Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society最新文献

{"title":"Interfacial Synergy in ZSM-5/TiO2 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Enhanced Stability in Rubber Seed Oil Epoxidation","authors":"Norhafini Hambali,&nbsp;Mohd Jumain Jalil","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Catalytic epoxidation of vegetable oil commonly possesses a reduction of relative conversion to oxirane (RCO%) over reaction time due to the ring-opening of epoxide groups that can be overcome by controlling pore structure and reactant diffusion control. This research was conducted to tailor heterogeneous catalyst composite surface area by combining ZSM-5 with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) via impregnation method to improve the reaction stability of the catalyst in the epoxidation of rubber seed oil (RSO). Five different ratios of ZSM-5 to TiO₂ were studied to observe the catalyst's efficacy in the epoxidation process by measuring the relative conversion to oxirane (RCO%), surface area (BET), and structural characteristics (XRD). The 1:3 ZSM-5/TiO₂ ratio showed the most constant RCO% during the reaction (20 min) compared to single stage catalyst which RCO% inclined rapidly and decline afterwards, even though the epoxide yield was a little lower (below 15%). Next, the calcination conditions (temperature and time) of the catalyst were studied to improve the RCO%. Catalyst calcined at temperature of 300°C within 6 h produced the highest RCO% of 35% compared to initial RCO% of 15%, the lowest BET surface area and the biggest pore volume. XRD characterization showed that TiO₂ was successfully added to the ZSM-5 framework without changing the way the crystals looked. The hybrid catalyst also maintained catalytic activity throughout the multi-cycle evaluation, with all RCO values remaining comfortably above the 40% threshold. The combination of ZSM-5's microporous structure and TiO₂'s reactive surface managed to suppress the ring-opening of epoxide groups and maintained high RCO% at the longest period during the catalytic rubber seed oil epoxidation. This custom-made composite is an effective alternative catalyst to improve quality of epoxide groups produced from vegetable oil epoxidation for making bio-based materials and green polymers.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1123-1135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black Soldier Fly Larvae Oil as a Novel Lipid Source for Eco-Friendly Hair Conditioner Formulations","authors":"Rafaela de Almeida Zito,&nbsp;Leticia Kakuda,&nbsp;Patricia Maria Berardo Gonçalves Maia Campos","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the growing scarcity of fossil-derived materials and potential deforestation caused by vegetable oil production, insects have emerged as sustainable lipid sources for cosmetics. Black soldier fly larvae oil (<i>Hermetia illucens</i> L.) stands out by offering environmental advantages through bioconversion of organic waste and clean extraction via supercritical carbon dioxide, a solvent and residue-free method. Thus, it represents a raw material aligned with circular economy and upcycling principles, with potential application in cosmetic formulations. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a hair conditioner containing black soldier fly larvae oil and evaluate its rheological behavior, texture profile, spreadability, and efficacy on standardized hair tresses. The developed formulations were characterized for their texture and spreadability profile and the rheological behavior of the formulations was evaluated for 60 days. The efficacy of the formulations was assessed in terms of combability, smoothness, and tensile strength. As a result, the formulations remained stable, presenting a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, in which the addition of the oil led to an increase in texture and work of shear parameters. That indicates that the oil can act as a consistency agent due to the presence of long chain saturated fatty acids in its compositions. Efficacy tests indicated that the oil improved the tensile strength, combability, and smoothness of the hair strands due to its penetration into the hair cortex along with its deposition on the hair surface. In conclusion, black soldier fly larvae oil provides benefits to hair and demonstrates significant potential for application in sustainable hair care products.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1267-1277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectroscopic and In Silico Determination of the Structural and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils From Lavandula Species Cultivated in the Silivri Region of Istanbul","authors":"Bilge Bicak,&nbsp;Beray Kizilkaya,&nbsp;Serda Kecel Gunduz,&nbsp;Aliye Demet Demirag,&nbsp;Sabriye Percin Ozkorucuklu","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plants are important sources of bioactive compounds that contribute to nutrition, health maintenance, and disease prevention. In this study, the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of essential oils obtained from \u0000 <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>\u0000 “Sevtopolis” <i>and Lavandula × intermedia</i> cultivated in the Silivri region of Istanbul were investigated using experimental and theoretical methods. The essential oil compositions were determined by GC–MS, and functional group characterization was supported by FT-IR spectroscopy. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and total phenolic contents were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Both essential oils exhibited notable antioxidant activity, consistent with their phenolic compound contents. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA and LDA) based on phytochemical profiles enabled clear discrimination between the species, achieving 100% classification accuracy with an AUC value of 0.97. To support the experimental findings, the major constituents were further evaluated through molecular docking against key antioxidant-related protein targets (human peroxiredoxin 5, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1), and the most promising compounds were assessed by molecular dynamics simulations and ADMET predictions. The results provide comprehensive chemical fingerprints for the authentication, quality control, and potential biological evaluation of lavender essential oils from this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1211-1235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Aqueous Self-Assembly of Raw Sophorolipid Mixtures Using a Statistical Approach Applied to Synchrotron Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS): A Focus on pH, Dilution, Aging, and the Underestimated Role of Residual Fatty Acids","authors":"Maia Ouret-Campagnet,&nbsp;Sélène Chappuis,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Castaing,&nbsp;Petra Pernot,&nbsp;François Ribot,&nbsp;Niki Baccile","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aqueous self-assembly of raw sophorolipid mixtures has been studied by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) to understand the impact of the composition variability and stability of the samples on formulation properties. The sophorolipid mixtures are mainly composed of acidic and lactonic C18:1-<i>cis</i> mono and diacetylated sophorolipids with a small fraction of non-acetylated compounds and congeners with different chain length and unsaturation. The mixture is also composed of fatty acids, acetic acid, salts and yeast remaining from the fermentation process. Two samples, with distinct residual fatty acids content were selected for this work and the self-assembly of these mixtures in water was studied under various conditions (pH, dilution, aging and fatty acids removal) to understand which parameter is critical on the phase and morphology and size of self-assembled aggregates. The micellar phase of sophorolipids can be modeled with a core-shell prolate ellipsoid form factor from which core and shell size, as well as anisotropy can be extracted. This study highlights the unexpected strong impact of fatty acids. Above pH 5.5, the presence of fatty acids (≥ 9 wt%) has an impact on the micellar radius, +40% larger compared to a fatty-acid free sophorolipid. At pH ≤ 5.5, combined with high content of fatty acids, a phase transition is observed from spheres to elongated micelles. An aging study (3 weeks), performed on sophorolipid mixtures show no evolution of the micellar phase and structural parameters during storage at high temperature (60°C).</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1279-1296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition of Candelilla Wax Fractions and Their Relationship to Microstructural and Rheological Properties of W/O Emulsions","authors":"Jorge F. Toro-Vazquez,&nbsp;Anaid de la Peña-Gil,&nbsp;Javier I. Contreras-Ramírez,&nbsp;Mayra Aguilar-Zárate,&nbsp;Ma. Eugenia Charó-Alvarado","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using candelilla wax (CW) fractions obtained through solid–liquid extraction with solvents of different polarity, we established the role of the CW components to develop W/O emulsions. The CW fractions obtained had different proportions of <i>n</i>-alkanes, triterpenic alcohols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and long chain esters. All CW fractions insoluble in the solvents formed oleogels that, upon water addition (50:50 wt:wt) and stirring, developed W/O emulsions structured by water droplets stabilized through a Pickering effect. The fractions with the higher concentration of long chain esters and <i>n</i>-alkanes (≈77%–80%) developed the emulsions with the smaller water droplet diameter (WDD; 97.5% of the droplets had WDD ≤ 20 μM) and the higher elasticity (<i>G′</i> = 5758 Pa). In contrast, fractions with lower concentration of long chain esters and <i>n</i>-<i>alkanes</i> (≈61%–63%) developed emulsions with larger WDD (≤ 28.5 μM) and lower <i>G</i>′ (1734 Pa). The fraction with the highest concentration of fatty acids (≈26%) developed emulsions with WDD ≤ 20 μM and <i>G</i>′ = 2205 Pa and showed high stability to freeze–thaw cycles despite having the lower long chain esters and <i>n-alkanes</i> concentrations (≈60%). We concluded that the emulsions' elasticity depended on the microstructure developed in the continuous phase by the co-crystallization of <i>n</i>-alkanes and long chain esters, and on the emulsions' WDD. The results obtained showed that the fatty acids and <i>n</i>-alkanes stabilized the emulsions through a Pickering effect. Although during emulsification, the triterpenic alcohols might decrease the surface tension at the oil–water interface, they were not involved in the Pickering effect observed in the W/O emulsions developed by the CW.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1137-1156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Integrated With COSMO-RS: A Synergistic Strategy for Sustainable Essential Oils Extraction","authors":"Khalid M. Abed,&nbsp;Bilal A. Wasmi,&nbsp;Zainab A. Jabarh,&nbsp;Sunarti Abd Rahman,&nbsp;Wan Jefrey Basirun,&nbsp;Mohd Izzudin Izzat Zainal Abidin,&nbsp;Adeeb Hayyan","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The extraction of essential oils from plant sources represents an evolving research field that combines traditional methods with modern innovations to achieve higher yields and better quality within a sustainable framework. While traditional methods such as steam distillation are still preferred due to their simplicity, the loss of active compounds and high energy consumption are problems that need to be addressed. In contrast, modern technologies such as ultrasonic extraction (UAE), microwave extraction (MAE), and supercritical extraction (SFE) are more efficient solutions that could hasten the processing time and increase the yields, while preserving the chemical properties of essential oils. Deep eutectic and natural deep eutectic solvents (DES/NADES) have emerged as an environmentally friendly option that can be used as the main solvent or as a pretreatment step to improve the yields and selectivity, especially when combined with auxiliary technologies such as ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) or microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Furthermore, the combination of computer modeling (such as COSMO-RS) with laboratory experiments is an effective tool in designing customized solvents and the selection of optimal operating conditions, helping to reduce the scope of traditional experiments and increase the prediction accuracy. Despite these advances, some challenges remain with regards to the DES's viscosity, energy requirements, operating costs, and industrial scalability. However, future trends are focused on developing hybrid approaches, integrating life cycle assessment, and implementing economic and environmental sustainable strategies, opening up broad prospects for the adoption of these technologies on an industrial scale.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1237-1257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cis-Vaccenic Acid as a Compositional Marker for Detecting High-Oleic Seed Oil Adulteration in Avocado Oil","authors":"Donpon Wannasin,&nbsp;Selina C. Wang","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid expansion of the global avocado oil market has intensified concerns about economic adulteration with lower-cost, high-oleic seed oils that resemble the fatty acid specifications of avocado oil. Cis-vaccenic acid C18:1 (<i>n</i>−7) occurs at higher proportions in avocado oil than in common seed oil adulterants, making it a promising complementary marker for avocado oil authenticity. However, natural compositional variability must be incorporated into threshold development to ensure reliable analytical classification of authentic oils. This study evaluates the analytical performance of cis-vaccenic acid as a compositional marker for detecting high-oleic seed oil adulteration in avocado oil using 298 authentic avocado oils representing 24 cultivars and 13 producing regions. Linear mixed-effects modeling demonstrated that geographic origin accounted for 73.7% of total variability in cis-vaccenic acid content, exceeding the contribution of cultivar (18.4%). A one-sided tolerance interval (<i>α</i> = 0.05, <i>p</i> = 0.99) established a statistically supported lower bound of 3.2%, encompassing 99.7% of authentic oils. Controlled blending experiments with common seed oil adulterants demonstrated linear decreases in cis-vaccenic acid with increasing adulteration (<i>R</i>\u0000 ² ≥ 0.99). Receiver operating characteristic analysis confirmed strong discriminatory capacity (AUC = 0.89) and identified a balanced operational threshold of 4.6%. These findings support the use of cis-vaccenic acid as a complementary screening marker within the Codex framework for improving detection of high-oleic seed oil adulteration in avocado oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1259-1266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of PUFA-Rich Mayonnaise Against Lipid Oxidation: A Review of the Last Three Decades of Research","authors":"Sakhi Ghelichi,&nbsp;Betül Yesiltas,&nbsp;Charlotte Jacobsen","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mayonnaise, a widely consumed oil-in-water emulsion, is highly susceptible to lipid oxidation due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the presence of pro-oxidant factors such as low pH and iron from egg yolk. Over the past three decades, extensive research has focused on understanding oxidation mechanisms, analytical methods, and strategies to enhance oxidative stability of mayonnaise. This review synthesizes findings on key factors influencing oxidation, including environmental conditions, packaging, oil and emulsifier type, and antioxidant systems. Advanced analytical techniques such as headspace GC–MS, NMR, and imaging have improved monitoring of oxidation processes. Among antioxidants, EDTA remains the most effective due to its strong metal-chelating ability, while natural antioxidants and peptides show promise they require further validation. Emerging approaches include bioinformatics-driven peptide discovery, mathematical modeling for shelf-life prediction, and innovative delivery systems such as emulsions, gels, and encapsulation technologies to protect PUFA oils (e.g., omega-3). Future research should integrate AI-based predictive tools and molecular docking to develop clean-label, cost-effective solutions for oxidative stabilization. Overall, this review highlights progress and identifies knowledge gaps, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary strategies to ensure the quality and shelf-life of PUFA-rich mayonnaise.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1157-1177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Fat Oil Binding Capacity on Shelf-Life and Consumer Acceptance of a Chocolate-Based Model System","authors":"Audrey Lidgard,&nbsp;Farnaz Maleky,&nbsp;Silvana Martini","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In chocolate-coated products, oil migration can lead to chocolate softening and discoloration, filling hardening, and reduced consumer acceptance. This study examined three fats (soy-, palm-, and palm-kernel (PK) based), crystallized under different conditions (cooling rate and high intensity ultrasound (HIU)) with differing oil binding capacities (OBCs) to assess the impact of OBC on chocolate products. A model system was created by placing tempered chocolate in contact with fat mixed into sugar or defatted peanut powder. Over 6 months, quality parameters were measured (including chocolate color, texture, melting behavior, and polymorphic structure). Then, a consumer acceptance panel ranked the chocolate's overall acceptance, appearance, aroma, flavor, texture, and mouthfeel liking. The control chocolates generally exhibited increased whiteness, while sample chocolates frequently exhibited a significant decrease in whiteness (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) during storage. All sample chocolate exhibited significant softening (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and decreases in melting enthalpies (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The chocolate covering the filling formulated with the fat with highest OBC, PK (75% fully hydrogenated PK, fast cooled, without HIU), showed the least degradation, with the least softening and decrease in melting enthalpy but did not perform as well in some of the attributes of the consumer sensory panel. However, the chocolate covering the filling formulated with the high OBC palm sample (100% interesterified palm oil, fast cooled, with HIU) performed best in the panel, with no significant differences from the control in overall acceptance, aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel liking (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). In general, chocolates that covered fillings formulated with fats with lower OBC conditions correlated with more quantifiable degradation and less consumer acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1179-1193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Saponification Process for Quantification of Individual and Total Tocopherols and Phytosterols in Canola Oil Refining By-Products","authors":"Milad Kazemi,&nbsp;Paul Prenzler,&nbsp;Lachlan Schwarz,&nbsp;Michael Loughlin,&nbsp;Randy Adjonu","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, saponification variables were optimized using a face-centred central composite design-response surface methodology. The variables included reaction temperature (50°C–120°C), reaction time (30–180 min), KOH concentration (0.5–3 M) and pyrogallol concentration (0–1% w/v). Using this approach, individual and total tocopherols and phytosterols in canola oil refining by-products, including soapstock, oil from spent bleaching earth (SBE), and deodorizer distillate, were quantified, and effects of variables were evaluated. The obtained results suggest that the non-saponified extract in distillate presented a substantial level of tocopherols and phytosterols and their levels increased after saponification by ~60% and ~20%, respectively. Quadratic models were significant (model <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) for all responses with good fit (<i>R</i>\u0000 ² ≥ 0.91) and predictability. Furthermore, the effects of variables on individual and total tocopherols and phytosterols were explained and potential mechanisms were described. For tocopherols, pyrogallol generally exerted a protective effect, whereas stronger alkali and prolonged reaction time tended to negatively affect tocopherols, with γ-tocopherol showing greater reduction compared to α-tocopherol in some matrices. For phytosterols, temperature and time generally increased phytosterols, while losses during hot alkaline conditions and liquid–liquid extraction could offset gains depending on the by-products. The optimized conditions were experimentally validated and the co-optimized condition (120°C, 180 min, 0.5 M KOH, 1% w/v pyrogallol) for distillate yielded ~12.7 g/kg total tocopherols and ~108.9 g/kg total phytosterols. These conditions provide a practical basis for matrix-specific saponification and reliable quantification of tocopherols and phytosterols in canola oil refining by-products.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1195-1210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}