at 3 mg/kg may increase jogging and reduce walking and standing in the final match of a two-day rugby sevens tournament, while also improving reactive agility on the second day. This suggests that by mitigating fatigue in the later stages of the tournament, caffeine allowed players to shift from low-intensity activities to higher-intensity efforts. These adjustments may improve both offensive and defensive performance during rugby sevens matches. Therefore, rugby sevens players could benefit from taking caffeine supplements in the later stages of 2-day tournaments to optimize their performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2441763"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between salivary /microbiological parameters, oral health and eating habits in young athletes.","authors":"Domenico Tripodi, Alessia Cosi, Rosita Valloreo, Domenico Fulco, Marco Tieri, Lavinia Alberi Auber, Simonetta D'Ercole","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2443018","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2443018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Athletes' oral health can impact overall well-being and sports performance. This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between eating habits and oral health of 120 young athletes as compared to 30 age-matched individuals not practicing sports based on a questionnaire and the analysis of saliva.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred twenty subjects practicing various sports activities (test group) and 30 subjects not practicing sports (control group) were selected. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain personal data, hours and frequency of weekly training, complete pathological history, history of hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity, family history, and oral hygiene practices. The eating habits of the young participants were analyzed by investigating the number of daily meals; use and frequency in sports practice of supplements/energy drinks, fruit/juices, snacks, chocolate; daily diet; and differences between usual diet and pre-competition diet. At baseline (T0), each participant was clinically assessed for the determination of the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), Silness & Löe Plaque Index (PI), and the Löe & Silness Gingival Index (GI) and qualitative analysis for the presence/absence of stains and dental erosions. At T0, before (T1) and after training sessions (T2), saliva was collected to determine resting pH, <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, and <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp counts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Test groups were trained more than 2 h, 5 times a week. Soccer players and skiers had a high percentage of caries; water polo players demonstrated the highest percentage of erosions and dental stains. Salivary resting pH showed statistically different values in three different observations between the groups. <i>S. mutans</i> was harbored by 60% of soccer and 70% of water polo players, while <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp in 43.33% of the swimmers and soccer players. Combining all the 56 variables including the clinical examination, self-reported parameters, and salivary analysis, we have identified water polo players as a distinct at-risk group for developing dental defects, expressed as an aggregate disease score. In particular, we have found that energy snacks/chocolate intake is strongly associated with ratio of <i>S. mutans</i>/<i>Lactobacillus</i> spp and that <i>S. mutans</i> is linked to dental defects (<i>R</i> = 0.88). Linear regression analysis indicates that energy snacks/chocolate intake in the study population represents a strong driver for oral dysbiosis and dental disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study clearly shows that athletes should follow a balanced diet that not only satisfies their nutritional needs but also avoids oral dysbiosis and subsequent dental damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2443018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11660304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effect of nitrate and L-arginine intake on aerobic, anaerobic performance, balance, agility, and recovery in elite taekwondo athletes.","authors":"Zafer Kavcı, Murat Ozan, Yusuf Buzdağlı, Adem Savaş, Halil Uçar","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2445609","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2445609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Taekwondo is a complex martial art that requires speed, balance, agility, and endurance. This study aims to examine the effects of nitrate and L-arginine supplementation on acute aerobic and anaerobic performance, balance, agility, and recovery in elite taekwondo athletes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study was conducted as a double-blind, randomized, crossover study with the participation of 15 experienced taekwondo athletes aged 19.06 ± 0.96 years and 8.93 ± 1.27 years of training experience. Participants visited the laboratory a total of nine times, including a practice session and anthropometric measurements. These visits consisted of eight experimental sessions conducted at 72-hour intervals. The experimental sessions were conducted with nitrate, L-arginine, and a combination of both supplements (NIT*L-ARG) and placebo. Nitrate supplementation was provided by homogenizing fresh spinach (837.40 mg/kg), while L-ARG was given as a single dose of 6 g in powder form three hours before exercise.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NIT*L-ARG supplementation significantly improved the anaerobic performance of athletes in Wingate peak power and peak power (w/kg) compared to placebo and in mean power compared to NIT, L-ARG, and PLA. In addition, NIT*L-ARG supplementation significantly improved blood lactate levels and agility performance immediately after Wingate and Shuttle run tests.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combined intake of NIT*L-ARG was found to be effective in improving aerobic, anaerobic, and agility performances as well as fatigue levels of athletes. It was determined that taking NIT and L-ARG supplements alone contributed to the improvement of improving athletes' performance in Wingate mean power values and subsequent fatigue level compared to PLA.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2445609"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the impact of competition weight loss on gut microbiota: alterations in diversity, composition, and predicted metabolic functions.","authors":"Anastasiia Driuchina, Ville Isola, Juha J Hulmi, Vera M Salmi, Jukka Hintikka, Juha P Ahtiainen, Satu Pekkala","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2474561","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2474561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Competitive sports and sports nutrition, popular among amateur athletes aiming for a lean physique, have limited research on gut microbiota.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a 46-week study to analyze the consequences of fat loss and diet restrictions in 23 fitness athletes who prepared for a physique competition. Body composition, dietary intakes, serum cytokines and chemokines, and fecal samples were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fat loss through caloric restriction and aerobic exercise led to an increased phylogenetic diversity of gut microbiota and changes in the composition of gut microbiota, with <i>Faecalibacterium</i>, Lachnospiraceae, <i>Bacteroides</i>, and <i>Intestinimonas</i> showing altered abundances. Fat loss also changed the predicted microbial functions responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Consumption of energy, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals, and various fatty acids decreased during the preparation for the competition, which was partly associated with changes in gut microbiota. Several cytokine levels decreased (IL1a, IL1b, IL10, and TFNα), and certain chemokine levels increased (GROa and RANTES). During the 23-week regain period after the competition, gut microbiota showed signs of recovery, with increased diversity compared to pre- and post-competition measurements. Most taxonomic changes returned to their baseline levels after the regain period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study highlights the dynamic nature of gut microbiota and its response to fat loss and regain in non-obese fitness/physique competitors and provides novel insights into how competitive sports and sports nutrition can influence the gut ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2474561"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elite collegiate swimmers do not meet sport nutrition recommendations during heavy training: effects of sex and within-day nutrient timing.","authors":"Emily A Lundstrom, Mary Jane De Souza, Keiona M Khen, Nancy I Williams","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2494846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2494846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Compared to the general population, athletes experience high energy expenditures requiring increased energy and macronutrient intakes to sustain training and optimize performance. While the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Society for Sports Nutrition (ISSN) have established recommendations for nutrient intakes, many athletes do not meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the general population, and sport and sex-specific differences are not well documented. Exploration of within-day energy balance (WDEB) shows athletes may achieve energy balance by the end of the day but may present with poor WDEB. Data support that female athletes are at greater risk of nutrient deficiencies than their male counterparts, and it is unclear whether swimmers meet sport-specific nutrient intake and timing recommendations. Following our previous WDEB analysis, the purpose of this investigation was to assess dietary macronutrient intake as related to RDAs (USDA and IOC/ISSN), within-day macronutrient timing, and associated sex differences in swimmers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In elite male and female swimmers (<i>n</i> = 25; 18-22 yr), we assessed energy intake (EI), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), macronutrient intake (fat (FAT), protein (PRO), carbohydrate (CHO)) and timing during heavy training. Frequency analysis was utilized to determine the number of athletes meeting general and athlete-specific RDAs. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess nutrient timing across sex groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When compared to IOC/ISSN daily recommendations, only 6/25 swimmers met FAT intake, 7/25 met CHO intake, and 24/25 met PRO intake IOC/ISSN daily recommendations.Males had greater EI and TDEE compared to females (<i>p</i> < 0.05). PRO consumption (% of EI) was a larger percentage of total intake in male vs females (28 ± 5% vs 23 ± 3%; F = 2.996; <i>p</i> = 0.014). No swimmers met CHO recommendations (g⋅kg^-1) pre- or during exercise for the first daily training session. 13/25 met pre-exercise CHO recommendations, while 6/25 and 11/25 met during and post-exercise CHO recommendations for the second training session. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed effects of sex and time on intake (g⋅kg LBM^-1⋅hr^-1) for FAT (Sex; F = 5.659, <i>p</i> = 0.26; time; F = 12.068, <i>p</i> = 0.006) and PRO (Sex; F = 6.719, <i>p</i> = 0.016; time; F = 13.177, <i>p</i> = 0.011). There was a significant sex*time interaction for CHO consumption (F = 6.520, <i>p</i> = 0.017).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results from this study demonstrate significant sex-differences, indicating that most swimmers meet athlete-specific recommendations for PRO, but not CHO or FAT intake. CHO timing for pre-, during, and post-exercise was met by only 52% swimmers. Results suggest that swimmers should prioritize CHO intake, emphasized around and during training bouts.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2494846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is lean mass quantity or quality the determinant of maximal fat oxidation capacity? The potential mediating role of cardiorespiratory fitness.","authors":"Edgardo Opazo-Díaz, Juan Corral-Pérez, Alejandro Pérez-Bey, Alberto Marín-Galindo, Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García, María Rebollo-Ramos, Daniel Velázquez-Díaz, Cristina Casals, Jesús-Gustavo Ponce-González","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2455011","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2455011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Impaired fat oxidation is linked to cardiometabolic risk. Maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) reflects metabolic flexibility and is influenced by lean mass, muscle strength, muscle quality - defined as the ratio of strength to mass - and cardiorespiratory fitness. The relationship between these factors and fat oxidation is not fully understood. The aim is to analyze the associations of lean-mass, muscle strength and quality with fat oxidation parameters in young adults, considering the mediating role of VO₂max.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional observational study. Eighty-one adults (50 males, 31 females; age 22.8 ± 4.4, BMI 25.70 ± 5.75, lean-mass 54.19 ± 8.78, fat-mass 18.66 ± 11.32) Body composition assessment by bioimpedance determine fat and lean-mass. Indirect calorimetry at rest and exercise was used for the calculation of fat oxidation. An incremental exercise protocol in a cycle ergometer with two consecutive phases was performed. The first to determine MFO consisted of 3 min steps of 15W increments with a cadence of 60rpm. The test was stopped when RQ ≥ 1. After 5 min rest, a phase to detect VO₂max began with steps of 15W/min until exhaustion. Muscular strength was assessed by handgrip dynamometry and the standing longitudinal jump test. A strength cluster was calculated with handgrip and long jump adjusted by sex and age. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and mediation analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total lean-mass and leg lean-mass were not associated with MFO. Long jump, relativized by lean-mass and by leg lean-mass have a standardized indirect effect on MFO of 0.50, CI: 0.32-0.70, on MFO/lean-mass 0.43, CI:0.27-0.60 and MFO/leg lean-mass 0.44, CI: 0.30-0.06, which VO₂max mediated, VO₂max/lean-mass and VO₂max/leg lean-mass, respectively (all <i>p</i> < 0.01). The handgrip/arm lean-mass had an indirect effect of 0.25 (CI: 0.12-0.38) on MFO/leg lean-mass, with VO₂max/leg lean-mass as the mediator (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The Cluster/lean-mass and Cluster/Extremities lean-mass have a standardized indirect effect on MFO/lean-mass (0.34, CI: 0.20-0.48) and MFO/leg lean-mass (0.44, CI: 0.28-0.60), mediated by VO2max/lean-mass and VO2max/leg lean-mass (<i>p</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Muscular strength and quality have an indirect effect on MFO mediated by VO₂max. These findings suggest the importance of muscle quality on MFO.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2455011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new estimation equation to assess body composition in an athletic population.","authors":"Meghan K Magee, Jennifer B Fields, Angela Miller, Andrew R Jagim, Debra Stroiney, Brittanie Lockard, Margaret T Jones","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2504578","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2504578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research has shown air displacement plethysmography (ADP) to be a valid and reliable alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the general population; however, its validity and reliability indicate conflicting evidence in an athletic population. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel estimation equation using body density obtained from ADP in an athletic population to assess body fat percent (BF%) more accurately.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred and thirty (males, <i>n</i> = 69; females, <i>n</i> = 61) National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes participated in this study. Thirty athletes were randomly withheld for the hold-out sample, and the remaining 100 athletes were used in the development of the equation. Body composition was evaluated using ADP and DXA. Linear regression was used to develop a new prediction equation (Equation 1) with body density (ADP) as the independent variable and BF% (DXA) as the dependent variable. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to identify differences between ADP-Brozek, DXA, and Equation 1. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were assessed to evaluate the reliability of the equation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significance was set to <i>p</i> < 0.05. Linear regression was conducted to create Equation 1, which explained 90.5% of the variance. ADP-Brozek reported lower BF% than Equation 1 (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the development and hold-out samples; however, BF% from Equation 1 and DXA were not different from each other (<i>p</i> = 0.999). ICCs were strong in both samples (original sample: ICC = 0.975, <i>p</i> < 0.001; hold-out sample: ICC = 0.964, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The newly proposed equation may be used with ADP measurements to interpret BF% in an athletic population.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2504578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary supplement use and knowledge among athletes: prevalence, compliance with AIS classification, and awareness of certification programs.","authors":"Anna Broniecka, Aleksandra Sarachman, Aleksandra Zagrodna, Anna Książek","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2496450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2496450","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The use of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes, with intake influenced by factors such as sport-discipline, competitive level, and gender. The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) has categorized supplements based on scientific evidence regarding their efficacy and safety. Despite extensive global research on dietary supplement use among athletes, data on Polish athletes remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate supplement use among Polish athletes, considering their competitive level and gender. Additionally, it assessed whether athletes select supplements in accordance with the AIS classification and examined their awareness of supplement certification programs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This cross-sectional study included 659 Polish athletes (309 women, 350 men) from various sports, representing both professional (57.7%) and nonprofessional (42.3%) levels. An online questionnaire was used to assess dietary supplement consumption, sources of information regarding supplementation, and knowledge of anti-doping and supplement certification programs. Supplement use was categorized according to the AIS classification (Groups A - D). Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and Mann - Whitney U tests, were conducted to evaluate differences between professional and nonprofessional athletes, as well as between male and female participants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A high prevalence of dietary supplement use (91.1%) was observed among Polish athletes, with no significant differences between professional (95.8%) and nonprofessional (94.3%) athletes or between men (92.0%) and women (90.0%). The most frequently consumed supplements were sports drinks (63.9%), electrolyte supplements (51.6%), and isolated protein supplements (54.6%), vitamin D (71.6%), vitamin C (59.8%), with significantly higher intake among professional athletes. Male athletes were more likely than females to consume caffeine (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), creatine (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and β-alanine (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). Melatonin use was significantly higher among professionals (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). Awareness of WADA regulations was moderate (72.7%), but knowledge of supplement certification programs was low, with only 18.2% of professional athletes familiar with Informed Sport, and 10.7% with the Cologne List. Social media was the most common source of supplement information (41.9%), while only 17.6% of athletes consulted qualified specialists in sports nutrition and supplementation area.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;This study highlights the widespread use of dietary supplements among Polish athletes, irrespective of competitive level or gender. While many athletes select supplements from AIS Group A, their knowledge of AIS classification and supplement certification programs remains limited. The high reliance on social media for supplement information, combined with the lack of professional guidance, underscores the ","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2496450"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12016268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrition and weight cut strategies for mixed martial arts and other combat sports.","authors":"Anthony A Ricci, Cassandra Evans, Charles Stull, Corey A Peacock, Duncan N French, Jeffery R Stout, David H Fukuda, Paul La Bounty, Douglas Kalman, Andrew J Galpin, Jaime Tartar, Sarah Johnson, Richard B Kreider, Chad M Kerksick, Bill I Campbell, Aaron Jeffery, Chris Algieri, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2467909","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2467909","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Following an extensive literature review, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) has developed an official position on nutritional and weight cut strategies for combat sports. The type of combat sport, length of the fight camp, and time between weigh-in and competition are factors influencing nutritional and weight cut strategies. The following 16 points constitute the Position Statement of the Society; the Research Committee has approved them. 1. Combat sports have differing weight categories, official weigh-in times, and competition frequencies, influencing the nutritional and weight cut strategies for training and competition. 2. As the duration of a combat match increases, &gt;4 min, contribution of the aerobic system can rise to &gt;70%, yet anaerobic alactic pathways and anaerobic glycolytic pathways support high-output bursts. 3. During the off camp/general preparation phase, athletes should maintain a weight ranging 12% to 15% above the weight division requirement. 4. Supplements including creatine, beta-alanine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, and caffeine have been shown to enhance performance and/or recovery during preparation phases, competition, and post-competition. 5. During fight camp, strategic decreases in calorie intake are necessary for an efficient longitudinal weight descent. Individual caloric needs can be determined using indirect calorimetry or validated equations such as Mifflin St. Jeor or Cunningham. 6. Protein should be prioritized during longitudinal weight descents to preserve lean body mass, and the timely delivery of carbohydrates supports training demands. Macronutrients should not drop below the following: carbohydrates 3.0-4.0 g/kg, protein 1.2-2.0 g/kg, and fat 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg/day. 7. Suitable losses in body mass range from 6.7% at 72 h, 5.7% at 48 h, and 4.4% at 24 h, prior to weigh-in. 8. Sodium restriction and water loading are effective for inducing polyuria and acute water loss. 9. During fight week, water-bound glycogen stores can be depleted through exercise and carbohydrate restriction, facilitating a 1% to 2% loss in body mass, with equivalent losses from a low-fiber intake of &lt;10 g/day for 4 days. 10. During fight week, acute water loss strategies, including sauna, hot water immersion, and mummy wraps, can be used effectively with appropriate supervision (optimally ~2-4% of body mass within 24 h of weigh-in). 11. Post-weigh-in, rapid weight gain strategies are utilized to recover lost body fluid/mass before competition with the intent of gaining a competitive advantage. 12. Oral rehydration solutions (1 to 1.5 liters/h) combined with a sodium range of 50-90 mmol/dL should take precedence immediately post-weigh-in. 13. Fast-acting carbohydrates at a tolerable rate of ≤ 60 g/h should follow oral rehydration solutions. Post weigh-in intake of fiber should be limited to avoid gastrointestinal distress. 14. Post-weigh-in carbohydrate intake at 8-12 g/kg may be appropriate for combat athlet","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2467909"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}