Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"Influence of twin spark on performance and emissions of methanol fueled direct injection engine under multi-injection approach","authors":"Javed Ahamad,&nbsp;Parmod Kumar,&nbsp;Atul Dhar","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A numerical investigation is done from the inlet valve closing to the exhaust valve opening at three different fuel injection timings with 0° and 2° crank angle dwell timings. Injection timing is advanced from −23° to −31° crank angle after top dead centre (CA ATDC) at fixed spark timing of −2° crank angle under a compression ratio of 17.3, having an engine speed of 1200 revolutions per minute (RPM). The performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of single and dual spark plug-assisted direct injection spark ignition methanol engine, are compared under pilot (1): main (3) injection approach. Indicated thermal efficiency is higher for dual spark plugs than single spark-plug under both dwell timings. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and unburned methanol emissions decreased for dual spark plug (SP) than single spark plug (SP); however, NO_x emission is observed to be higher due to a higher rate of peak pressure rise and combustion temperature under both dwell timings. This study also demonstrates the influence of dual spark plugs on swirl, tumble, air-fuel mixing behaviour, and flame speed under a pilot-to-main injection mass ratio of 1:3. Instead of showing any noticeable enhancement in swirl motion, dual spark plug (DSP) encourages tumble motion, which may be an appropriate reason for improved combustion, which further increases indicated thermal efficiency and reduces exhaust emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102120"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the formation mechanisms of nitrogen-based pollutants in ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines by decoupling dilution, thermal, and kinetic effects","authors":"Ruomiao Yang ,&nbsp;Junheng Liu ,&nbsp;Jinlong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102125","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This paper investigates the dynamic formation and conversion mechanisms of nitrogen-based pollutants in ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines, where ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) is introduced via port fuel injection. The dynamic mechanisms behind pollutant formation in this context are not well understood, primarily due to the focus in existing literature on decoupling thermal-type and fuel-type nitrogen-based pollutants in three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of ammonia-diesel operation, which distorts the natural spatiotemporal distribution and kinetic interactions of nitrogen-based pollutants, thus falling short of fully revealing the real dynamic mechanisms. Rather than distinguishing the nitrogen sources from ammonia or atmospheric nitrogen, this study proposes an innovative approach by decoupling the dilution, thermal, and kinetic effects of ammonia in the 3D CFD model, enabling a detailed analysis of the dynamic formation and conversion mechanisms of nitrogen-based pollutants. Given the significant impact of ammonia kinetic effects, the study also introduces a novel method of partial closure of ammonia kinetics to examine the influence of gas movement. The results indicate that ammonia kinetics do not significantly alter the regions where nitrogen-based pollutants form (i.e., nitrogen oxides (NOx) in pure diesel engines), as ammonia oxidation occurs co-combustively with diesel in regions reached by the diesel plume in ammonia-diesel dual-fuel operation. However, ammonia kinetics affect the types and concentrations of nitrogen-based pollutants in these regions, such as increasing the concentration of nitrogen monoxide (NO) in high-temperature zones. The momentum of the bulk gas generated by the spray jet, piston downward movement, and combustion pushes the hot combustion products toward the unburned ammonia-air mixture, allowing NO formed during the main combustion stage and NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; remaining from the main combustion stage to meet, facilitating the de-NOx effect of ammonia, which results in nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) formation when the process is locally efficient and nitrous oxide (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) formation when it is not. Within the combustion chamber, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O is found in cooler regions with limited NO concentration. Some of the N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O comes from the flow of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O surviving from the main combustion stage, while the remainder is generated by the inefficiency of the ammonia de-NOx effect during the late combustion stage. In the exhaust gases, the concentration of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O is comparable to NO, making it a major nitrogen-based pollutant. Although nitrogen dioxide (NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) is not a major component in the exhaust, it plays a crucial role in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O formation, as evidenced by its spatiotemporal distribution, which mirrors that of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. Overall, the turbulent gas flow and ammonia de-NOx kinetics together influence the spatiotemporal distribution of nitro","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102125"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Devolatilization predicting model based on coal heterogeneous chemical structure from micro-Raman spectroscopy with neural network","authors":"Yufan Wei ,&nbsp;Xu Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhenyi Du ,&nbsp;Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Kai Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Su ,&nbsp;Song Hu ,&nbsp;Jun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel devolatilization model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), employing quantified coal chemical structure features as input. Initially, a reliable method was developed to quantify the average/heterogeneous properties of coal structures using high-resolution micro-Raman spectroscopy. The evolution of chemical structure with increasing coal rank was investigated using ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. A strong positive correlation was observed between the parameters derived from these two techniques, highlighting their complementarity and enhancing the capability of micro-Raman for analyzing heterogeneous chemical structures. As coal rank increased, the distribution features of different structural types exhibited significant changes, particularly in the heterogeneity of fluorescence-rich and aromatic ring structures, which initially increased and subsequently decreased. Furthermore, the potential of heterogeneous chemical characteristics for predicting coal devolatilization was explored. While the general distribution model (GDM) demonstrated substantial potential in predicting devolatilization, its precision was found to be insufficient. To address this limitation, a CNN was introduced to improve prediction accuracy. The results revealed that compared to the direct use of chemical distribution parameters as input (CNN model), the GDM-CNN model, which incorporates the results from GDM, achieved the highest and most balanced precision. The absolute prediction error for raw and blended samples was consistently below 23.5 °C. This work introduces a methodology for establishing a high-precision devolatilization model by combining quantitative chemical structure analysis with neural networks. This approach can be extended to other characterization techniques and solid fuel samples, demonstrating broad applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102126"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of process variables on hydrothermal carbonization of food waste","authors":"Yusuf O. Ajagbe ,&nbsp;İlknur Durukan ,&nbsp;Betül Ercan ,&nbsp;Koray Alper ,&nbsp;Suat Ucar ,&nbsp;Kubilay Tekin ,&nbsp;Selhan Karagöz","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of food waste (FW) was examined in this study under a variety of conditions, including temperatures of 200 °C, 225 °C, and 250 °C, reaction times of 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 h, and FW-to-water ratios of 12.5, 25, and 50 g/150 mL. HTC was selected as the treatment method due to its suitability for high-moisture feedstocks like FW, as it operates under relatively mild conditions without requiring energy-intensive drying. In this study, a simulated FW mixture was used, composed of commonly discarded household items including canned green beans, canned baked beans, baked potato, baked chicken, and cheese. The study explored how variations in process parameters influenced both the yield and structural properties of hydrochars, revealing their critical role in determining final product characteristics. The hydrochars exhibited higher carbon and lower oxygen weight percentages compared to the FW. Fuel ratio (FR) values ranged from 0.20 to 0.83, with most hydrochars demonstrating moderately stable solid biofuel characteristics. Based on the heating values, it was observed that the hydrochars' values ranged between ∼28 and ∼33 MJ/kg, aligning with the heating value of bituminous coal. The prominent compounds detected in the aqueous phases included nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds, phenols, ketones, and amides. Overall, the findings demonstrate the potential of HTC as a sustainable waste-to-energy strategy, effectively converting FW into hydrochars with favorable fuel properties and supporting energy recovery from organic waste streams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102119"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized preparation of biochar from large-particle biomass: analysis of process characteristics and structural evolution","authors":"Ran Jiao ,&nbsp;Zhenting Zha ,&nbsp;Fenglei Qi ,&nbsp;Xiaohao Liu ,&nbsp;Rui Diao ,&nbsp;Dongxu Yan ,&nbsp;Kexin Li ,&nbsp;Yifei Xu ,&nbsp;Peiyong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study designed an online thermogravimetric analysis system to carry out pyrolysis investigation of large-particle biomass. The response surface method (RSM) was adopted for systematically exploring the influences of the particle size, pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the production and the heating properties of the biochar. The results reveal that the pyrolysis temperature has the most pronounced influence on the yield and the higher heating value (HHV) of the biochar, and the optimal biochar preparation condition is obtained with the particle size, pyrolysis temperature and residence time being 24 mm, 446 °C and 9 min separately. The real-time heating process and mass change of the large-particle biomass was revealed during the pyrolysis process. Different heating profiles are reported inside the biomass with the heating rate in the axial direction being faster than that of the radial direction. Moreover, the structural characteristics of the biochar granule at both axial and radial cross sections were analyzed with the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The produced biochar granule shows obvious non-uniformity. The I_D/I_G values in the axial and the radial quarter cross section are 3.72 and 3.56, respectively. Compared with the radial direction, more aromatic structures are formed in the axial direction. The results provide valuable insights for the preparation and practical application of biochar from large-particle biomass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102128"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biolubricant ageing analysis: Proposal for a real-engine test and chemical characterization","authors":"Homeyra Piri ,&nbsp;Carlo Caligiuri ,&nbsp;Matteo Brolpasino ,&nbsp;Massimiliano Renzi ,&nbsp;Marco Bietresato","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biolubricants are the most promising renewable alternative in the lubrication industry. Given the environmental benefits, a comprehensive understanding of the actual performance of biolubricants is essential for their conscious use, particularly in internal combustion engines. In this study, a commercial ester-based biolubricant (PLANTO MOT SAE 10W40) was tested to assess its degradation behavior during engine operation. This study aims at evaluating the accelerated ageing behavior of a biolubricant after on/off test cycles on an internal combustion engine under real operating conditions. It was observed that the density of the biolubricant increased steadily after 120 cycles, while its kinematic viscosity steadily dropped over time at both 40 °C and 100 °C, which is consistent with normal ageing of lubricants. TBN was stable during ageing but with a minor decrease at 120 cycles, which is a sign of reduced acid neutralization effectiveness, despite the slow increase in oxidation levels confirming that the lubricant resisted oxidation well over the testing period. Analyzing wear metals, additives, and pollution over time offers essential information on how the biolubricant degrades in challenging conditions. Emission analysis for the same engine using the biolubricant showed a noticeable decrease in CO emissions by 16.6 % compared to the same engine using a conventional lubricant, a slight drop in CO₂ emissions by 12.9 %, a significant reduction in NO_x emissions by 12.0 %. The biolubricant contributed to the reduction of UHCs by 2.5 %. The potential of biolubricants to minimize incomplete combustion byproducts, lower greenhouse gas and polluting emissions is reflected in these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102121"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability and activity of nickel catalysts supported on diatomite for dry reforming of methane: Role of cerium and boron promoters","authors":"Amanda L. Azevedo ,&nbsp;Dulce M.A. Melo ,&nbsp;Yuri K.R.O. Silva ,&nbsp;Ângelo A.S. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Vanessa S.S. Favacho ,&nbsp;Lalyson M.L.R. Souza ,&nbsp;Amanda R.C.C. Rocha ,&nbsp;Renata M. Braga","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the activity and stability of nickel-based catalysts supported on diatomite and promoted with 1 or 2 wt% of cerium or boron for the dry reforming of methane (DRM). Diatomite, a naturally abundant and low-cost support, requires no complex synthesis procedures and remains relatively underexplored in DRM applications. Given the economic viability of using this material, the incorporation of promoters such as cerium and boron can enhance its catalytic properties, including resistance to coke formation, thermal stability, and activity at both low and high temperatures, thereby increasing its potential for industrial application. The support composition was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and its morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalysts were characterized by SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy. The catalytic performance results indicated that cerium addition enhanced CO₂ and CH₄ conversion, with 2 wt% Ce-promoted catalyst stands out due to its significantly higher conversion rates and lower coke formation, as observed in TGA. The 2 wt% boron-promoted catalyst exhibited greater stability, with significant resistance to coke formation, despite showing lower CH₄ conversion. SEM analysis revealed the presence of carbon filaments, particularly in the catalysts without boron, whereas boron-promoted catalysts showed reduced filamentous carbon formation. The activation energies derived from the Arrhenius plot further corroborate these findings, demonstrating that boron-promoted catalysts exhibited satisfactory performance at high temperatures (&gt;800 °C), where the reaction is thermodynamically controlled. In turn, cerium-promoted catalysts achieved superior catalytic performance at ≤ 700 °C and performed similarly to boron-containing catalysts at higher temperatures. Therefore, both promoters imparted distinct properties to the catalysts, yet each contributed to increased stability during DRM through different mechanisms, offering specific advantages depending on the chosen promotion strategy. These findings demonstrate the complementary roles of Ce and B in optimizing catalytic behavior and highlight the potential of diatomite-supported systems for practical DRM applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102123"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction for gaseous fuel jets based on background oriented schlieren technique","authors":"Xuesong Li,&nbsp;Shuicheng Gong,&nbsp;Fuhao Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiyin Ma,&nbsp;Gang Xun","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optical diagnostics of transparent gaseous flows are of great significance to the fields of aerodynamic experimental research, gas fuel development and utilization, and fuel emission characteristics research, which has attracted the attention of the field. Since the transparent gaseous flow is difficult to measure directly and common two-dimensional test methods could not completely recover the structures of the complex flow field, three-dimensional test methods with the function of visualizing transparent flow field are the research need of gaseous fuel combustion system designs. This paper proposes a three-dimensional reconstruction method of Ray Tracing 3D Background Oriented Schlieren (RT-3D-BOS) and uses the Runge-Kutta iteration to calculate the path of light in the non-uniform flow field by ray tracing. This technique is also combined with a 3D tomographic reconstruction method to acquire the 3D density of the transparent gas flow field quantitatively. In this paper, the RT-3D-BOS method is used to reconstruct the 3D density field of helium jet gas which is the surrogate fuel gas for the hydrogen fuel from single-hole and multi-hole fuel injectors, and different regularization methods are introduced and tested in the reconstruction process. The results show that the proposed RT-3D-BOS method can effectively implement the measurement of the complex three-dimensional transparent gas density field. The total variation and Tikhonov regularization strategies commonly used in tomographic reconstruction for reducing the effect of noises can further improve the measurement fidelity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102118"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and chemical kinetic study of laminar flame characteristics and ammonia-alcohol synergistic effect for C1∼C5 alcohol-ammonia composite combustion","authors":"Changyou Yu ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Wanchen Sun ,&nbsp;Degang Li ,&nbsp;Peng Cheng ,&nbsp;Yanbin Shi ,&nbsp;Liang Guo ,&nbsp;Yuying Yan ,&nbsp;Genan Zhu ,&nbsp;Li Ma ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, studies on using carbon-neutral alcohol-based oxygenated fuels to improve the speed and stability of ammonia laminar flame have attracted extensive attention from researchers. In this study, the laminar flame speed, flame cell structure and flame self-accelerating as well as the Markstein length of C1∼C5 alcohol-ammonia composite combustion have been explored by high-speed schlieren system in constant-volume combustion chamber together with chemical kinetics, and it was found that there is a synergistic effect on both laminar flame speed and flame stability of C1∼C5 alcohol-ammonia composite combustion, finally the ammonia-alcohol synergistic effect was investigated based on Taguchi method. The results show that, except for methanol addition which is particularly effective, the addition of C1∼C5 alcohols can significantly improve the laminar flame speed of ammonia, and the enhancement effect decreases first and then increases with the extension of the molecular chain in added alcohols. The chemical kinetics are attributed to the fact that during ammonia-alcohol composite combustion, the intensity of NH₃-NH₂-NH dehydrogenation and CH₂O-CO exothermic reactions reduces first and then increases with the extension of alcohol molecular chain, and methanol addition is relatively easier to generate CH₂O and HNO which can significantly increase the strength of ammonia-methanol synergistic effect. Besides, the addition of C1∼C5 alcohols can keep the ammonia flame in a self-accelerating status and effectively increase the Markstein length. However, the onset of cellular flame is delayed, the intensity of self-accelerating is weakened and the enhancement effect of flame stability is reduced with the extension of molecular chain in added alcohols. Combining the ammonia-alcohol laminar flame characteristics and Taguchi method, it can be found that the strength of ammonia-alcohol synergistic effect is strongest when methanol or n-pentanol are added, and the laminar flame speed of NH₃/CH₃OH and NH₃/n-C₅H₁₁OH are greater than those of pure methanol and pure n-pentanol flame in alcohol addition ratio of 80 %-initial pressure of 7 bar/5 bar-φ = 1.2, respectively. Meanwhile, ammonia-alcohol composite combustion can alleviate the limitations imposed by increasing pressure or equivalent ratio on laminar flame speed or Markstein length, respectively. In C1∼C5 alcohol-ammonia combustion laminar flame, the optimal conditions for rapid and stable combustion as well as the strongest ammonia-alcohol synergistic effect are alcohols addition ratio of 80 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102082"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of various nanoparticles infused biodiesel/diesel blends on combustion, performance, and environmental characteristics of a CI engine","authors":"Aqueel Ahmad ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Yadav ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Dewangan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable and green alternatives to conventional diesel has driven the search of biodiesel blends, with nanoparticle additives improving combustion efficiency and emission reduction. This study explores the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine using biodiesel-diesel blended with graphene oxide (GO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nanoparticles. The B20 biodiesel blend was prepared with 80 % diesel and 20 % waste cooking oil-driven biodiesel, and the nanoparticles were added at 90 ppm using a water bath sonicator for proper dispersion. Engine tests were conducted under variable load conditions for test blends (B20, B20+GO, B20+MgO, and B20+MWCNT) and compared with baseline diesel (D100). The results exhibited substantial enhancements in engine performance and combustion efficiency for nanoparticle-dispersed biodiesel blends as compared to D100 and B20 blends without nanoparticles. The B20+MWCNT blend achieved a 12.40 % higher BTE and a 9.67 % lower in BSFC compared to baseline diesel. Additionally, this blend presented higher heat release rate (HRR), peak cylinder pressure (PCP), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT). Emission reductions were observed, with CO, CO₂, UBHC, and NO_x emissions decreasing by 60 %, 16 %, 36.84 %, and 9.02 %, respectively, compared to baseline diesel at full load condition. The study emphasizes the potential of nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel blends to enhance engine efficiency while reducing harmful emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102117"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}