Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"Catalytic hydrofining of thermal dissolution-derived liquefied oil from Dongming lignite into cyclanes-rich liquid fuel over Co-CoNx@C650","authors":"Hao-Dong An ,&nbsp;Guang-Hui Liu ,&nbsp;Yan-Jun Li ,&nbsp;Ling-Zhi Tuo ,&nbsp;Yu-Hong Kang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Gao ,&nbsp;Chen Shi ,&nbsp;Yun-Yan Gao ,&nbsp;Xian-Yong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrofining of low-grade lignite liquefied oils into high-density liquid fuels is a critical pathway for their value-added utilization. However, abundant condensed aromatic rings (ARs) and O atoms in such crude oils pose significant challenges for secondary upgrading, particularly in achieving concurrent AR hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation in one-pot to produce alkyl cyclanes. In view of this, Co-CoN_x@C₆₅₀ was constructed by a cascade preparation strategy consisting of <em>in-situ</em> co-pyrolysis and NH₃ nitridation. It has highly dispersed Co-CoN_x dual-sites and carbon substrate with abundant defects/vacancies, and exhibits good performance in AR hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation. In addition, this catalyst can effectively activate H₂ and promote the synergistic transfer of H<strong>···</strong>H, ^δ+H<strong>···</strong>H^δ−, and H<strong>·</strong>. Good accessibility, cyclic stability, and renewability make it suitable for the hydrogenation of medium/large-sized molecules such as naphth-2-ol and aryl ethers into cyclanes. The liquefied oil (SP_TD) from Dongming lignite thermal dissolution in <em>n</em>-hexane is rich in aromatics (76.1 %), while refined oil (CHSP_TD) from catalytic hydrofining over Co-CoN_x@C₆₅₀ is rich in saturated hydrocarbons (91.7 %), especially alkyl cyclanes (69.8 %). The efficient conversion of aromatic-oxygenated moieties demonstrated by Co-CoN_x@C₆₅₀ provides a new solution for converting low-grade lignite liquefied oils into value-added cyclanes-rich liquid fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced premixed ammonia combustion by hydrogen-oxygen enriched pre-chamber jet ignition","authors":"Xinpeng Guo ,&nbsp;Run Chen ,&nbsp;Shuai Huang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Shiyan Li ,&nbsp;Tie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition holds significant potential for improving ammonia combustion. Hydrogen- and oxygen-enriched combustion in the pre-chamber can further enhance ammonia combustion. However, fundamental research on this enhanced combustion mechanism remains limited. This study systematically examines the individual impacts of oxygen-enriched combustion in a hydrogen-enriched multi-orifice pre-chamber and nozzle geometry specifications on jet behavior in a nonreactive environment, as well as the impact of the jet behavior on ammonia ignition behavior, combustion processes, and emissions in a reactive environment. The results show that oxygen enrichment significantly enhances ignition characteristics, with three ignition modes observed as the oxygen concentration increases from 30 % to 70 % by volume: localized re-ignition, jet-induced secondary ignition, and jet flame ignition. With increasing oxygen concentration, combustion duration decreases initially and then increases. Unburned NH₃ and N₂O emissions decrease, while NO_x emissions slightly increase with oxygen enrichment. In the pre-chamber nozzle design, two nozzles with identical cumulative orifice areas, i.e., six 1.50 mm orifices and three 2.12 mm orifices, demonstrate that larger orifices improve ammonia ignition. On the other hand, when both nozzles have an identical orifice diameter, the nozzle featuring a smaller cumulative orifice area enhances ignition behavior as it generates higher-velocity hot jets. For two nozzles featuring the same number of orifices and similar hot jet velocities, the nozzle featuring the larger orifice demonstrates superior ignition behavior. These findings could offer valuable insights into enhancing ammonia combustion and optimizing nozzle design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102164"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of porous Zr-containing materials for transfer hydro-upgrading of biomass derived furfural","authors":"Ying Qiu ,&nbsp;Yilun Shui ,&nbsp;Huiyu Liu ,&nbsp;Rui Shan ,&nbsp;Junhua Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoran Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present research, zirconium-containing materials (Zr@C-T) originated from hydrothermal synthesis were developed for the selective hydro-upgrading of biomass derived furfural (FAL) into furfuryl alcohol (FOL) through Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction. Systematical structural characterizations were undertaken to reveal the physicochemical properties of as-fabricated Zr@C-T, and the catalytic activity towards FAL-to-FOL transformation was investigated in detail. Regulating the Zr loading significantly altered the distribution of acid and base sites, which was directly related to the FOL production. Under optimal reaction conditions, the FAL conversion of 98.1 % and FOL yield of 93.1 % were achieved over Zr@C-T materials. Kinetical investigations verified that the as-fabricated Zr@C-T materials with low Zr loadings supplied low activation energy of 14.8 kJ/mol for the FAL-to-FOL conversion. In addition, the as-fabricated Zr@C-T materials were also applicable to the H-transfer upgrading of a variety of unsaturated molecules with high performance. Plausible reaction mechanism of hydrogen transfer procedure for the FAL-to-FOL transformation over as-fabricated Zr@C-T materials was proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient upgrading of palmitic acid in supercritical conditions: Effect of metal promoters and the impact of solvents as a hydrogen source","authors":"Wajahat Waheed Kazmi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Waqas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Wasi Syed ,&nbsp;Shahina Riaz ,&nbsp;Alhassan Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Shabeeh Ul Hassan ,&nbsp;Ali Hassan Bukhari ,&nbsp;Faysal M. Al-Khulaifi ,&nbsp;Amjad Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With their unique physicochemical properties and high solubility, supercritical alcohols represent effective media in the thermochemical conversion of liquid fuels and value-added chemicals from a variety of biomass-derived feedstocks. Short-chain alcohols (C₁–C₃) can enable hydrogenolysis of various feedstocks through in situ hydrogen supply while mitigating char formation by stabilizing reactive intermediates. However, their use is limited by excessive decomposition and high solvent consumption, issues that have been minimally explored. This study seeks to explain the role of supercritical alcohols as hydrogen donors regarding their self-reactivity, interaction with feedstocks, and conversion under catalytic and non-catalytic conditions, including pathways to by-product formation. Herein, we seek to optimize solvothermal upgrading of palmitic acid by maximizing hydrocarbon yield while conserving solvent. Optimizing the choice of solvent and addition of promoter metals can minimize consumption of solvent while increasing conversion by providing additional active hydrogen. At 325 °C, a brief 90-min reaction achieved near-complete decomposition of palmitic acid, yielding high hydrocarbon selectivity while minimizing both solvent consumption and solvent-derived by-products. Under optimum conditions, the liquid product exhibited a low O/C of 0.03, a yield of 67.53 %, and a high heating value of 45.78 MJ kg⁻¹. The hydrodeoxygenation rate of esters to hydrocarbons increased significantly with reaction time. NiCu/AC demonstrated promising catalytic activity in esterification, hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, cracking, and alkylation. Based on identified products, simplified reaction mechanisms were proposed for the supercritical upgrading of palmitic acid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102160"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia as a sustainable fuel for diesel engines: Exploring advanced combustion strategies for green transportation","authors":"R.L. Gopinathan,&nbsp;M. Mohamed Ibrahim","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing concern over carbon emissions from IC engines has sparked interest in alternative fuels. While low-carbon fuels like methanol and methane offer some emissions reduction, carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen (H₂) and ammonia (NH₃) hold the potential for more significant reductions. Ammonia, widely used in agriculture, is particularly attractive due to its established infrastructure. It also offers a promising method for storing hydrogen. Notably, green NH₃ production methods using renewable energy sources, making it a sustainable alternative. This review examines research on using NH₃ as alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. It explores the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of various operating conditions, including blending, dual-fuel (DF), and adoption of various low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategies, to optimise performance and minimise emissions. The influence of hydrogen addition on NH₃ combustion is also discussed. Additionally, advancements in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are reviewed to enhance the understanding of NH₃ combustion in IC engines. NH₃ offers a promising pathway to significantly reduce GHG from IC engines. Its potential is significant, especially when used in CI engines with DF mode and advanced techniques like reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) with optimised ammonia/diesel propositions and injection strategies. Combining ammonia with advanced combustion could offer a sustainable future for IC engine-based transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144203444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism study on the pyrolysis of lignin in cotton stalks catalyzed by K2CO3 to produce guaiacol: Experiment and DFT simulations","authors":"Yichen Tang ,&nbsp;Qiang Xu ,&nbsp;Qianwang Cheng ,&nbsp;Fanrui Meng ,&nbsp;Xianchun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the regulation mechanism of K₂CO₃ catalytic pyrolysis of lignin in cotton stalk for producing guaiacol was explored, and its effects on tar components were studied through the combination of experiments and density functional theory. The results showed that the addition of 7.5 % K₂CO₃ to cotton stalk significantly altered the composition of tar, and guaiacol content in phenols increased from 2.47 % to 33.11 %. At the same time, the contents of alkanes and esters decreased by 29.21 % and 28.43 %, respectively. The simulation results revealed that K⁺ changed from a three-dimensional structure to a planar structure by coordinating with the oxygen atoms in the model compound. The structural change significantly weakened the stability of the bond, thereby decreasing the bond dissociation energy of the C_β-O bond, which preferentially promoted the homolytic cleavage of the C_β-O bond of the model compound to generate free radical intermediates. These intermediates accelerated the reaction process in the early stage of pyrolysis. In addition, K⁺ regulated the subsequent free radical reaction pathway by adjusting the energy barrier, mainly inhibiting the homolytic side reaction. The reaction energy barrier increased by approximately 32.19 % and promoted the co-decomposition path. The energy barrier decreased by approximately 11.14 %, thus significantly improving the selective generation of guaiacol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102165"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced hydrogen production from polypropylene via NiO/Zeolite Y catalyzed high-pressure pyrolysis: Effects of pressure and methanation reactions","authors":"Hyeong-Bin Moon ,&nbsp;Hyeong-Bin Jeong ,&nbsp;Jae-Hun Yang ,&nbsp;Ajayan Vinu ,&nbsp;Byoung-Hwa Lee ,&nbsp;Chung-Hwan Jeon","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene for hydrogen production using NiO-supported catalysts under varying pressure conditions. Experiments were conducted at 500–800 °C and 0.1–2 MPa. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that moderate pressures delayed degradation owing to suppressed volatile release, whereas higher pressures accelerated thermal cracking and secondary reactions. Gas analysis indicated increased H₂ and CH₄ yields with increasing pressure, with CH₄ becoming dominant owing to favorable methanation. NiO/Al₂O₃ promoted hydrocarbon cracking but had a limited impact on CH₄ conversion. In contrast, NiO/Zeolite Y significantly improved the H₂ yield and suppressed CH₄ accumulation—particularly at 800 °C and 2 MPa. This was attributed to its large surface area and strong acidity, which enhanced reforming and reverse methanation. These findings highlight the combined influence of pressure and catalyst composition on the pyrolysis behavior and product distribution, offering insights for optimizing hydrogen-rich gas production from plastic waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102162"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NO and PM formation characteristics during preheating-combustion of semi-coke produced by coal pyrolysis at different temperatures","authors":"Chen Wang,&nbsp;Ying Yu,&nbsp;Runjie Hu,&nbsp;Yanqing Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preheating-combustion technology is widely applied in boilers for coal/coke combustion, which has great potential for synergistic reduction of PM and NO. In this study, coal was pyrolyzed at different temperatures (300 °C, 900 °C, and 1100 °C) to produce semi-coke, followed by conventional and preheating-combustion experiments conducted in a two-stage drop-tube furnace. The effects of pyrolysis temperatures and combustion modes on PM and NO formation were investigated. The results showed that preheating-combustion technology enabled synergistic source control of NO and PM emissions. Compared to conventional combustion mode, the reducing atmosphere in preheating-combustion was stronger, and the mineral gasification and the fragmentation of char were weaker. Therefore, the emissions of NO, PM₁, and PM_1-10 in raw coal decreased by 31.09 %, 13.85 %, and 5.17 % respectively. Furthermore, higher pyrolysis temperatures further decreased NO and PM emissions under conventional combustion mode. Compared to raw coal, the NO, PM₁, and PM_1-10 emissions of semi-coke pyrolyzed at 1100 °C (1100 °C-SC) were reduced by 27.40 %, 21.30 %, and 14.41 %, respectively, due to more stable nitrogen forms and increased porosity. More interestingly, compared to conventional combustion mode, the reduction rates of NO and PM showed opposite trends under preheating-combustion mode. With the increase of pyrolysis temperatures, the reduction rate of NO gradually decreased and reached a minimum of 14.85 % for 1100 °C -SC. Whereas, the reduction rates of PM₁ and PM_1-10 gradually increased and reached maximum values of 18.25 % and 10.17 %, respectively, for 1100 °C-SC. The results provided critical theoretical foundations and technical support for the large-scale application of preheating-combustion technology, highlighting its pivotal role in advancing clean coal combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102168"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing bifunctional Co/CeO2 micro-structured catalysts for soot elimination","authors":"Aijing Ma ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Wu ,&nbsp;Yunrong Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenxin Yu ,&nbsp;Gangguo Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinghua Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Liu ,&nbsp;Xuehai Wang ,&nbsp;Jianzhou Gui","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic oxidation is considered to be an efficient technology for eliminating the soot particulates emitted from diesel engines. Nevertheless, the inadequate contact between the catalyst and soot particulates, as well as the low oxidation capability of the catalysts, severely limit the further development of this technique. In this study, the bifunctional Co/CeO₂ catalysts with flower-like structure were deliberately designed and prepared. The optimal catalyst (20 % Co/CeO₂) demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance, with T₅₀ as low as 364 °C. Furthermore, a series of characterizations were performed to investigate the catalyst structure-activity relationship. The results indicated that the Co/CeO₂ demonstrated two obvious functions in the improvement of soot catalytic elimination. One was that three-dimensional flower-like morphology enhanced the contact efficiency between the catalysts and soot particulates. The other one was the synergistic interactions between CeO₂ and Co₃O₄ gave rise to the abundant active surface adsorbed oxygen species, significantly improving the catalytic oxidation activity for soot elimination. This work offered a new avenue to design and construct efficient catalysts for diesel soot combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102166"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction between sewage sludge and biomass components for enhanced biofuel production via pyrolysis based on studies of the mild acid pre-treatment process","authors":"M.R. Kamesh ,&nbsp;P. Suresh Kumar ,&nbsp;A. Vijayalakshmi ,&nbsp;Shakti Dubey ,&nbsp;P. Madhu ,&nbsp;C. Sowmya Dhanalakshmi ,&nbsp;A. Vadivel ,&nbsp;Ajay Singh Yadav ,&nbsp;N. Subramani","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sewage sludge (SS) and rice straw (RS) are being investigated as a potential valuable resource for the production of biofuel through pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor. Sewage sludge and rice straw, along with their treated variations, were co-pyrolyzed in this study under fixed temperature. The product yields and characterization study were assessed in order to evaluate the impact of acid pre-treatment of SS and RS. The distribution and composition of the biofuel yields were affected differently by the co-pyrolysis of raw SS or treated sewage sludge (TSS) with either raw RS or treated rice straw (TRS). Individual pyrolysis of RS produced maximum pyrolysis oil of 47.4 wt% than the pyrolysis of SS. On the other hand, pyrolysis of TRS and TSS produced the maximum oil yield of 54.3 wt% and 40.6 wt%, respectively. Under co-pyrolysis operation, the combination of TRS + TSS produced the maximum pyrolysis oil, char, and gas yield of 47.7 wt%, 42.0 wt%, and 10.3 wt%, respectively. In this study, the degree of synergy on oil yield was lowest in SS + RS and maximum in TSS + TRS. Pre-treatment of SS outperformed the production of char yield, where it reduced the yield of char by up to 11.8 % and produced biochar with a maximum heating value of 16.02 MJ/kg. Compared to other combinations, the char obtained from TRS has a higher heating value of 22.77 MJ/kg. Additionally, pre-treatment and co-pyrolysis affected the contents of pyrolysis oils, raising the heating value to 18.01 MJ/kg. The chromatographic analysis of the pyrolysis oil results shows that the pre-treatment process increased the yield of phenols, furans, and other aromatic hydrocarbons. At last, the co-pyrolysis in combination with pre-treatment affected the pyrolysis gas profile, altering the yield of various gas fractions such as hydrogen (H₂), methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and ethane (C₂H₆).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102167"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}