Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"Effect of the ash melting on heat and mass characteristics and reaction rate during corn stalk pellet gasification","authors":"Yao Xu ,&nbsp;Kechun Wang ,&nbsp;Yejian Qian ,&nbsp;Wangsheng Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Li ,&nbsp;QingQing Li ,&nbsp;Peiyong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to investigate the effect of ash melting on the gasification process of biomass pellet, a high-temperature visual gasification system was set up, meanwhile, a biomass melting gasification model for a single pellet was built. Considering that the fusion temperature range of ash is from 1418 K to 1558 K, 1396 K (below 1418 K), 1491 K (between 1418 K and 1558 K), 1591 K and 1677 K (above 1558 K) were chosen as the experimental temperatures. Results show that ash melting could absorb heat, thereby resisting the heat transfer inside pellet. When the gasification temperature is higher than 1558 K, as the larger spherical particles caused by ash melting and coalescing peels off from the pellet surface, the pellet covered by melting ash could be directly exposed to the environment, which is conducive to the heat and mass transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101883"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic performance comparison of calcium looping processes for post-combustion capture: Influence of CO2 enrichment routes among three heat supply methods","authors":"Song He ,&nbsp;Lifan Gao ,&nbsp;Yawen Zheng ,&nbsp;Junyao Wang ,&nbsp;Dongtai Yang ,&nbsp;Xuelan Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium looping process is recognized as a promising option for low-energy consumption post-combustion CO₂ capture. This paper introduced three calcium looping processes with different fossil-fuel-based heat supply methods including air combustion (CaL-AC), oxy-fuel combustion (CaL-Oxy), and chemical looping combustion (CaL-CLC). The sensitivities of key parameters on system performance are investigated, and the detailed energy analysis is conducted to reveal the thermodynamic performance difference. Results show that the changes of the average CaO conversion ratio and the solids make-up ratio bring about drastic variation of energy distributions and the specific primary energy consumption for CO₂ avoidance (SPECCA) in the CaL-AC process. While temperature difference of supplying heat for calcination has a significant influence on the system performance of the CaL-CLC process. Besides, eliminating air preheating leads to the increase of the SPECCA from 3.12 MJ/kg CO₂ to 4.53 MJ/kg CO₂ in the CaL-AC process, which is inferior than that in the CaL-Oxy process. Furthermore, the minimum CO₂ enrichment work of different pathways is examined. The unit minimum enrichment work in the CaL-CLC process is 9.92 kJ/mol CO₂, lower than those in the other two processes due to the avoidance of minimum enrichment work for fuel decarbonization. Through reaction coupling, the Gibbs free energy of the combustion reaction offsets the minimum work required for O₂ release, thereby avoiding the minimum separation work. In post-combustion CO₂ capture processes, avoiding the CO₂ enrichment work requirement during fossil fuel conversion will offer another way to reduce energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101878"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the pyrolysis process of simulated oily sludge: Kinetics, mechanism, product distribution, and S/N elements migration","authors":"Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Jinling Li ,&nbsp;Geyu Wu ,&nbsp;Fang Miao ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Shidong Zhu ,&nbsp;Tao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis is an important method for energy recovery and harmless treatment of oily sludge, definite reaction mechanism and the transformation of S and N elements is a key to improve the pyrolysis products. In this paper, a simulated oil sludge (SOS) was pyrolyzed at various temperatures of 400–700 °C in a tube furnace focusing on pyrolysis process, kinetic parameters, reaction mechanisms, S and N element migration patterns and product distributions. Kinetic parameters were deducted by FWO, KAS, Friedman and Starink methods, and the activation energy were 186.23–231.20 kJ/mol (Avg. 210.71 kJ/mol), 190.18–233.80 kJ/mol (Avg. 212.02 kJ/mol), 196.93–242.01 kJ/mol (Avg. 209.88 kJ/mol) and 184.82–230.95 kJ/mol (Avg. 218.67 kJ/mol), respectively, showed high similarity. All the pre-exponential factors were higher than 10⁹ s⁻¹, which indicated high reactivity of SOS during pyrolysis, and the pyrolysis process followed the nucleation growth model (A3). Pyrolysis temperatures had a significant influence on products distribution. The maximum yields of pyrolysis tar and gas were observed at 550 °C and 700 °C, respectively. Pyrolysis tar was dominated by aromatics and acids, while pyrolysis gas was mainly composed of H₂ and CH₄. Additionally, high temperatures could facilitate the transfer of more S and N into tar or gas products, and S and N compounds were mainly thiophene-S, sulfoxide-S, pyridine-N and pyrrole-N in char and CS₂, CH₃SH, COS, SO₂, H₂S, NH₃, HCN and NO_x in gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101882"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effects of aging on the pyrolysis of plastic and the synergistic mechanisms of co-pyrolysis with lignite","authors":"Yang-Yang Xu ,&nbsp;Hai-Xu Zou ,&nbsp;Yuan Gao ,&nbsp;Zheng-Hong Li ,&nbsp;Wen-Han Wei ,&nbsp;Xing Fan ,&nbsp;Xiang Bai ,&nbsp;Yierxiati Dilixiati ,&nbsp;Guligena Pidamaimaiti ,&nbsp;Xian-Yong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co-pyrolysis of waste plastic with low-rank coal explored how photoaging impacts the pyrolysis of plastics and delves into the synergistic mechanisms involved in co-pyrolysis. The results of elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that photoaging primarily involves oxidizing and breaking the aliphatic chains in polyethylene (PE), as well as generating oxygen-containing functional groups like hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (-C=O), and ether (-C-O), thereby reducing the crystallinity of PE. The results of individual plastic pyrolysis showed that photoaging is beneficial to the generation of gas and tar. Pyrolysis tar of PE samples contains significant amounts of alcohols, and olefins and alkynes (O&amp;As). The results of co-pyrolysis indicated that photoaging can enhance the yields of gas and oil from the co-pyrolysis between PE and Naomaohu (NMH) coal. Co-pyrolysis effectively reduced the relative content of O&amp;As in the tar from the pyrolysis of PE samples alone by 8.0%–29.0 %. The synergistic mechanism of co-pyrolysis between aged PE and NMH involved supplying a significant quantity of hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals by NMH, which react with alkyl radicals generated from PE pyrolysis, leading to the production of additional alkanes and alcohols. These findings offered new insights for a deeper understanding of the co-pyrolysis behaviors between waste plastic and lignite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101886"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation mechanism of soot in pyrolysis of 2-methylfuran under high temperature based on ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Xinzhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Weikang Han ,&nbsp;Yuyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongting Zhan ,&nbsp;Zixiao Qi ,&nbsp;Juan Wang ,&nbsp;Wenlong Dong ,&nbsp;Huaqiang Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the detailed mechanism of soot formation under high temperature pyrolysis of 2-methylfuran (2-MF) has been investigated by using Reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulation. The MD analysis shows that 2-MF undergoes ring cleavage and the removal of CO/HCO/CH₂CO/CH₃CO, which results in the production of the C₂-C₄ species, promoting the formation of the initial ring molecules. The clustering of hydrocarbons by radical-chain reaction (CHRCR) mechanism plays a significant role in the mass growth of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and initial soot particles. The main contributors to this process are C₂H₂ and resonance-stabilized free radicals of C₃ and C₄. The H-abstraction-C₂H₂-addition (HACA) mechanism is important for the formation of surface active sites for PAHs and initial soot to some extent. In addition, the soot formation capacity of 2,5-dimethylfuran (25DMF) and 2-MF are compared. Under the same simulation conditions, 25DMF exhibits a higher capacity to form soot. Compared with 2-MF, 25DMF pyrolysis forms more ring-containing species at the initial stage, particularly cyclopentadiene and its derivatives. These compounds have the ability to promote the formation of PAHs, thus providing further support to the experimental-based theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101879"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting light olefin production from pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene: A two-stage catalytic process","authors":"Huawei Zhang,&nbsp;Hu Chen,&nbsp;Yincui Li,&nbsp;Shengnan Deng,&nbsp;Zizhen Ma,&nbsp;Yan Tan,&nbsp;Ting Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing production of waste plastics poses significant environmental and health risks. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a major component of plastic waste, is a high-quality feedstock for pyrolysis due to its high carbon and hydrogen content. Traditional pyrolysis methods, such as thermal cracking and one-step catalytic pyrolysis, have limitations in yield and selectivity of valuable products like light olefins. This study introduces a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis (TSCP) process aimed at enhancing the production of light olefins from LDPE. In the first stage, LDPE undergoes pyrolysis with MCM-41 catalyst, yielding a substantial number of liquid products and a minor portion of light olefins. The second stage utilizes Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst to further crack the high-temperature volatile matter into light olefins. The optimal conditions identified were 450 °C in the first stage and 500 °C in the second stage, achieving a maximum light olefin yield of 45.80 wt% and a low reaction temperature, decreasing the energy consumption. Additionally, the MCM-41 catalyst demonstrates excellent regeneration performance, with only a slight decrease in liquid yield after nine cycles. The Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst maintains high stability, with light olefin yield remaining at 83.60 % of the initial yield after 48 h of operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101872"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of carbon dioxide addition on soot dynamics in ethylene/air inverse diffusion flames: An experimental and computational analysis","authors":"Xu He ,&nbsp;Jingyang Jia ,&nbsp;Qi Xiang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) addition to ethylene (C₂H₄)/air inverse diffusion flames (IDFs) to the air stream on soot formation characteristics are investigated with the addition ratio of 0–13.64 %. The planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and planar laser-induced incandescence (PLII) techniques, in conjunction with CoFlame and Chemkin code simulations were utilized to assess the distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Soot Volume Fraction (SVF). The findings indicate that increasing CO₂ addition results in a gradual decrease in the mole fraction of hydroxyl (OH) radicals and flame temperature, accompanied by a reduction of approximately 15 % in the reaction zone height in experimental observations and 19 % in simulations. The inhibition of soot formation is evident through a consistent decline in the normalized total SVF, a decrease in the peak volume fraction of radial soot distribution, and reduced total SVFs observed across different flame sections at varying heights. In the meanwhile, increasing the CO₂ doping ratio significantly reduces the peak signal intensity of PAHs, particularly affecting high molecular weight PAHs (A3-A4, A2-A3) with reductions of up to 75.5 %. Furthermore, reductions are noted in the rates of soot inception and subsequent surface growth, accompanied by an upward displacement of the initial inception and growth location. The condensation of PAHs controls the soot surface growth. The thermal and chemical effects of CO₂ were differentiated by employing the virtual substance FCO₂. The results suggest that the thermal effect of CO₂ lowers flame temperature, reduces combustion intensity, and consequently inhibits soot nucleation. The chemical effect of CO₂ competes for H radicals through the reverse reaction of CO + OH ≤&gt; CO₂+H. This process suppresses the formation and growth of PAHs, consequently leading to a reduction in soot production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101874"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of NH3 pre-cracking and initial temperature on the intrinsic instability and NOx emissions of NH3/bio-syngas/air premixed flames","authors":"Lijuan Wen,&nbsp;Qifeng Zhu,&nbsp;Jingwei Zeng,&nbsp;Haoxin Deng,&nbsp;Guoyan Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoping Wen,&nbsp;Fahui Wang,&nbsp;Qizheng Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of the combustion characteristics of NH₃/bio-syngas/air under NH₃ partial cracking and elevated initial temperatures can enhance its feasibility as a practical fuel. The effects of NH₃ cracking rates (<em>ζ</em>) and initial temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>0</em>) on the laminar burning velocity (<em>S</em>_<em>L</em>), instability, and NO emissions of NH₃/bio-syngas/air premixed flames under different equivalence ratios are investigated. The results indicate that increasing <em>ζ</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>0</em> enhances the <em>S</em>_<em>L</em> of the premixed flame, with <em>ζ</em> having a more pronounced effect on combustion enhancement. Virtual gas analysis reveals that pre-cracking primarily strengthens combustion through chemical effect. An increase in <em>ζ</em> significantly shifts the peak <em>S</em>_<em>L</em> towards the fuel-rich region, while at any <em>T</em>_<em>0</em>, the peak <em>S</em>_<em>L</em> consistently occurs around Φ = 1.1. Increasing <em>ζ</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>0</em> reduces the critical radius (<em>r</em>_<em>c</em>) and the critical Peclet number (<em>Pe</em>_<em>c</em>) of the premixed fuel, with <em>r</em>_<em>c</em> decreasing more rapidly when <em>ζ</em> is below 30 %. The dimensionless growth rate (<em>∑</em>) increases with the rise in <em>ζ</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>0</em>, consistently remaining positive, indicating an unstable state. Additionally, <em>∑</em> varies more significantly with <em>T</em>_<em>0</em> when <em>T</em>_<em>0</em> is below 450 K. When <em>ζ</em> is below 60 %, the NO mole fraction increases with the increase in <em>ζ</em>. However, at <em>ζ</em> = 80 %, the NO mole fraction is lower than at <em>ζ</em> = 40 %. Increasing <em>T</em>_<em>0</em> continually increases the NO mole fraction. Analysis of the NH₃ reaction pathways indicates that NH_i (i = 0, 1, 2) is closely related to the NO → N₂ reduction reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101873"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global trends on NH3-SCR research for NOx control during 1994–2023: A bibliometric analysis","authors":"Rui Li ,&nbsp;Tao Yue ,&nbsp;Guoliang Li ,&nbsp;Jiajia Gao ,&nbsp;Yali Tong ,&nbsp;Sihong Cheng ,&nbsp;Guotao Li ,&nbsp;Changjiang Hou ,&nbsp;Wei Su","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selective catalytic reduction technology with NH₃ as reducing agent (NH₃-SCR) has been widely applied to remove NO_x from stationary sources and diesel vehicles. In this paper, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to understand the research trends in NH₃-SCR fields during 1994–2023. The article number was thriving, especially in China. China and USA were the predominant countries with close collaboration relationship. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University and Zhejiang University made greatest contributions, and Politecnico di Milano had strong academic influence. Li, Junhua was prominent author with publishing most articles and mostly cited articles. The stable core author groups had been developed, whose research focuses were identified. <em>Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy</em> was the leading journal. The analysis of most frequently cited articles and most frequently used author keywords found six main research domains, including of the low-temperature catalysts, the transition metal modified zeolites, the V-based catalysts, the deactivation and regeneration, the multi-pollutants removal, the aftertreatment system of diesel vehicles and their mechanism studies. Cu-SSZ-13, DFT, the synergistic effect and the simultaneous removal of NO_x and other air pollutants got recent attentions. These findings enriched the understandings in NH₃-SCR fields, giving some guidelines for the future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101865"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of ammonia energy ratio on combustion and emissions from ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel engine at various load conditions","authors":"Yan Wu ,&nbsp;Jie Hu ,&nbsp;Yi Lin ,&nbsp;Peng Chen ,&nbsp;Gang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhihong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving carbon neutrality necessitates the adoption of zero-carbon fuels in engine applications, with ammonia emerging as an up-and-coming candidate due to its favorable safety profile and advantages in storage and transportation. This study experimentally investigated the feasibility of an ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel (AGDF) engine to achieve comparable power output and satisfactory carbon reduction without changing the main structural parameters of the engine. A four-cylinder, naturally aspirated, spark ignition engine was used to investigate the impact of ammonia energy ratio (AER), engine base torque and engine speed on the engine performance, combustion evolution and emission characteristics. The findings reveal that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in AGDF mode is lower than in gasoline-only mode, primarily due to the reduced combustion activity. However, this efficiency decline becomes noticeable only when the AER exceeds 15 %. Additionally, at high AERs and high engine base torques, the delayed effect of ammonia fuel on the main combustion period results in a double-peak pattern, which limits the energy output but presents opportunities for phase optimization. The study also examined three incomplete combustion emissions, each exhibiting distinct behaviors. Except for ammonia slip, adding ammonia fuel does not significantly affect carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions, particularly at AERs below 25 %. Nevertheless, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions under AGDF combustion are significantly higher than under gasoline alone in most instances. Crucially, the study demonstrates the carbon reduction potential of ammonia fuel across different engine loads, with a maximum carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction of 46.8 % at a 35 % AER. It is anticipated that further optimization of the combustion phase will improve the capability for carbon reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101868"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}