Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"The effect of acute beetroot juice consumption prior to climbing on lower-body isokinetic and isometric strength, aerobic power, and muscle soreness among mountain climbers.","authors":"Alireza Daneshparvar, Mohammad Hemmatinafar, Mohsen Salesi, Rasoul Rezaei, Babak Imanian, Sepideh Pirmohammadi","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2502656","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2502656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Beetroot juice (BRJ) contains various bioactive compounds which can enhance athletes\" performance. However, there is a limited number of studies assessing the effects of BRJ on climbers\" performance and indicators of muscle soreness (MS). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of consuming beetroot juice acutely before climbing on lower-body isokinetic and isometric strength, aerobic power, and muscle soreness in mountain climbers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study, 27 climbers (14 males and 13 females) were divided into three groups: Control (CON), Placebo (PLA), and Beetroot Juice (BRJ), with 9 participants in each group. The study evaluated swelling around the thigh (Sw-T), pressure pain threshold (PPT), isokinetic and isometric strength, horizontal jump (HJ), wall-sit, handgrip strength (HGS), flexibility, and the Queen's College Step test. Testing occurred in three sessions: baseline, climbing, and posttest. At baseline, all participants completed the full battery of tests at Shiraz University. One week later, during the climbing session, they consumed 70 mL of BRJ (400 mg nitrate), PLA, or water 2.5 hours before ascending to 3720 meters. Functional tests (HJ, wall-sit, and estimated VO₂<sub>max</sub>) were performed at the altitude. After completing these tests, participants immediately descended the mountain. DOMS was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) for the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius muscles at the following time points: 2 hours before climbing, and 0 (immediately), 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after descending. The posttest session, held 72 hours after descending, repeated all baseline assessments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed a statistically significant decrease in DOMS in the gastrocnemius muscles 24 hours post-descending in the BRJ group compared to the control group (<i>p</i> = 0.003, pEta<sup>2</sup> = 0.204). However, no changes in DOMS were observed for the quadriceps (<i>p</i> = 0.090, pEta<sup>2</sup> = 0.090) and hamstring (<i>p</i> = 0.254, pEta<sup>2</sup> = 0.056) muscles. Moreover, notable improvements were observed in PPT (<i>p</i> = 0.001, pEta<sup>2</sup> = 0.374), Estimated VO<sub>2max</sub> (<i>p</i> = 0.016, pEta<sup>2</sup> = 0.291), HGS (<i>p</i> = 0.004, pEta<sup>2</sup> = 0.270), flexibility (<i>p</i> = 0.003, pEta<sup>2</sup> = 0.407), HJ (<i>p</i> = 0.008, pEta2 = 0.155), and isokinetic (peak torque, average power and rate of force development) and isometric (Maximum voluntary isometric contraction) strength indicators in the BRJ groups compare to the other groups (p˂0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in Sw-T between groups (<i>p</i> = 0.305).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study suggested that acute consumption of BRJ before climbing improves climbers' lower-body isokinetic and isometric strength, power, and endurance performance, an","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2502656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12054565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Part II. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?","authors":"Jose Antonio, Ann F Brown, Darren G Candow, Philip D Chilibeck, Stacey J Ellery, Scott C Forbes, Bruno Gualano, Andrew R Jagim, Chad Kerksick, Richard B Kreider, Sergej M Ostojic, Eric S Rawson, Michael D Roberts, Hamilton Roschel, Abbie E Smith-Ryan, Jeffrey R Stout, Mark A Tarnopolsky, Trisha A VanDusseldorp, Darryn S Willoughby, Tim N Ziegenfuss","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2441760","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2441760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM) is a safe and effective intervention for improving certain aspects of sport, exercise performance, and health across the lifespan. Despite its evidence-based pedigree, several questions and misconceptions about CrM remain. To initially address some of these concerns, our group published a narrative review in 2021 discussing the scientific evidence as to whether CrM leads to water retention and fat accumulation, is a steroid, causes hair loss, dehydration or muscle cramping, adversely affects renal and liver function, and if CrM is safe and/or effective for children, adolescents, biological females, and older adults. As a follow-up, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate additional questions and misconceptions about CrM. These include but are not limited to: 1. Can CrM provide muscle benefits without exercise? 2. Does the timing of CrM really matter? 3. Does the addition of other compounds with CrM enhance its effectiveness? 4. Does CrM and caffeine oppose each other? 5. Does CrM increase the rates of muscle protein synthesis or breakdown? 6. Is CrM an anti-inflammatory intervention? 7. Can CrM increase recovery following injury, surgery, and/or immobilization? 8. Does CrM cause cancer? 9. Will CrM increase urine production? 10. Does CrM influence blood pressure? 11. Is CrM safe to consume during pregnancy? 12. Does CrM enhance performance in adolescents? 13. Does CrM adversely affect male fertility? 14. Does the brain require a higher dose of CrM than skeletal muscle? 15. Can CrM attenuate symptoms of sleep deprivation? 16. Will CrM reduce the severity of and/or improve recovery from traumatic brain injury? Similar to our 2021 paper, an international team of creatine research experts was formed to perform a narrative review of the literature regarding CrM to formulate evidence-based responses to the aforementioned misconceptions involving CrM.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2441760"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward promoting performance nutrition behaviors among tactical athletes: a mixed methods study.","authors":"Bradley Baker, Julia Carins, Rosa Peterson, Regina Belski, Matthew B Cooke","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2492186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2492186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Appropriate and adequate nutrition is essential for the health and performance of tactical athletes, including army recruits and trainees. However, previous research shows they commonly experience suboptimal intakes of energy and carbohydrate. To date, little research has been conducted to understand the causes of their poor dietary intakes. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess infantry trainees' dietary intakes and (2) explore their beliefs, barriers, and self-efficacy toward performance nutrition using the Health Belief Model (HBM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants undergoing their 17-week Australian Army Infantry Initial Employment Training (Infantry IET) were recruited. During weeks 1 and 17, self-reported dietary intakes were assessed, and four focus groups were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean daily energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes were 7864 ± 1135 kJ, 1.8 ± 0.6 g/kg, and 1.5 ± 0.3 g/kg, respectively, in week 1, and 9084 ± 2535 kJ/day, 2.2 ± 1.1 g/kg and 1.5 ± 0.2 g/kg, respectively, in week 17. Three themes and seven subthemes were developed from the focus group data, falling under the following HBM domains: Cues to Action, Perceived Barriers, and Self-Efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Infantry trainees' ability to eat well for their health and performance was hindered by their limited time during their intensive training schedule, their limited access to a sufficient variety of healthy foods, and their limited self-efficacy regarding performance nutrition. They require further performance nutrition knowledge, especially in regard to adopting practical fueling and refueling strategies surrounding physical training, as well as access to a greater quantity and variety of healthy foods outside of their main mealtimes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2492186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12051564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregivers nutrition knowledge and perspectives on the enablers and barriers to nutrition provision for male academy football players.","authors":"Matthew Cole, Jennie L Carter, Frances Brooks, Charlie J Roberts","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2495879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2495879","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The assessment of nutrition knowledge, alongside the enablers and barriers to optimal dietary intake, in youth football players has previously been documented. However, there is comparatively little research on either of these within parents or host families, which is of value to understand given the vital role that these stakeholders play as the primary food provider to young football players. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the nutrition knowledge of these caregivers and explore their perceptions of the barriers and enablers to nutrition provision for male academy football players.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A validated 35-item online questionnaire (A-NSKQ) was completed by 30 parents and 31 host family providers of youth academy football players from 16 different professional football clubs in England. The questionnaire consisted of 35 questions (total), 11 of which focussed on the assessment of general nutrition knowledge (GNK) and the remaining 24 assessed sports nutrition knowledge (SNK). Scores are presented as a percentage for total and each sub-section (GNK & SNK) and classified by the following rating: \"poor\" (0-49%); \"average\" (50-65%); \"good\" (66-75%); and \"excellent\" knowledge (76-100%). Differences in Total, GNK and SNK were compared between parents and host families using Independent-samples t-tests, with the alpha value set at &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05 for all tests. A series of focus groups was also conducted with six parents and twelve host family representatives from four clubs to explore their perspectives of the enablers and barriers to providing nutrition support to youth football players. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Host family providers demonstrated significantly better total nutrition knowledge than Parents (49.95   ±   11.64% vs. &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 42.67   ±   14.43%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.035), although the knowledge of both groups is classed as \"poor.\" For the sub-sections of GNK & SNK, GNK was considered \"average\" and significantly better than SNK, which was classed as \"poor\" (GNK = 58.12   ±   16.87% vs. SNK = 40.98   ±   14.91%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). Host family providers reported significantly better SNK than parents (44.89   ±   13.21% vs. 36.94   ±   15.69%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.037) whilst no significant differences were observed in GNK between groups (61.00   ±   15.07% vs. 55.15   ±   18.33%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.180). Three key themes were generated relating to the caregivers' perceptions of the barriers and enablers to their food provision: 1) Club Support and Communication; 2) Time and Financial Resources; 3) Player-specific Characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;These findings suggest a clear need for football clubs to educate caregivers in the fundamental principles of healthy nutrition and football-specific nutrition requirements and encourage clubs to develop initiatives to better support caregivers in helping to young players to m","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2495879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12016246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caffeine's influence on vertical jump height: a real-life collegiate student-athlete approach.","authors":"Zacharias Papadakis, Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos, Antonella Schwarz, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2501063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2501063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Caffeine's ergogenic potential in vertical jumping remains contested, particularly at dosages compliant with collegiate athletic regulations. The NCAA enforces a caffeine urinary threshold equivalent to ~5 mg/kg body mass, yet evidence supporting its efficacy in enhancing explosive performance among trained athletes is inconsistent. This study examined whether acute caffeine ingestion at this threshold improves squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in NCAA Division II student-athletes, while exploring sex-specific responses and trial-to-trial variability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty NCAA Division II athletes (18 females, 22 males; 21.3 ± 2.4 years) participated in a single-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Participants ingested 5 mg/kg caffeine or placebo, followed by SJ and CMJ testing on a force platform 60 minutes post-consumption. Three trials per jump type were retained to preserve intra-individual variance. Linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) assessed fixed effects of condition, sex, and trials, with random intercepts and slopes accounting for individual variability. A priori power analyses guided sample size determination, targeting sensitivity to detect small-to-medium effects (Cohen's f ≥ 0.2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Caffeine elicited trivial, non-significant differences in SJ (β =  -0.24 cm, <i>p</i> = 0.646) and CMJ (β =  -0.71 cm, <i>p</i> = 0.183) heights compared to placebo. Males outperformed females in both SJ (Δ = 9.50 cm, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and CMJ (Δ = 11.30 cm, <i>p</i> < 0.001), though no condition-by-sex interactions emerged. Trial effects were observed, with SJ improving 2.31 cm (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and CMJ 1.05 cm (<i>p</i> = 0.014) from first to second attempts, suggesting warm-up or neuromuscular potentiation. High intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC = 0.76-0.85) underscored substantial interindividual variability. Models demonstrated robust fit (conditional R² = 0.86-0.92), with sufficient power to detect medium-to-large effects (f ≥ 0.25).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A 5 mg/kg caffeine dose, compliant with NCAA thresholds, did not enhance vertical jump performance in habituated collegiate athletes, challenging prior assertions of its universal ergogenicity for ballistic tasks. While sex differences in baseline performance persisted, caffeine did not modulate these disparities, implicating neuromuscular and anthropometric factors as primary determinants. The absence of ergogenic effects aligns with NCAA safety-focused policies but highlights the need for personalized dosing strategies and research into higher doses, genetic variability, and hormonal influences. Future studies should integrate biomechanical metrics and controlled hormonal assessments to elucidate caffeine's nuanced role in anaerobic power sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2501063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12054566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General and sport-specific nutrition knowledge and behaviors of adolescent athletes.","authors":"Ronald L Gibbs, Tyler Brian Becker","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2477060","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2477060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Most youth do not meet national nutrition recommendations and overconsume high-calorie, low nutrient-dense foods. Adequate nutritional intake is crucial for growth and development. Nutrition practices play a key role in sports performance and recovery. Nutritional knowledge can affect eating patterns. However, there is limited research on general and sport-specific nutrition knowledge and behaviors of adolescent athletes.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine general and sport-specific nutrition knowledge and behaviors of adolescent athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adolescent athletes were assessed on nutrition knowledge and general and sport-specific nutrition behaviors, including food group consumption, hydration practices, and sport supplement use. Gender differences in general and sport-specific nutrition behaviors were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. Odds ratios and logistic regression, controlling for age, ethnicity, and years in sport participation were used to determine differences in correct responses between genders. Significance was set at the <i>p</i> < 0.05 level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred and ninety-four athletes (<i>n</i> = 63 male, <i>n</i> = 132 female, mean age = 14.9 ± 1.63 years) were assessed. Differences in nutrition behaviors were found in fruit, dairy, and sugary beverage consumption between genders. Male athletes were more likely to monitor hydration and use sports supplements. Both males and females scored less than 50% on both general and sport-specific knowledge questions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adolescent athletes report lower than recommended food group consumption and lack knowledge of general and sport-specific nutrition information. Improvements in these areas can play a significant role in the health and performance of adolescent athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2477060"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypercaloric 16:8 time-restricted eating during 8 weeks of resistance exercise in well-trained men and women.","authors":"Daniel T Blake, Cody Hamane, Chelscie Pacheco, Menno Henselmans, Grant M Tinsley, Pablo Costa, Jared W Coburn, Thomas Campidell, Andrew J Galpin","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2492184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2492184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effectiveness and practicality of time-restricted eating (TRE) when trying to maximize muscle mass and strength is unclear. Thus, we examined the effects of a hypercaloric 16:8 TRE approach during supervised progressive resistance exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventeen healthy and well-trained men (<i>n</i> = 10) and women (<i>n</i> = 7) were randomly assigned to TRE or control (FED). Both groups consumed a 10% hypercaloric high-protein (2.2 g/kg/d) diet and performed supervised resistance exercise 4× per wk for 8 wk. TRE consumed all calories within an 8 h window starting at least 1 h post-exercise, while FED consumed the same number of calories throughout the day.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eating windows were significantly different (TRE: 7.9 ± 0.1 h vs. FED: 13.2 ± 0.6 h). Calorie, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake did not differ statistically between groups. Total exercise volume was significantly lower in TRE than FED (6,960 ± 287 vs. 7,334 ± 289 repetitions), as were subjective daily energy ratings (week 4 = -1.41; <i>p</i> = 0.04, week 8 = -1.04; <i>p</i> = 0.06). Both groups increased maximal upper and lower body strength (1RM) and muscular endurance (ME); however, gains in squat 1RM were 4.0 ± 1.9 kg lower in TRE (<i>p</i> = 0.05). Both groups increased fat-free mass similarly (TRE: 2.67 kg; FED: 1.82 kg, <i>p</i> = 0.04), but FED added 1.4 ± 0.6 kg more fat mass (<i>p</i> = 0.04). Subjective mood and sleep ratings did not change in either group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>16:8 TRE is viable during periods of muscle size, strength, and endurance development in well-trained young men and women when engaging in progressive resistance exercise and eating in a caloric surplus with adequate protein. However, the differences in total training volume, squat 1RM, fat mass accumulation, and energy are notable and practically relevant. These findings should be considered within the broader context of an individual's goals, lifestyle, preferences, and exercise demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2492184"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12006946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological effects of spirulina supplementation during lactate threshold exercise at simulated altitude (2,500 m): a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Tom Gurney, James Brouner, Owen Spendiff","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2498484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2498484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Existing literature indicates that spirulina supplementation can improve a variety of blood morphological parameters (such as hemoglobin) in healthy and clinical populations. Given the importance of hemoglobin for endurance exercise, particularly at altitude, this study aimed to investigate whether spirulina supplementation can improve blood morphological parameters in healthy cyclists and positively influence physiological variables when completing a lactate threshold test at simulated moderate altitude (2,500 m).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty (18 male; 2 female) healthy participants (Mean  ±  SD; Age 37   ±   9 years, Stature 181   ±   6 cm, Mass 81   ±   9 kg, <math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math>O_2max 51.8   ±   7.8 ml·kg-1·min-1) ingested 6 g/day of spirulina or placebo for 3-weeks in a double-blinded randomized counter-balanced cross-over design, then completed a lactate threshold test at simulated moderate altitude, with a 14-day washout period between trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following spirulina supplementation, heart rate at the lactate threshold was significantly lower in comparison to placebo supplementation (spirulina = 152   ±   11 b.min -1 vs. placebo = 155   ±   12 b.min -1, <i>p</i> < 0.05). No other physiological variables (Watts, RER, RPE, VO₂) were significantly different (<i>p</i> > 0.05) at the calculated threshold, or during the first four lower stages. Red Cell Distribution Width significantly increased following spirulina supplementation in comparison to placebo (spirulina = 13.3   ±   0.9 % vs. placebo = 12.5   ±   0.7 %, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Plateletcrit significantly decreased following spirulina supplementation (spirulina = 0.288   ±   0.032 vs. placebo = 0.293   ±   0.050, <i>p</i> < 0.05). No other blood morphological parameters changed (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, three weeks of spirulina supplementation at 6 g/day reduced heart rate during a lactate threshold test at a simulated moderate altitude (2,500 m), but did not produce additional physiological or hematological benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2498484"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12046610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the associations of dietary protein intake with lean mass and grip strength in children and adolescents.","authors":"Yanfei Wang, Dan Sun, Zhongxin Zhu","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2471471","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2471471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Childhood and adolescence are critical developmental periods during which dietary protein plays a crucial role in musculoskeletal health. While the significance of protein in muscle development is well acknowledged, the complex associations between dietary protein intake and musculoskeletal parameters during these stages remain incompletely elucidated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 cycles, including 3,455 children and adolescents aged 8-19 years. Dietary protein intake was assessed through two 24-hour dietary recalls. Appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and combined grip strength were measured as indicators of musculoskeletal health. Multivariate linear regression models and smooth curve fitting techniques were employed to analyze associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher protein intake was positively associated with both ALMI (β = 0.003, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.004, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and combined grip strength (β = 0.043, 95% CI: 0.027, 0.058, <i>p</i> < 0.001) in fully adjusted models. Notably, sex-specific effects were observed, with stronger associations in boys, particularly in the 8-11 years age group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study reveals significant positive associations between dietary protein intake and musculoskeletal health indicators in children and adolescents, with pronounced sex-specific effects. These findings underscore the importance of adequate protein intake during critical developmental periods and may inform targeted nutritional strategies for optimizing long-term musculoskeletal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2471471"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrition in CrossFit® - scientific evidence and practical perspectives: a systematic scoping review.","authors":"Diogo V Martinho, André Rebelo, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Renato Costa, Élvio R Gouveia, Adam Field, Juliano Casonatto, Daniel van den Hoek, Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalsk, Michael J Ormsbee, Hugo Sarmento","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2509674","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2509674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>CrossFit^Ⓡ sessions and competitions are characterized by high-intensity challenges that combine aerobic and anaerobic activities with short recovery periods. As a result, effective nutritional practices play a crucial role in optimizing performance and enhancing recovery. Therefore, nutritional practices are central to optimizing performance and accelerating recovery. This review aims to summarize current evidence on nutritional and ergogenic aid responses to CrossFit^Ⓡ practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscus). Gray literature was also extracted for studies exploring the nutritional habits of CrossFit^Ⓡ participants as well as the ingestion of ergogenic aids. In addition, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine the impacts of dietary habits and ergogenic aids on performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the current review. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommendations for athletes, although protein ingestion remains adequate. High-carbohydrate diets had a positive effect on CrossFit^Ⓡ performance. The evidence concerning the effects of a ketogenic diet on performance is limited. When used prior to or during the workout, the impact of carbohydrates on CrossFit^Ⓡ performance was negligible, whereas the effect of caffeine was significant. Ergogenic aids, particularly creatine and protein, are commonly used by CrossFit^Ⓡ participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The standard diets recommended to CrossFit^Ⓡ participants need to be revised because they are characterized by lower values of carbohydrates. Caffeine should be used prior to or during the CrossFit^Ⓡ sessions. Regarding the impact of ergogenic aids on recovery, future studies are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"2509674"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12143013/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}