Journal of science and medicine in sport最新文献

{"title":"Injury epidemiology in Australian women's professional football","authors":"Garrett Leonard ,&nbsp;Donna Lu ,&nbsp;Mark Jones ,&nbsp;Matt Whalan ,&nbsp;Rob Duffield","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe the injury epidemiology of the Australian women's professional football (soccer) league (A-League W) over 7 consecutive seasons.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Prospective observational cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Match-loss injury data was collected from each A-League W club (n = 8–9) for each competition round (n = 12/season) over 7 seasons (2013/14–2019/20). Data was collected by the head physiotherapist in each club based on the governing body regulations and after initial familiarisation with collection methods. Injuries were collected weekly through a standardised protocol for all clubs and were classified by setting, mechanism, severity, the type and location on the body based on club, round and season. Generalised Linear Models were used to estimate the injury incidences (injury/round/season), whilst rate ratios were reported for total injuries and within abovementioned injury classifications for the change between seasons.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Injury incidence rate ranged between 0.68 (95 % CI: 0.27–1.74) and 1.17 (95 % CI: 0.59–2.34) injuries/match/round across the 7 seasons analysed. There was no significant change over time in injuries by occurrence (i.e. match, training or other), mechanism (contact or non-contact), type or region. The most common injuries were joint and ligament injuries (0.24 (95 % CI: 0.05–1.17)–0.85 (95 % CI: 0.38–1.91) injuries/round/season), ankle injuries (0.13 (95 % CI: 0.02–0.95)–0.41 (95 % CI: 0.13–1.32) injuries/round/season) and non-contact mechanisms (0.48 (95 % CI: 0.18–1.27)–1.07 (95 % CI: 0.52–2.2) injuries/round/season).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Injury incidence trends did not show a significant change over the seven seasons of the A-League W reported here. Key areas of concern for female players remain injuries to the ankle, thigh and knee. Whilst specific to the Australian environment, these outcomes provide further understanding of the type and rate of injury trends in female footballers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 5","pages":"Pages 358-364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Handball playing volume and knee injury risk in youth handball: the influence of sex","authors":"M. Møller ,&nbsp;G. Myklebust ,&nbsp;S. Möller ,&nbsp;N. Wedderkopp ,&nbsp;M. Lind ,&nbsp;R.O. Nielsen","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To investigate if sex modifies the association between change in weekly handball volume and knee injury risk in youth handball players.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Prospective cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>679 players aged 14-18 reported weekly on any new handball-related knee injury and handball volume (training and competition hours) over 31 weeks through the SMS, phone and medical examination system. Weekly handball volume was categorized based on changes relative to the exponentially weighted moving average of handball volume the preceding four weeks: (1) less than 20% increase or decrease (reference group), (2) 20% and 60% increase and (3) increase greater than 60%. Players indicated their sex as a part of their baseline survey, identifying as either a female player or male player.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Female players who increased their weekly handball volume by over 60 % had a knee injury risk of 31.2 % (95% confidence interval: 21.6–40.8 %) the following week compared to female players who increased their handball volume below 20 %, which was higher than that in male players whose risk was 10.5 % (95 % confidence interval: 2.1–18.8 %) corresponding to a risk difference of 20.6 %-points (95 % confidence interval: 6.5–34.6 %-points).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Female handball players aged 14–18 years were more susceptible to a handball-related knee injury following weeks with large increases in handball volume compared with age-identical males, suggesting a previously unexplored association between sex-related differences in load tolerance and knee injury risk that warrant further investigation. The provided cut points for increases in handball volume should be interpreted and used with caution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 5","pages":"Pages 365-369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to letter to the editor","authors":"Rebecca M. Lopez ,&nbsp;Julie K. Nolan ,&nbsp;Susan W. Yeargin ,&nbsp;Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller ,&nbsp;Douglas J. Casa ,&nbsp;John Jardine","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 5","pages":"Pages 356-357"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-assessed thigh fat thickness is valid for estimating body fat percentage in Division I collegiate female athletes","authors":"Jessica E. Tolzman ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Collins ,&nbsp;Corey D. Grozier ,&nbsp;Megan Keen ,&nbsp;Ryan Fajardo ,&nbsp;Christopher Kuenze ,&nbsp;Matthew S. Harkey","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Monitoring body composition can help to optimize performance in female athletes. This study aimed to create a conversion equation between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-measured body fat percentage and ultrasound-measured subcutaneous thigh fat thickness in Division I female athletes as a more accessible, cost-effective alternative.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cross-sectional study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We enrolled 82 Division I female athletes. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess body fat percentage. Bilateral panoramic thigh ultrasound scans at 50 % of the femur length were used to calculate subcutaneous fat thickness overlying the rectus femoris muscle. The dataset was divided into a training (70 %, n = 57) and holdout (30 %, n = 25) sample to develop and validate the conversion equation, respectively. Using the training sample, a stepwise, linear regression was used to predict dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body fat percentage from ultrasound fat thickness, mass, and height. Beta coefficients from this model were used to create a conversion equation. After applying the conversion equation to the holdout sample, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC_2,k) and Bland–Altman plots were used to establish the agreement between the ultrasound-estimated and DXA-derived percent body fat.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Within the training sample, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was significantly associated with ultrasound fat thickness, height, and mass (F = 31.9; p &lt; 0.001; R² = 0.64). Within the holdout sample, when using the conversion equation to estimate body fat percentage, we found a strong agreement between estimated and DXA-derived percent body fat (ICC_2,k = 0.93; 95 % CI: 0.83–0.97).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Ultrasound-assessed subcutaneous thigh fat thickness predicts dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-assessed body fat percentage in Division I female athletes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 5","pages":"Pages 418-422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Are you really in that much pain? It goes away once you start the training\": Focus group discussions on perceptions of pain among amateur male and female football players.","authors":"Sofi Sonesson, Hanna Lindblom, Mathilda Björk, Martin Hägglund","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore amateur football players' perceptions of pain during or related to sport participation and handling of the pain.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Qualitative study utilising focus group discussions with amateur football players from one regional football district in Sweden.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six focus group discussions were conducted during 2023 with 34 amateur football players (19.3 ± 3.6 years), involving three female and three male teams. A semi-structured interview guide and conventional qualitative content analysis were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overarching theme, \"Pain is part of the game-players' perspectives on handling pain in football\", included three main categories: \"Under pressure-the unseen struggles of playing through pain\", \"Doom and gloom-consequences of pain\", and \"Fighting back-strategies for preventing and managing pain.\" Players faced pressures to play through pain, often ignoring bodily warning signals and using pain relief to stay in the game. Pain led to frustration, missed training opportunities, and had negative impacts on physical fitness and mental health. Players with pain valued professional and social support, and emphasised the need for open and respectful communication within the team.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study underscores the pervasive presence of pain in amateur football and the multifaceted challenges players face in managing it. The overarching theme encapsulates the complex interplay between external pressures, personal determination, and the inherent physical demands of the sport. The findings suggest that effective pain prevention and management strategies should adopt a biopsychosocial approach, including self-management, open and respectful communication, comprehensive training plans, injury prevention measures, and access to medical and social support.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of 24 h-movement behaviors with cerebral and hippocampal amyloid beta levels and executive function in cognitively normal older adults: a compositional data analysis from the AGUEDA trial.","authors":"Alessandro Sclafani, Jairo H Migueles, Marcos Olvera-Rojas, Patricio Solis-Urra, Beatriz Fernandez-Gamez, Andrea Coca-Pulido, Darío Bellón, Javier Fernández-Ortega, Javier Sanchez-Martinez, Lucía Sánchez-Aranda, Ángel Toval, Isabel Martín-Fuentes, Esmée A Bakker, Juan D Gispert, Eva M Triviño-Ibañez, Teresa Liu-Ambrose, Kirk I Erickson, Manuel Gomez-Rio, Francisco B Ortega, Irene Esteban-Cornejo","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigated the associations between movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep duration), global and hippocampal amyloid beta levels, and executive function in cognitively normal older adults.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional analysis using data from the Active Gains in brain Using Exercise During Aging study, including 86 participants (mean age 71.51 years, 57% female).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Movement behaviors were assessed using a wrist-worn accelerometer over a 9-day. Amyloid beta levels were quantified via positron emission tomography, and executive function was assessed using validated cognitive tests (e.g., Trail Making Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Spatial Working Memory test, and Dimensional Change Card Sort test). Compositional data analysis and multiple linear regression models were used to examine associations, adjusting for age, sex, education, and APOEε4 genotype status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant associations emerged between any movement behaviors and total cerebral amyloid beta levels or executive function (all p > 0.05). However, higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was significantly associated with lower hippocampal amyloid levels in males (β = -0.039, p = 0.010), but not in females (β = 0.004, p = 0.741) (Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity × sex interaction p = 0.017).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Movement behaviors were not associated with global amyloid levels or executive function. However, higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity may be protective against hippocampal amyloid levels in older males. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore potential sex differences. These results underscore the importance of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in brain health and suggest avenues for future research on the role of movement behaviors in amyloid burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit doping attitude and athletes' accuracy in avoiding unintentional doping when being offered beverages with banned performance-enhancing substances.","authors":"Derwin King Chung Chan, Lawrence Man Ho Yip, Tracy Chor Wai Tang, Patrick Shu-Hang Yung, Daniel F Gucciardi, Martin S Hagger","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Implicit doping attitude reflects the strength of one's automatic or unconscious evaluation of doping. This cross-societal study examined how implicit doping attitude predicted athletes' accuracy in avoiding unintentional doping.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A real-time experimental design with cross-sectional data from three geographical regions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 681 athletes (M_age = 28.21, SD = 8.43; female = 47.1 %) from Hong Kong (N = 177), Australia (N = 164) and the United Kingdom (N = 340) completed two real-time experimental tasks for measuring their implicit doping attitude (a brief single-category implicit association test) and the accuracy of avoiding unintentional doping (a novel canned beverage sorting task).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Implicit doping attitude was significantly and negatively (β = -0.09, p < .05, R² = 0.03, 95 % CI of β = -1.64 to -0.15) associated with athletes' accuracy in avoiding unintentional doping by screening out beverages with banned performance-enhancing substances. This association was maintained when we statistically controlled for the effects of society.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Athletes with a positive implicit doping attitude were less accurate in determining whether unknown beverages with the possible presence of banned performance-enhancing substances should be consumed. The negative association between implicit doping and athletes' accuracy in avoiding unintentional doping appeared to be consistent across societies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the effect of afternoon moderate-intensity exercise on sleep quality and quantity in healthy adult males using polysomnography.","authors":"Matthew Morrison, Jonathon Weakley, Gregory D Roach, Charli Sargent, Dean J Miller, Carissa Gardiner, Shona L Halson","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the effect of afternoon moderate-intensity cycling exercise on objective and subjective sleep in healthy adult males.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Repeated-measures, counter-balanced, crossover study design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To assess the effect of moderate-intensity afternoon exercise on sleep quality and quantity, 12 healthy adult males who were identified as good sleepers (<5 on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) completed either moderate-intensity cycling exercise for 40 min at 70 % HRmax at ~15:30 h or sedentary activities. Polysomnography was used to measure sleep during a 9-hour sleep opportunity (23:00 h to 08:00 h). Sleep was subjectively assessed using questionnaires 30 min after waking.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no statistically significant changes in objective or subjective sleep quality or quantity between conditions. The inter-quartile range for total sleep time (exercise: 51.5 min vs no exercise: 13.4 min) and sleep efficiency (exercise: 9.5 % vs no exercise: 2.5 %) suggests that there was more individual variability in subsequent sleep after afternoon exercise compared to no exercise. Exercise appeared to have a moderate effect on reducing total sleep time (mean ± SD; control 493.7 ± 12.6 min vs exercise: 471.5 ± 55.2 min; Cohen's d: -0.56), sleep efficiency (control 91.4 ± 2.3 % vs exercise: 87.3 ± 10.2 %; Cohen's d: -0.56), and delaying REM onset latency (control: 76.1 ± 45.1 min vs exercise: 102.8 ± 46.9 min; r: 0.33), although the results did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Healthy adult males can complete moderate-intensity exercise in the afternoon without compromising subsequent sleep. Individual responses in objective sleep outcomes may vary after exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone mineral density varies throughout the skeleton of athletes dependent on their sport: Allometric modelling identifies the \"effective\" forces associated with body mass.","authors":"Alan M Nevill, Eric Wallace, Arthur D Stewart, Matthew Wyon","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Bone mineral density (BMD) varies throughout the skeleton with the differences influenced by the type of sport, body mass and participant's age. What is not so well understood is how body mass influences BMD across different sites.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Proportional allometric modelling on cross-sectional data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male athletes (n = 106) from 8 different athletic groups and controls (n = 15) were scanned by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and analysed for total body composition and BMD of the ribs, arms, thoracic spine, lumber spine, pelvis and legs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ANOVA identified significant differences in BMD between \"sites\", \"sports\" and site-by-sport interaction (all p < 0.001). By introducing body mass and age as covariates, the \"sites\" differences disappeared. The explanation is due to the systematic difference in body-mass exponents (k_i), with lowest positioned sites (e.g. legs) having the steepest slopes, and the elevated sites (e.g. arms having the shallowest slopes). To illustrate, the arm-mass exponent was approximately 0.33 indicating that for a 75 kg male, arm BMD responds to forces associated with body mass = (75)^0.33 = 5 kg. For the same individual, the leg-mass exponent was closer to 0.66 suggesting that leg BMD responds to forces associated with body mass = (75)^0.66 = 25 kg.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The model for BMD identified that [Formula: see text] plays a crucial role in determining the effective forces (both gravitational/ground reaction and compressional forces) operating throughout the skeleton, where k_i systematically increases where the lower the bone is situated, a mechanism that also explains why activities involving running benefit the leg BMD compared with weight-supported activities (e.g., rowing).</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring exercise intensity: Acute and chronic effects of constant-speed and heart rate-clamped exercise in healthy, inactive adults.","authors":"Raffaele Mazzolari, Patrick Rodrigues, Anne Hecksteden","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study tested whether speed-controlled exercise prescriptions result in greater external training load and acute cardiorespiratory responses at the end of exercise compared to heart rate-controlled prescriptions, despite equivalent intensity at the start of exercise. It also investigated whether speed-controlled prescriptions lead to greater improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness after 8 weeks of training.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A two-group, randomized block design with repeated testing sessions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-four healthy, inactive adults were randomized into two groups. One group trained at a constant speed set midway between the first and second lactate thresholds, whereas the other trained at the corresponding heart rate. Both groups performed 30 min of continuous exercise three times per week for 8 weeks. Speed, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were measured at the end of the first session and later time points for complementary analysis. Peak treadmill speed and maximal oxygen consumption were assessed before and after the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the end of the first session, the speed group showed higher values compared to the heart rate group for speed (1.5 km/h), heart rate (22 bpm), and oxygen consumption (6.0 mL/kg/min) (all p < 0.001). Similarly, adaptive changes were greater in the speed group, with a larger increase in peak treadmill speed (0.9 km/h, p < 0.001) and maximal oxygen consumption (1.2 mL/kg/min, p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that the exercise intensity reference method influences acute responses and chronic adaptations to exercise in healthy, inactive adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}