Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Pretreatments on the Reduction of Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) Content in Mustard Seeds","authors":"Shivangi Srivastava,&nbsp;Anurag Singh,&nbsp;Neeraj Praphulla Awasthi,&nbsp;Rajni Chopra,&nbsp;Aamir Hussain Dar","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research aimed to investigate the effect of pretreatments, that is, Heating, soaking in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, and microwave exposure, on the AITC reduction. The optimization was through response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The method examined heating time (10, 20, and 30 min), temperature (70°C, 80°C, and 90°C), and the addition of water per 250 g of seeds (500, 1000, and 1500 mL). Concurrently, the soaking method evaluated factors such as soaking time (12, 24, and 36 h), NaCl concentration (5%, 10%, and 15%), and water per 250 g of seeds (500, 1000, and 1500 mL). For Microwave treatment, the parameters were Power (180, 270, and 360 W), Temperature (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C), Time (1, 2, and 3 min). The most suitable for AITC reduction was found while heating treatment, where the AITC content was found to be 0.04% ± 0.01% at time (30 min), temperature (90°C), and addition of water per 250 g seeds (1000 mL). AITC content was measured as the dependent variable for treatment to assess the effectiveness of these conditions. The results indicate that heating tends to be the most efficient.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 6","pages":"657-670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148208908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Oleoyl Monoethanolamide From Oleic Acid","authors":"Muhammad Adiguna Rabbuka,&nbsp;Yan Irawan,&nbsp;Yenny Meliana,&nbsp;Yasman Yasman","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study reports the enzymatic synthesis of oleoyl monoethanolamide from oleic acid and ethanolamine using lipase as a biocatalyst, followed by optimization and comprehensive physicochemical characterization. The highest conversion of 89.22% was achieved at 60°C, 8 h reaction time, a 2.5:1 ethanolamine-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and 10% (w/w) enzyme concentration. Structural confirmation was conducted using FTIR, which revealed the disappearance of the carboxylic acid CO band and the emergence of amide I and amide II signals. Further evidence from ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR indicated the loss of carboxyl proton signals, the appearance of amide NH resonances, and a shift in carbonyl carbon from 180.34 ppm (acid) to 176.08 ppm (amide), confirming successful amidation. Physicochemical evaluation demonstrated a substantial reduction in acid value from 196.91 to 21.61 mg KOH/g and saponification value of 14.13 mg KOH/g, indicating efficient conversion of oleic acid. The product presents a calculated HLB of 6.9, suggesting lipophilic characteristics suitable for water-in-oil emulsification. Interfacial tension decreased from 11.04 to 4.23–4.30 mN/m at higher surfactant concentrations, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of approximately 0.35%. These results highlight the potential of enzymatically synthesized oleoyl monoethanolamide as an effective bio-based nonionic surfactant.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 6","pages":"509-519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148208942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Density-Graded Industrial Hemp Seeds, Extracted Oil, and Protein in Defatted Meal","authors":"Roque L. Evangelista,&nbsp;Milagros P. Hojilla-Evangelista,&nbsp;Jill K. Winkler-Moser,&nbsp;Steven C. Cermak","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The indeterminate flowering nature of industrial hemp results in harvested seeds with varying maturity. This study employed density grading to separate seeds into fractions with different test weights, which were characterized for physical properties, chemical composition, and oil quality. Grading shifted 73.2% of seeds to heavier fractions with significantly greater thousand-seed weight (14.6–17.8 g), bulk density (530–581 g/L), and true density (1129.5–1149.0 g/L) compared to lighter fractions (7.1–12.6 g; 334–500 g/L; 1089.2–1223.7 g/L, respectively). Heavier seeds were darker (L* 48.17–49.16 vs. 50.07–53.16) and contained more oil (29.2%–31.0% vs. 14.1%–23.3%). Protein (21.2%–25.3%) and ash (4.1%–4.6%) varied minimally, while crude fiber was highest in the lightest fraction (43.3%). Cold pressing recovered 56.7%–69.4% of oil; hexane extraction of the press cake achieved 99.8% overall recovery. Cold-pressed oils were lighter (chlorophyll 14–37 ppm) than hexane-extracted oils (75–85 ppm). Linoleic (52.6%–53.5%), α-linolenic (16.2%–17.2%), and oleic acids (12.4%–13.6%) were predominant fatty acids. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid (8.2%–10.8%). Oils from heavier seeds contained more monounsaturated fatty acids, while polyunsaturated levels were similar across fractions. Protein solubility was higher in heavier seeds, dominated by glutelins (57.5%–65.7%), followed by globulins (9.1%–13.6%) and prolamins (8.0%–9.4%). Extended storage at 23°C and high polyunsaturated content caused severe oxidation, rendering oils unsuitable for food but suitable for biofuel, lubricants, or refining into fatty acids, mono- and diglycerides, and glycerol.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 6","pages":"521-532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148208981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Long-Term Storage Stability of Palm Biodiesel Using Rancimat and PetroOXY Methods","authors":"Chee Liang Yung,&nbsp;Harrison Lik Nang Lau,&nbsp;Soh Kheang Loh","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oxidative stability is a crucial parameter that determines the stability of a fuel during transport and storage. It is a measurement of fuel resistance to deterioration upon exposure to air, moisture, heat, and microorganisms that are present in real life environment. Fuel with poor oxidative stability is prone to oxidation and degradation, leading to the formation of undesired free fatty acids and polymer deposits that may cause failure at fuel pump and clogging of fuel injectors. In this study, the suitability of the PetroOXY method as a rapid alternative to the conventional Rancimat test for oxidative stability assessment was evaluated. Palm biodiesel and commercial biodiesel blends (B7, B10, and B20) were analyzed using both methods. A strong linear correlation was established for biodiesel samples (<i>R</i>\u0000 ² = 0.9569), indicating that PetroOXY is a reliable tool for rapid screening of biodiesel oxidative stability. In contrast, only a moderate correlation was observed for the commercial biodiesel blends, likely due to the compositional complexity of fossil diesel hydrocarbons and variations in additive formulations. Antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was found to be effective in retarding the biodiesel autoxidation upon prolonged storage. Palm biodiesel treated with a low dosage of BHT, that is, 50 mg/kg, was able to maintain the Rancimat induction period above 15 h even after 18 months of storage in typical laboratory conditions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 6","pages":"499-508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148208982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Ultrasonic Extraction of High Stearic–High Oleic Sunflower Oil Using Isopropanol as Solvent","authors":"Rikal Luis Ignacio,&nbsp;Guiotto Estefanía Nancy,&nbsp;Fernández María Belén,&nbsp;Rodríguez María Marcela,&nbsp;de Figueiredo Ana Karina","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using absolute isopropanol (AIP) was evaluated as a sustainable alternative to hexane for the recovery of high stearic–high oleic (HSHO) sunflower oil. Process variables—ultrasonic amplitude, extraction time, and temperature—were optimized using response surface methodology to maximize total extract (TE) and oil fraction (OF) yields. Under optimal conditions (57% amplitude, 59 min, 36°C), UAE achieved 85% of the OF yield established by conventional Soxhlet extraction (8 h, <i>n</i>-hexane), with a substantially shorter processing time, while achieving a 36.29% TE yield (dry basis). TE and OF yields were approximately 11% higher than those obtained through mechanically stirred batch extraction under equivalent conditions, thereby demonstrating the beneficial role of ultrasound in enhancing extraction efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy revealed extensive cellular disruption in ultrasound-treated samples, consistent with enhanced mass transfer. No statistically appreciable trend was observed in the fatty acid profile across extraction methods. At the same time, oxidative stability was greater for absolute isopropanol-extracted oils, despite their lower tocopherol content in relation to Soxhlet/<i>n</i>-hexane extracted oil, indicating the possible co-extraction of other antioxidants. The combination of ultrasound and AIP provides a safe, renewable, and efficient approach for the industrial-scale production of specialty oils, thereby improving process efficiency and potentially enhancing nutritional quality.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 6","pages":"597-608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148208806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrimination of Lipid Hydroperoxide Positional Isomers Using SFC–\u0000 MS/MS With Sodium Ion: Its Application to Evaluating the Oxidation Mechanisms of Oxidized Oils","authors":"Ryosuke Aoki,&nbsp;Masayoshi Sakaino,&nbsp;Junya Ito,&nbsp;Shunji Kato,&nbsp;Jun Imagi,&nbsp;Toshiro Sato,&nbsp;Kiyotaka Nakagawa","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Advanced lipid profiling relies on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), but long analysis times remain a challenge. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)–MS/MS using supercritical carbon dioxide offers a faster and more environmentally friendly alternative. However, the identification of positional isomers of oxidized lipids (lipid hydroperoxide [LOOH]) has not yet been achieved with SFC–MS/MS. Our research group has previously demonstrated that using sodium ion in LC–MS/MS induces specific fragmentation at the hydroperoxide group of LOOH, enabling the discrimination of LOOH positional isomers. This is essential information for identifying oxidation mechanisms such as autoxidation and photo–oxidation. In this study, we applied this method to SFC–MS/MS and attempted to distinguish six positional isomers of ethyl linoleate hydroperoxide (ELAOOH). Under non–column conditions, flow injection analysis with sodium acetate addition revealed the formation of sodium adducts of ELAOOH and specific fragmentation at the hydroperoxy group. Subsequent column evaluation showed that an octadecylsilane (ODS) column provided almost no retention, whereas Inertsil ODS–EP, which is an ODS column with a polar functional group, allowed good retention and separation. Through optimization, we successfully analyzed all six ELAOOH positional isomers. Finally, we analyzed canola oil that had undergone autoxidation or photo–oxidation under optimized conditions. In autoxidation, ELAOOH isomers with hydroperoxy groups at the 9– and 13–positions increased, while in photo–oxidation, isomers were generated at the 10– and 12–positions. These profiles demonstrated that the optimized SFC–MS/MS method using sodium ion can identify lipid oxidation mechanisms in actual samples. This method has the potential to become a powerful and environmentally friendly tool that can provide valuable information on lipid oxidation while significantly reducing the use of organic solvents compared to conventional methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 6","pages":"623-632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148208910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fast Method for Selecting Bio Sourced Materials of Interest in a Candle Formulation","authors":"Salma Daoufa,&nbsp;Abdellah Arhaliass,&nbsp;Jack Legrand,&nbsp;Delphine Drouin,&nbsp;Raphaëlle Savoire","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As consumer demand shifts towards more sustainable and nontoxic alternatives, the candle industry is exploring unconventional bio-based and recycled materials as substitutes for paraffin. Four raw materials, that is rice bran wax (RBW), sugarcane wax (SCW), hydrogenated rapeseed oil (HRO), and waste cooking oil (WCO) were assessed based on their thermal behavior and combustion performance. A mixture design approach was applied to evaluate the effects of each component and their interactions, using combustion time as the primary response. Among the nine formulations tested, only two met the targeted combustion criteria. SCW showed poor compatibility, reducing the combustion time probably due to its broad melting profile and complex composition. In contrast, small amounts of RBW and WCO demonstrated promising complementary effects: RBW contributed to improve stability, while WCO enhanced combustion when combined. This study highlighted the effectiveness of mixture design as a useful tool as it enabled rapid screening of components and evaluating material combinations to improve combustion performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 5","pages":"423-433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148046481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regenerative Immobilized Lipase System Activated by Food-Derived Fatty Acids for Efficient Hydrolysis of Vegetable Oils","authors":"Toshiteru Komatsu,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Onozuka,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Senda,&nbsp;Takanori Nii,&nbsp;Kenji Takahashi,&nbsp;Yota Tsuge","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A practical lipase-based hydrolysis system for fats and oils is of great interest for the industrial production of fatty acids for food applications. However, the high cost of enzymes has limited enzymatic fatty acid production to the laboratory scale. In this study, we developed a simple and cost-effective regenerative hydrolysis system for vegetable oils (soybean oil and rapeseed oil) using an immobilized lipase that exhibited high activity, long-term stability, and efficient regeneration without loss of function. Lipase AY Amano 30G derived from <i>Candida rugosa</i> was immobilized on Duolite A-568 (weakly basic ion exchange resin). The addition of food-derived fatty acids, such as soybean and rapeseed fatty acids, during immobilization by physical adsorption enhanced the lipase activity by more than two-fold. After optimizing immobilization conditions and operating circulating reactions for over 700 h (repeated reactions achieving splitting ratio of 90% or higher), the system achieved a high initial activity of 2100 U/g, a low inactivation rate constant of 0.00067 h⁻¹, and a half-life of 1.5 months. Reuse of the immobilization carrier is critical for practical applications, and we found that fatty acids generated during hydrolysis served as natural activators for re-immobilizing lipases on reused carriers. Residual fatty acids could be effectively removed using n-hexane without compromising enzyme activity. The activity and durability of regenerated immobilized lipases were comparable to those of freshly prepared enzymes in repeated circulating reactions. This study demonstrates an environmentally favorable approach for the enzymatic production of food-grade fatty acids and provides a foundation for scaling to practical industrial applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 5","pages":"387-397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148050038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Pea Protein Isolate-Tannic Acid Conjugates and Their Application in O/W Emulsions at pH 3 and pH 7","authors":"Xuxiao Gong,&nbsp;Hyuk Choi,&nbsp;Jingjing Cheng,&nbsp;Jie Lin,&nbsp;Ravinder Nagpal,&nbsp;Leqi Cui","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Protein-polyphenol conjugates have gained attention as antioxidant emulsifiers, yet their performance in diverse food systems with different pH conditions remains limited. This study investigated the structural characteristics of pea protein isolate (PPI) bound with different levels of tannic acid (TA), and their applicability as protein-based antioxidant emulsifiers in oil-in-water emulsions at pH 3 and pH 7. The structural modifications of PPI by TA addition were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface hydrophobicity, resulting in a change in emulsifying performance. At pH 3, the surface charge of oil droplets in PPI-TA-stabilized emulsions was close to zero, suggesting that steric repulsion played a predominant role in emulsion stability. At pH 7, all emulsions stabilized with PPI or PPI-TA exhibited negatively charged droplets, suggesting that both electrostatic and steric repulsion contributed to emulsion stability. The DPPH inhibition of PPI-TA increased with higher TA concentration used, whereas the Fe²⁺ chelating activity decreased beyond a certain TA concentration, indicating that a proper balance between polyphenol and protein is essential for effective antioxidant emulsifiers. Overall, the fabricated PPI-TA exhibited comparable physical and chemical stability to PPI while providing additional antioxidant activity, highlighting the potential of protein-polyphenol as antioxidant emulsifiers in food-grade emulsion systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 5","pages":"449-459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148047959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Assessment of Lipid Oxidation and Off-Flavor Formation in Plant Protein Powders","authors":"Fernanda Furlan Goncalves Dias,&nbsp;Wellington da Silva Oliveira,&nbsp;Stanislau Bogusz Junior,&nbsp;Ameer Y. Taha","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The widespread adoption of plant proteins is hindered by their inherent off-flavors, often linked to lipid oxidation products. Therefore, it is essential to understand the role of lipid oxidation in flavor/off-flavor formation. This study investigates the relationship between fatty acids (FAs), oxylipins, and volatiles in seven commercial plant protein powders, using whey protein as a reference. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were the predominant FAs in pumpkin, pea, soy, chia, and flaxseed proteins, while oleic acid (OA) was the main FA in whey and fava bean proteins. Most samples had LA-derived hydroxide forms as the main oxylipins in both free and esterified forms. However, in chia, keto forms were the major compounds. Importantly, the majority of oxylipins (&gt; 80%) were found in their esterified form. Regarding secondary products, aldehydes, such as hexanal, and alcohols were the main volatiles in all samples. Principal component analysis revealed correlations between FAs, esterified oxylipins, and off-flavor volatiles, such as LA and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE, <i>r</i> = 0.91, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), 9-HODE and hexanal (<i>r</i> = 0.89, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and 9,12,13-Trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid (9,12,13-TriHOME) and 1-nonanol (<i>r</i> = 0.73, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). These findings provide valuable insights into the role of residual lipids in off-flavor formation in plant proteins, offering a foundation for improving their flavor quality and commercial viability.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 5","pages":"371-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148049276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}